Generating Airborne Ultrasonic Amplitude Patterns Using an Open Hardware Phased Array

Rafael Morales; Iñigo Ezcurdia; Josu Irisarri; Marco A. B. Andrade; Asier Marzo

doi:10.3390/app11072981

Generating Airborne Ultrasonic Amplitude Patterns Using an Open Hardware Phased Array

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11072981 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 2981

Author(s):

Rafael Morales ◽

Iñigo Ezcurdia ◽

Josu Irisarri ◽

Marco A. B. Andrade ◽

Asier Marzo

Keyword(s):

Phased Array ◽

Particle Manipulation ◽

Acoustic Holography ◽

Hardware Platform ◽

Array Design ◽

Open Hardware ◽

Quarter Wavelength ◽

Amplitude Resolution ◽

Novel Applications ◽

The Impact

Holographic methods from optics can be adapted to acoustics for enabling novel applications in particle manipulation or patterning by generating dynamic custom-tailored acoustic fields. Here, we present three contributions towards making the field of acoustic holography more widespread. Firstly, we introduce an iterative algorithm that accurately calculates the amplitudes and phases of an array of ultrasound emitters in order to create a target amplitude field in mid-air. Secondly, we use the algorithm to analyse the impact of spatial, amplitude and phase emission resolution on the resulting acoustic field, thus providing engineering insights towards array design. For example, we show an onset of diminishing returns for smaller than a quarter-wavelength sized emitters and a phase and amplitude resolution of eight and four divisions per period, respectively. Lastly, we present a hardware platform for the generation of acoustic holograms. The array is integrated in a single board composed of 256 emitters operating at 40 kHz. We hope that the results and procedures described within this paper enable researchers to build their own ultrasonic arrays and explore novel applications of ultrasonic holograms.

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Unconventional M-MIMO Phased Array Design for 5G Wireless Systems

2019 IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array System & Technology (PAST) ◽

10.1109/past43306.2019.9020766 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nicola Anselmi ◽

Giorgio Gottardi ◽

Paolo Rocca ◽

Giacomo Oliveri ◽

Andrea Massa

Keyword(s):

Phased Array ◽

Wireless Systems ◽

Array Design

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Broadband RF Phased Array Design with MEEP: Comparisons to Array Theory in Two and Three Dimensions

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10040415 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 415

Author(s):

Jordan C. Hanson

Keyword(s):

Phased Array ◽

High Energy ◽

Index Of Refraction ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Ultra High Energy ◽

Array Design ◽

Radar Systems ◽

Array Detectors ◽

5 Ghz ◽

Future Work

Phased array radar systems have a wide variety of applications in engineering and physics research. Phased array design usually requires numerical modeling with expensive commercial computational packages. Using the open-source MIT Electrogmagnetic Equation Propagation (MEEP) package, a set of phased array designs is presented. Specifically, one and two-dimensional arrays of Yagi-Uda and horn antennas were modeled in the bandwidth [0.1–5] GHz, and compared to theoretical expectations in the far-field. Precise matches between MEEP simulation and radiation pattern predictions at different frequencies and beam angles are demonstrated. Given that the computations match the theory, the effect of embedding a phased array within a medium of varying index of refraction is then computed. Understanding the effect of varying index on phased arrays is critical for proposed ultra-high energy neutrino observatories which rely on phased array detectors embedded in natural ice. Future work will develop the phased array concepts with parallel MEEP, in order to increase the detail, complexity, and speed of the computations.

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A Tutorial on Optical Feeding of Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antennas for Communication Applications

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation ◽

10.1155/2015/264812 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ivan Aldaya ◽

Gabriel Campuzano ◽

Gerardo Castañón ◽

Alejandro Aragón-Zavala

Keyword(s):

Millimeter Wave ◽

High Speed ◽

Phased Array ◽

Path Loss ◽

High Gain ◽

Interference Avoidance ◽

Amplitude Control ◽

Phased Array Antennas ◽

Array Antennas ◽

The Impact

Given the interference avoidance capacity, high gain, and dynamical reconfigurability, phased array antennas (PAAs) have emerged as a key enabling technology for future broadband mobile applications. This is especially important at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies, where the high power consumption and significant path loss impose serious range constraints. However, at mm-wave frequencies the phase and amplitude control of the feeding currents of the PAA elements is not a trivial issue because electrical beamforming requires bulky devices and exhibits relatively narrow bandwidth. In order to overcome these limitations, different optical beamforming architectures have been presented. In this paper we review the basic principles of phased arrays and identify the main challenges, that is, integration of high-speed photodetectors with antenna elements and the efficient optical control of both amplitude and phase of the feeding current. After presenting the most important solutions found in the literature, we analyze the impact of the different noise sources on the PAA performance, giving some guidelines for the design of optically fed PAAs.

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The implementation of grating lobe techniques in phased array design

10.1109/irecon.1965.1147523 ◽

2005 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

W. Copeland ◽

C. Schisler ◽

A. Segal

Keyword(s):

Phased Array ◽

Array Design ◽

Grating Lobe

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Call for papers: Special issue on low cost phased array design for satellite communications

International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering ◽

10.1002/mmce.1009 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 110-110

Keyword(s):

Phased Array ◽

Low Cost ◽

Satellite Communications ◽

Special Issue ◽

Array Design

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Coalescence Dynamics of Acoustically Levitated Droplets

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi11040343 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 343 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Koji Hasegawa ◽

Ayumu Watanabe ◽

Akiko Kaneko ◽

Yutaka Abe

Keyword(s):

Sound Pressure ◽

Phased Array ◽

Phased Arrays ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Acoustic Levitation ◽

Droplet Dynamics ◽

Levitated Droplets ◽

Ultrasonic Phased Array ◽

Velocity Information ◽

The Impact

The contactless coalescence of a droplet is of paramount importance for physical and industrial applications. This paper describes a coalescence method to be used mid-air via acoustic levitation using an ultrasonic phased array system. Acoustic levitation using ultrasonic phased arrays provides promising lab-on-a-drop applications, such as transportation, coalescence, mixing, separation, evaporation, and extraction in a continuous operation. The mechanism of droplet coalescence in mid-air may be better understood by experimentally and numerically exploring the droplet dynamics immediately before the coalescence. In this study, water droplets were experimentally levitated, transported, and coalesced by controlled acoustic fields. We observed that the edges of droplets deformed and attracted each other immediately before the coalescence. Through image processing, the radii of curvature of the droplets were quantified and the pressure difference between the inside and outside a droplet was simulated to obtain the pressure and velocity information on the droplet’s surface. The results revealed that the sound pressure acting on the droplet clearly decreased before the impact of the droplets. This pressure on the droplets was quantitatively analyzed from the experimental data. Our experimental and numerical results provide deeper physical insights into contactless droplet manipulation for futuristic lab-on-a-drop applications.

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