scholarly journals Analyses of the Key Technologies and Development Trends of Optical Networks from the Perspective of Standard Essential Patents

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1583
Author(s):  
Shu-Hao Chang
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Optical Networks ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Standard Essential Patents ◽  
Key Technologies ◽  
Network Technologies

Because of the advancement of 5G, mobile devices, and broadband, the development of optical network technologies has received increased research attention. However, studies have mostly focused on the technical or market aspects rather than employing a macroscopic perspective to reveal the technology distribution of optical networks and the development trends in their key fields. Given that technologies disclosed by standard essential patents (SEPs) are the key technologies that determine the standards in relevant industries, we used SEPs optical networks as the basis of analyses and constructed a technology network. Therefore, the contribution of this study lies in bridging the research gap between two studies, using the perspective of SEPs to observe the key technologies in leading industry standard-setting. In addition to the aspects of technologies and markets addressed in existing studies, this study primarily discusses technology distribution and trends in optical networks. The results reveal that transmission of digital information, wireless communication networks and multiple communication are the key technical fields in developing optical networks, with wireless communication devices and digital information transmission being the main focus in recent years. Considering the gradual standardization of future optical network technologies and the fierce competition between manufacturers in SEP applications, relevant industries and universities should cooperate in key technical fields for research and development as well as in talent cultivation to facilitate the development of key technologies and industrial standards in optical networks. The current results may serve as a reference for both industry and academia with regard to research and development resource allocation.

scholarly journals Key Technologies and Development Trends of 5G Optical Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
pp. 4835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Hao Chang
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Component Technology ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Wireless Communication Network ◽  
Key Technologies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Network Technologies ◽  
Local Resource Management

With the development of 5G, 5G optical networks have gradually received increasing attention from scholars. However, most studies have focused on discussing the technical or market aspect. Furthermore, their findings have not provided a panorama of the technologies in the 5G domain, nor have they provided a detailed understanding of the key technologies and development trends. An optical network is an indispensable type of infrastructure for the development of 5G. Therefore, defining key technologies in this domain is particularly crucial. The present study used patents for 5G optical networks as the basis of its analysis and constructed a technology network using a network analysis method. Research results indicated that the key technologies provided by 5G optical networks include wireless communication network facilities and local resource management (H04W88 and H04W72), selection arrangements for multiplex systems (H04Q11), and arrangements enabling multiple uses of the transmission path (H04L5). The maturation of optical component technology has paved the way for multiplex communication system technology to flourish and made it one of the key technologies in the development of 5G. Additionally, an analysis of top patentees revealed that information technology companies are the main force in developing 5G optical network technologies. Thus, driven by the market, 5G optical communication has become the technical focus of the private sector. In this study, the researchers constructed a technology network model to explore the technology development trends, and the results may serve as a reference for the government in observing emerging technologies.

scholarly journals Machine Learning Classification and Regression Approaches for Optical Network Traffic Prediction

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 1578
Author(s):  
Daniel Szostak ◽  
Adam Włodarczyk ◽  
Krzysztof Walkowiak
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Optical Networks ◽  
Network Traffic ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Traffic Prediction ◽  
Machine Learning Classification ◽  
Classification And Regression ◽  
Network Technologies

Rapid growth of network traffic causes the need for the development of new network technologies. Artificial intelligence provides suitable tools to improve currently used network optimization methods. In this paper, we propose a procedure for network traffic prediction. Based on optical networks’ (and other network technologies) characteristics, we focus on the prediction of fixed bitrate levels called traffic levels. We develop and evaluate two approaches based on different supervised machine learning (ML) methods—classification and regression. We examine four different ML models with various selected features. The tested datasets are based on real traffic patterns provided by the Seattle Internet Exchange Point (SIX). Obtained results are analyzed using a new quality metric, which allows researchers to find the best forecasting algorithm in terms of network resources usage and operational costs. Our research shows that regression provides better results than classification in case of all analyzed datasets. Additionally, the final choice of the most appropriate ML algorithm and model should depend on the network operator expectations.

scholarly journals Physical Encoding in Optical Layer Security

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenxing Wang ◽  
Mable P. Fok ◽  
Paul R. Prucnal
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Data Security ◽  
Optical Transmission ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Optical Signals ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Optical Layer ◽  
The Impact

Data security at the physical layer of optical networks, or optical layer security, has received considerable research attention due to the rapid growth of optical network capacity [1]. Among various optical layer approaches, optical codedivision multiple access (OCDMA) systems are considered to be promising because of the physical encoding and decoding processes comprising these systems. Generally, physical encoding is an important concept in the field of optical layer security, which implements encoding to the transmitted optical signals, and protects the transmitted data from attack. In this paper, we provide an overview of various OCDMA systems, and discuss the impact of different physical encoding methods on OCDMA systems, in terms of security assurance. Furthermore, we introduce the application of physical encoding to optical steganography and optical transmission with wireless CDMA for security improvement.

Analysis of Inter-Satellite Optical Wireless Communication System

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Rajbir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Optical Networks ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Optical Wireless Communication ◽  
Optical Wireless ◽  
High Speed Data ◽  
Speed Data Transmission

Optical networks are bandwidth efficient networks are used for long haul communication providing seamless data transfer. For high speed data transmission in open space between different satellites, Inter-satellite Optical wireless communication (IsOWC) is widely used .In this paper we have evaluated the performance of IsOWC communication link for high speed data transmission .The performance of the system is evaluated on the basis of qualitative parameters such as Q-factor and BER using optisystem simulator.

Convergence in norming and control of modern wireless technologies electromagnetic fields

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 610-613
Author(s):  
Michail Yu. Maslov ◽  
Yuri M. Spodobaev
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Telecommunications Industry ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Wireless Technologies ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Network Technologies ◽  
And Control

Telecommunications industry evolution shows the highest rates of transition to high-tech systems and is accompanied by a trend of deep mutual penetration of technologies - convergence. The dominant telecommunication technologies have become wireless communication systems. The widespread use of modern wireless technologies has led to the saturation of the environment with technological electromagnetic fields and the actualization of the problems of protecting the population from them. This fundamental restructuring has led to a uniform dense placement of radiating fragments of network technologies in the mudflow areas. The changed parameters of the emitted fields became the reason for the revision of the regulatory and methodological support of electromagnetic safety. A fragmented structural, functional and parametric analysis of the problem of protecting the population from the technological fields of network technologies revealed uncertainty in the interpretation of real situations, vulnerability, weakness and groundlessness of the methodological basis of sanitary-hygienic approaches. It is shown that this applies to all stages of the electromagnetic examination of the emitting fragments of network technologies. Distrust arises on the part of specialists and the population in not only the system of sanitary-hygienic control, but also the safety of modern network technologies is being called into question. Growing social tensions and radio phobia are everywhere accompanying the development of wireless communication technologies. The basis for solving almost all problems of protecting the population can be the transfer of subjective methods and means of monitoring and sanitary-hygienic control of electromagnetic fields into the field of IT.

Performance Modeling and Analysis of WDM Optical Networks under Wavelength Continuity Constraint using MILP

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Bhalaik ◽  
Ashutosh Sharma ◽  
Rajiv Kumar ◽  
Neeru Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Network Design ◽  
Optical Networks ◽  
Wavelength Division Multiplexing ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Optimal Path ◽  
Topology Design ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Wdm Optical Networks ◽  
Virtual Topology ◽  
Wdm Network

Objective: Optical networks exploit the Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) to meet the ever-growing bandwidth demands of upcoming communication applications. This is achieved by dividing the enormous transmission bandwidth of fiber into smaller communication channels. The major problem with WDM network design is to find an optimal path between two end users and allocate an available wavelength to the chosen path for the successful data transmission. Methods: This communication over a WDM network is carried out through lightpaths. The merging of all these lightpaths in an optical network generates a virtual topology which is suitable for the optimal network design to meet the increasing traffic demands. But, this virtual topology design is an NP-hard problem. This paper aims to explore Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) framework to solve this design issue. Results: The comparative results of the proposed and existing mathematical models show that the proposed algorithm outperforms with the various performance parameters. Conclusion: Finally, it is concluded that network congestion is reduced marginally in the overall performance of the network.

scholarly journals The Traffic Grooming Problem in Optical Networks with Respect to ADMs and OADMs: Complexity and Approximation

Algorithms ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Michele Flammini ◽  
Gianpiero Monaco ◽  
Luca Moscardelli ◽  
Mordechai Shalom ◽  
Shmuel Zaks
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Optical Networks ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Convex Combination ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Switching Cost ◽  
Wavelength Assignment ◽  
Intermediate Node ◽  
Polynomial Time Approximation Algorithm ◽  
Path Topology

All-optical networks transmit messages along lightpaths in which the signal is transmitted using the same wavelength in all the relevant links. We consider the problem of switching cost minimization in these networks. Specifically, the input to the problem under consideration is an optical network modeled by a graph G, a set of lightpaths modeled by paths on G, and an integer g termed the grooming factor. One has to assign a wavelength (modeled by a color) to every lightpath, so that every edge of the graph is used by at most g paths of the same color. A lightpath operating at some wavelength λ uses one Add/Drop multiplexer (ADM) at both endpoints and one Optical Add/Drop multiplexer (OADM) at every intermediate node, all operating at a wavelength of λ. Two lightpaths, both operating at the same wavelength λ, share the ADMs and OADMs in their common nodes. Therefore, the total switching cost due to the usage of ADMs and OADMs depends on the wavelength assignment. We consider networks of ring and path topology and a cost function that is a convex combination α·|OADMs|+(1−α)|ADMs| of the number of ADMs and the number of OADMs deployed in the network. We showed that the problem of minimizing this cost function is NP-complete for every convex combination, even in a path topology network with g=2. On the positive side, we present a polynomial-time approximation algorithm for the problem.

scholarly journals Modelling and Optimization of Multi-Service Optical Switching Networks with Threshold Management Mechanisms

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 1515
Author(s):  
Maciej Sobieraj ◽  
Piotr Zwierzykowski ◽  
Erich Leitgeb
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Optical Switching ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Simulation Environment ◽  
Switching Networks ◽  
Traffic Characteristics ◽  
Threshold Mechanism ◽  
Optical Switching Networks

DWDM networks make use of optical switching networks that allow light waves of multiple lengths to be serviced and provide the possibility of converting them appropriately. Research work on optical switching networks focuses on two main areas of interest: new non-blocking structures for optical switching networks and finding traffic characteristics of switching networks of the structures that are already well known. In practical design of switching nodes in optical networks, in many cases, the Clos switching networks are successfully used. Clos switching networks are also used in Elastic Optical Networks that can effectively manage allocation of resources to individual multi-service traffic streams. The research outcomes presented in this article deal with the problems of finding traffic characteristics in blocking optical switching networks with known structures. This article aims at presenting an analysis of the influence of traffic management threshold mechanisms on the traffic characteristics of multi-service blocking Clos switching networks that are used in the nodes of elastic optical networks as well as their influence on the traffic efficiency of network nodes. The analysis was carried out on the basis of research studies performed in a specially dedicated purpose-made simulation environment. The article presents a description of the simulation environment used in the experiments. The study was focused on the influence of the threshold mechanism, which is one of the most commonly used and elastic traffic management mechanisms, and on the traffic characteristics of switching networks that service different mixtures of multi-service Erlang, Engset and Pascal traffic streams. The conducted study validates the operational effectiveness and practicality of the application of the threshold mechanism to model traffic characteristics of nodes in an elastic optical network.

Survivable virtual optical network embedding with probabilistic network-element failures in elastic optical networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 90-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Yang ◽  
Lei Cheng ◽  
Guangjun Luo ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Yongli Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Network Embedding ◽  
Network Element ◽  
Probabilistic Network
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