scholarly journals Behavior of Astrocytes Derived from Human Neural Stem Cells Flown onto Space and Their Progenies

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Sophia Shaka ◽  
Nicholas Carpo ◽  
Victoria Tran ◽  
Araceli Espinosa-Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Space Flight ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Human Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Long-term travel and prolonged stays for astronauts in outer space are imminent. To date more than 500 astronauts have experienced the extreme conditions of space flight including microgravity and radiation. Here we report that human neural stem cells (NSCs) flown onto space were successfully induced to the astrocyte phenotype when grown in fetal calf serum (FCS) supplemented medium. We want to emphasize that these astrocytes were generated after the space flight through a slow process lasting several weeks. Interestingly, we also found that these cells newly formed astrocytes, proliferated slowly but significantly and they showed a tendency to continue proliferating at the same pace. Astrocytes, a major type of glial cells, are key for the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS). They are also emerging as a critical component in most neurodegenerative diseases. Knowledge on the effects of space microgravity on them is of utmost importance for long duration space travel.

scholarly journals Human Neural Stem Cells Flown into Space Proliferate and Generate Young Neurons

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 4042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Cepeda ◽  
Laurent Vergnes ◽  
Nicholas Carpo ◽  
Matthew J. Schibler ◽  
Laurent A. Bentolila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Input Resistance ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Human Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Cell Processes

Here we demonstrate that human neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferate while in space and they express specific NSC markers after being in space. NSCs displayed both higher oxygen consumption and glycolysis than ground controls. These cells also kept their ability to become young neurons. Electrophysiological recordings of space NSC-derived neurons showed immature cell membrane properties characterized by small capacitance and very high input resistance. Current injections elicited only an incipient action potential. No spontaneous synaptic events could be detected, suggesting their immature status even though most recorded cells displayed complex morphology and numerous cell processes. Ascertaining the origin of the NSCs’ increased energy requirement is of the essence in order to design effective measures to minimize health risks associated with long-duration human spaceflight missions.

Differentiated human neural stem cells: a new ex vivo model to study HHV-6 infection of the central nervous system

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. S27-S32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia De Filippis ◽  
Chiara Foglieni ◽  
Sara Silva ◽  
Angelo Vescovi ◽  
Paolo Lusso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Ex Vivo Model ◽  
Human Neural Stem Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Human Neural Stem Cells for Cell-Based Medicinal Products

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2377
Author(s):  
Beatriz Fernandez-Muñoz ◽  
Ana Belen Garcia-Delgado ◽  
Blanca Arribas-Arribas ◽  
Rosario Sanchez-Pernaute
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Phenotypic Stability ◽  
Human Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Regenerative Therapies

Neural stem cells represent an attractive tool for the development of regenerative therapies and are being tested in clinical trials for several neurological disorders. Human neural stem cells can be isolated from the central nervous system or can be derived in vitro from pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic sources are ethically controversial and other sources are less well characterized and/or inefficient. Recently, isolation of NSC from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with spina bifida and with intracerebroventricular hemorrhage has been reported. Direct reprogramming may become another alternative if genetic and phenotypic stability of the reprogrammed cells is ensured. Here, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of available sources of neural stem cells for the production of cell-based therapies for clinical applications. We review available safety and efficacy clinical data and discuss scalability and quality control considerations for manufacturing clinical grade cell products for successful clinical application.

scholarly journals Human Neural Stem Cells in Space Proliferate more than Ground Control Cells: Implications for Long-Term Space Travel

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Araceli Espinosa-Jeffrey ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Ground Control ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Space Travel ◽  
Human Neural Stem Cells ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Fluid Shifts

Long-term travel and lengthy stays for astronauts in outer space are imminent. To date, more than 500 astronauts have experienced the extreme conditions of space flight including microgravity and radiation. For the past decade, many studies associated with long-duration spaceflight have shown the recurring occurrence of ophthalmic abnormalities. The reasons of the observed changes in some astronauts remained unclear. However, factors such as the increase in intracranial pressure and fluid shifts are among the top potential contributing elements.

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

scholarly journals mRNA-Driven Generation of Transgene-Free Neural Stem Cells from Human Urine-Derived Cells

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Jun Kang ◽  
Daryeon Son ◽  
Tae Hee Ko ◽  
Wonjun Hong ◽  
Wonjin Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Human Neural Stem Cells

Human neural stem cells (NSCs) hold enormous promise for neurological disorders, typically requiring their expandable and differentiable properties for regeneration of damaged neural tissues. Despite the therapeutic potential of induced NSCs (iNSCs), a major challenge for clinical feasibility is the presence of integrated transgenes in the host genome, contributing to the risk for undesired genotoxicity and tumorigenesis. Here, we describe the advanced transgene-free generation of iNSCs from human urine-derived cells (HUCs) by combining a cocktail of defined small molecules with self-replicable mRNA delivery. The established iNSCs were completely transgene-free in their cytosol and genome and further resembled human embryonic stem cell-derived NSCs in the morphology, biological characteristics, global gene expression, and potential to differentiate into functional neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Moreover, iNSC colonies were observed within eight days under optimized conditions, and no teratomas formed in vivo, implying the absence of pluripotent cells. This study proposes an approach to generate transplantable iNSCs that can be broadly applied for neurological disorders in a safe, efficient, and patient-specific manner.

scholarly journals Neural Stem Cells: What Happens When They Go Viral?

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1468
Author(s):  
Yashika S. Kamte ◽  
Manisha N. Chandwani ◽  
Alexa C. Michaels ◽  
Lauren A. O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Multipotent Progenitor Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
The Brain

Viruses that infect the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with developmental abnormalities as well as neuropsychiatric and degenerative conditions. Many of these viruses such as Zika virus (ZIKV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) demonstrate tropism for neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs are the multipotent progenitor cells of the brain that have the ability to form neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Viral infections often alter the function of NSCs, with profound impacts on the growth and repair of the brain. There are a wide spectrum of effects on NSCs, which differ by the type of virus, the model system, the cell types studied, and the age of the host. Thus, it is a challenge to predict and define the consequences of interactions between viruses and NSCs. The purpose of this review is to dissect the mechanisms by which viruses can affect survival, proliferation, and differentiation of NSCs. This review also sheds light on the contribution of key antiviral cytokines in the impairment of NSC activity during a viral infection, revealing a complex interplay between NSCs, viruses, and the immune system.

scholarly journals BCOR Internal Tandem Duplication Expression in Neural Stem Cells Promotes Growth, Invasion, and Expression of PRC2 Targets

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3913
Author(s):  
Satoshi Nakata ◽  
Ming Yuan ◽  
Jeffrey A. Rubens ◽  
Ulf D. Kahlert ◽  
Jarek Maciaczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Tandem Duplication ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumor ◽  
Internal Tandem Duplication ◽  
Invasion And Migration ◽  
Human Neural Stem Cells ◽  
And Migration

Central nervous system tumor with BCL6-corepressor internal tandem duplication (CNS-BCOR ITD) is a malignant entity characterized by recurrent alterations in exon 15 encoding the essential binding domain for the polycomb repressive complex (PRC). In contrast to deletion or truncating mutations seen in other tumors, BCOR expression is upregulated in CNS-BCOR ITD, and a distinct oncogenic mechanism has been suggested. However, the effects of this change on the biology of neuroepithelial cells is poorly understood. In this study, we introduced either wildtype BCOR or BCOR-ITD into human and murine neural stem cells and analyzed them with quantitative RT-PCR and RNA-sequencing, as well as growth, clonogenicity, and invasion assays. In human cells, BCOR-ITD promoted derepression of PRC2-target genes compared to wildtype BCOR. A similar effect was found in clinical specimens from previous studies. However, no growth advantage was seen in the human neural stem cells expressing BCOR-ITD, and long-term models could not be established. In the murine cells, both wildtype BCOR and BCOR-ITD overexpression affected cellular differentiation and histone methylation, but only BCOR-ITD increased cellular growth, invasion, and migration. BCOR-ITD overexpression drives transcriptional changes, possibly due to altered PRC function, and contributes to the oncogenic transformation of neural precursors.

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