scholarly journals Effect of Mat Pilates on Body Fluid Composition, Pelvic Stabilization, and Muscle Damage during Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 9111
Author(s):  
Ah-Hyun Hyun ◽  
Yoo-Jeong Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Pelvic Stabilization

In this study, according to the exercise intensity (50–60% of HRmax (Maximum Heart Rate), RPE (Rating of Perceived Exertion: 11–13) proposed by The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) for pregnant women, mat Pilates exercise is related to body composition, lipid parameters, and pelvic stabilization. The effects on muscle and muscle damage were investigated. The subjects of this study were 16 pregnant women registered at the Cultural Center of Gyeonggi-do C Women’s Hospital, and the gestation period was 16 to 24 weeks. The mat Pilates exercise program (twice a week, 60 min per day, total 12 weeks) changed the Pilates exercise program every 6 weeks according to the subject’s pain level and physical fitness. Body composition before and after exercise, hip flexion, abduction and dilated lipids, inflammation, muscle damage, and stress hormones were measured through blood biochemical analysis. First, the difference in total body water, intracellular water, and skeletal muscle changes (post-pre) increased significantly in the Pilates exercise (PE) group compared to the control (CON) group, while the extracellular/intracellular water ratio significantly decreased. The effect of Pilates on body composition and lipid profile confirmed that, after testing, total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW) were significantly greater than pre-test values in both groups (TBW: z = −2.286, p = 0.022, r = 0.572; ICW: z = −2.818, p = 0.005, r = 0.705; ECW: z = −1.232, p = 0.218, r = 0.308), whereas the ECW/ICW ratio decreased significantly only in the PE group (z = −2.170, p = 0.030, r = 0.543); while the increases in TBW and ICW were greater in the PE group than in the CON group, the ECW/ICW ratio decreased significantly in the PE group. Blood tests showed significant increases in body weight (BW), body fat mass (BFM), and percentage of body fat (PBF) in both groups post-test as compared to pre-test (BW: z = −1.590, p = 0.112, r = 0.398; BFM: z = −0.106, p = 0.916; PBF: z = −1.643, p = 0.100, r = 0.411). There was a slight increase in creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which are indices of muscle damage, and in the difference between the periods within the group, the CK and LDH of the CON group showed a tendency to increase significantly after inspection compared to the previous values (CK: z = −1.700, p = 0.089, r = 0.425, LDH: z = −2.603, p = 0.009, r = 0.651). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) decreased significantly in the Pilates exercise group compared to that in the control group, and as a result of confirming the difference in the amount of change in C-reactive protein (CRP), there was no significant difference between the two groups, and the PE group showed a tendency to decrease after inspection compared to the previous period even in the difference between the periods in the group. The CON group showed an increasing trend, but no significant difference was found. Cortisol, a stress hormone, also increased significantly after inspection both groups compared to before (CON group: z = −2.201, p = 0.028; PE group: z = −2.547, p = 0.011). Therefore, the 12 week Pilates exercise program conducted in this study has a positive effect on body water balance and strengthens the muscles related to pelvic stabilization within the range of reducing muscle damage or causing muscle damage and stress in pregnant women. We think that it has an effective exercise intensity.

Effect on body water of running 10 miles

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 999-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Colt ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
R. N. Pierson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Hydrogen Exchange ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Body

Despite a 2.3% weight loss in 10 men who ran 10 miles, extracellular water (ECW) increased by 3.5%. Total body water (TBW) measured as tritium space increased by 2.4%, and intracellular water (ICW), inferred as the difference between TBW and ECW, increased by 1.8%. The increase in tritium space probably represents increased nonaqueous hydrogen exchange in the postexercise period ond casts doubt on the validity of TBW and ICW when measured immediately after exercise.

Density of lean body mass is greater in blacks than in whites

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1647-1649 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Schutte ◽  
E. J. Townsend ◽  
J. Hugg ◽  
R. F. Shoup ◽  
R. M. Malina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male College ◽  
Correct Formula ◽  
Total Body

Previous studies have reported that Blacks have 10–20% more bone mineral than Whites of the same height. Theoretically, this should mean that the lean body mass of Blacks is denser than that of Whites, such that formulas for calculating lean body mass from density in Whites will overestimate the lean body mass (and thus underestimate fatness) in Blacks. To determine if the lean body mass of Blacks is indeed denser than that of Whites, we measured density, total body water, and anthropometric dimensions in 19 white and 15 black male college students. The black and white cohorts were nearly identical in height, weight, and total body water. Among the Whites there was no significant difference between the observed density and that predicted from anthropometry, nor were there any significant differences between the dimensions of body composition calculated from total body water and from observed density. Among the Blacks, however, the observed density was significantly greater than that predicted from anthropometry, and the lean body mass calculated from observed density was significantly greater than that calculated from total body water. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lean body mass of the Blacks is denser than that of the Whites. Separate formulas should therefore be used for converting density to body composition. Based on our data, the correct formula for Blacks is: %fat = 100 X [(4.374/density) - 3.928]. This formula indicates a lean body density of 1.113 g/cm3 in Blacks compared with 1.100 in Whites.

An evaluation of the tritiated water method for estimating body water in small rodents

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1376-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Holleman ◽  
R. A. Dieterich
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Small Rodents ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Estimate Error ◽  
Total Body

The total body water of 27 rodents (live weights less than 100 g) were estimated by a tritiated water method and by direct analysis. There was no significant difference between the values as estimated by the two methods. The 95% confidence interval for total body water as estimated by the tritiated water method was ±10% of the value estimated from direct analysis. The accuracy of the method is acceptable for most applications, however, investigators should be cognizant of the estimate error, especially when calculating other components of body composition from total body water, e.g. body fat.

Estimating body composition in late gestation: a new hydration constant for body density and total body water

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (1) ◽  
pp. E153-E158 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Catalano ◽  
W. W. Wong ◽  
N. M. Drago ◽  
S. B. Amini
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Dilution ◽  
Total Body

Twenty women underwent body density (DB) measurements using underwater weighing with correction of residual lung volume by nitrogen dilution and total body water (TBW) using isotope dilution of 18O to estimate body composition at 30 wk of gestation. DB and TBW were used as independent variables in the same equation. The hydration constant (HC) of fat-free mass (FFM) was estimated as 0.762; based on this HC, new body composition equations for both DB and TBW were derived. These equations were prospectively tested in an additional 20 women at 30 wk of gestation. No significant differences were detected between estimates of percent body fat (%F) using either the newly derived DB or TBW equations and estimates of %F using both DB and TBW. Ten of these forty women were evaluated postpartum. There was no significant difference in %F estimated by either TBW or DB compared with standard equations (hydration of FFM = 0.72) and %F using both DB and TBW. These results highlight the importance of either measuring both DB and TBW or using an appropriate hydration constant for FFM in estimating body composition during pregnancy or conditions associated with increased body water.

scholarly journals Muscle glycogen depletion does not alter segmental extracellular and intracellular water distribution measured using bioimpedance spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1420-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Shiose ◽  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Keiko Motonaga ◽  
Hideyuki Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Bioimpedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Content ◽  
Significant Difference

Although each gram of glycogen is well known to bind 2.7–4.0 g of water, no studies have been conducted on the effect of muscle glycogen depletion on body water distribution. We investigated changes in extracellular and intracellular water (ECW and ICW) distribution in each body segment in muscle glycogen-depletion and glycogen-recovery condition using segmental bioimpedance spectroscopy technique (BIS). Twelve male subjects consumed 7.0 g/kg body mass of indigestible (glycogen-depleted group) or digestible (glycogen-recovered group) carbohydrate for 24 h after a glycogen-depletion cycling exercise. Muscle glycogen content using 13C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, blood hydration status, body composition, and ECW and ICW content of the arm, trunk, and leg using BIS were measured. Muscle glycogen content at the thigh muscles decreased immediately after exercise (glycogen-depleted group, 71.6 ± 12.1 to 25.5 ± 10.1 mmol/kg wet wt; glycogen-recovered group, 76.2 ± 16.4 to 28.1 ± 16.8 mmol/kg wet wt) and recovered in the glycogen-recovered group (72.7 ± 21.2 mmol/kg wet wt) but not in the glycogen-depleted group (33.2 ± 12.6 mmol/kg wet wt) 24 h postexercise. Fat-free mass decreased in the glycogen-depleted group ( P < 0.05) but not in the glycogen-recovered group 24 h postexercise. However, no changes were observed in ECW and ICW content at the leg in both groups. Our results suggested that glycogen depletion per se does not alter body water distribution as estimated via BIS. This information is valuable in assessing body composition using BIS in athletes who show variable glycogen status during training and recovery. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Segmental bioimpedance spectroscopy analysis reveals the effect of muscle glycogen depletion on body segmental water distribution in controlled conditions. Despite the significant difference in the muscle glycogen levels at the leg, no difference was observed in body resistance and the corresponding water content of the extracellular and intracellular compartments.

Metabolic Reference Standards for the Neonate

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1146-1147
Author(s):  
W. Burmeister
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Body

I would like to comment on the article by J. C. Sinclair, et al. (Pediatrics, 39:724, 1967), "Metabolic Reference Standards for the Neonate." In the course of my work on the composition of the human organism, I also found the difference weight-extracellular fluid (= W-ECF). The fact that the composition of W-ECF is a rather constant one may be seen from the following calculation: if total body water content is assumed to be 71% of body mass with newborn and 61% with male adults, it follows that the proportion of intracellular water in W-ECF remains almost unchanged during growth.

Estimating body composition of young children by using bioelectrical resistance

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1776-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Goran ◽  
M. C. Kaskoun ◽  
W. H. Carpenter ◽  
E. T. Poehlman ◽  
E. Ravussin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gender Specific

It is currently unclear whether age-specific equations should be used for assessing body composition from bioelectrical resistance. Kushner et al. (Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56: 835#x2013;839, 1992) showed that the relationship between height2/resistance and total body water (TBW) is robust across a wide age range, although uncertainty remained over the relationship in preschool children. We therefore cross-validated the Kushner equation for predicting total body water in 4- to 6-yr-old children in two independent laboratories. TBW was measured from H2 18O dilution, and bioelectrical resistance and reactance were measured using an RJL 101A analyzer in 31 children (15 females, 16 males; 5 +/- 0.8 yr) studied in Burlington, Vermont, and 30 children (14 females, 16 males; 5 +/- 0.2 yr) studied in Phoenix, Arizona. There was no significant difference between TBW predicted from the Kushner equation and that measured in children in Burlington (11.76 +/- 2.00 vs. 11.91 +/- 2.46 kg; r = 0.94) or in Phoenix (11.53 +/- 1.64 vs. 11.66 +/- 1.90 kg; r = 0.94). The Kushner equation for TBW can be transformed into an equation for fat-free mass (FFM) by using published age- and gender-specific constants for the hydration of FFM: hydration of FFM = 76.9 - 0.25 age (yr) - 1.9 gender where female equals 0 and male equals 1. The intraclass reliability for estimates of fat mass and FFM with the use of bioelectrical resistance in an independent group of 26 children (5.0 +/- 0.8 yr, 20.2 +/- 3.0 kg) was > 0.99 for duplicate observations performed 2 wk apart.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Condition, Body Composition and Total Body Water Estimation in the Quokka, Setonix Brachyurus (Macropodidae).

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Bakker ◽  
AR Main
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Total Body

In order to compare the welfare of different populations of the quokka on Rottnest I., the tammar Macropus eugenii on Garden I., and the hare-wallaby Lagorchestes conspicillatus on Barrow I., a condition index is developed, based on the relationship between body weight and leg length (from the bottom of the lateral calcaneal ridge of the calcaneum to the tibia1 tuberosity at the top of the tibia). Its validity was tested by determining body composition of 12 quokkas. There is a high correlation between the values predicted for sheep and those found in the quokka, but the quokka tends to have less fat and protein for a given weight and total body water content (TBW). In the quokka, tammar and hare-wallaby, there is a significant negative correlation between the condition index and corrected total body water content. The condition index of field animals of all three species is given. A significant difference was found between the condition of quokkas on Rottnest in April 1976 and April 1977. No significant differences existed between the hare-wallaby samples, either between locations or between seasons. The general application of the condition index is discussed.

BODY WATER COMPARTMENTS IN THE PREMATURE INFANT, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF THE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME AND OF MATERNAL DIABETES AND TOXEMIA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-889
Author(s):  
Wesley M. Clapp ◽  
L. Joseph Butterfield ◽  
Donough O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Water Compartments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body

Normal values for both total body water and extracellular water have been determined in 86 premature infants aged 1 to 90 days and weighing 940 to 2,435 gm, with use of the techniques of deuterium oxide and bromide dilution. Nine full-term infants aged 1 to 6 days and weighing 2,590 to 4,985 gm were similarly studied. Nine infants with the respiratory distress syndrome and eight infants of toxemic mothers studied in the first 24 hours of life showed no significant difference in their body water compartments in comparison to a control group of normal infants matched for age and weight. Seven infants of diabetic mothers studied in the first 24 hours of life showed a significant decrease in total body water, expressed as percentage of body weight, with a normal intracellular to extracellular water ratio. These data indirectly support other evidence that there is an increase in body fat in these infants at birth. See Table in the PDF file

Analytic assessment of the various bioimpedance methods used to estimate body water

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1801-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Matthie ◽  
B. Zarowitz ◽  
A. De Lorenzo ◽  
A. Andreoli ◽  
K. Katzarski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Water ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Tissue Change ◽  
Water Compartments ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Total Body

Knowledge of patient fluid distribution would be useful clinically. Both single-frequency (SF) and impedance modeling approaches are proposed. The high intercorrelation between body water compartments makes determining the best approach difficult. This study was conducted to evaluate the merits of an SF approach. Mathematical simulation was performed to determine the effect of tissue change on resistance and reactance. Dilution results were reanalyzed, and resistance and parallel reactance were used to predict the intracellular water for two groups. Results indicated that the amount of intracellular and extracellular water conduction at any SF can vary with tissue change, and reactance at any SF is affected by all tissue parameters. Modeling provided a good prediction of dilution intracellular and extracellular water, but an SF method did not. Intracellular, extracellular, and total body water were equally predicted at all frequencies by SF resistance and parallel reactance. Extracellular and intracellular water are best measured through modeling, because only at the zero and infinite frequencies are the results sensitive only to extracellular and intracellular water. At all other frequencies there are other effects.

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