Condition, Body Composition and Total Body Water Estimation in the Quokka, Setonix Brachyurus (Macropodidae).

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Bakker ◽  
AR Main
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Total Body

In order to compare the welfare of different populations of the quokka on Rottnest I., the tammar Macropus eugenii on Garden I., and the hare-wallaby Lagorchestes conspicillatus on Barrow I., a condition index is developed, based on the relationship between body weight and leg length (from the bottom of the lateral calcaneal ridge of the calcaneum to the tibia1 tuberosity at the top of the tibia). Its validity was tested by determining body composition of 12 quokkas. There is a high correlation between the values predicted for sheep and those found in the quokka, but the quokka tends to have less fat and protein for a given weight and total body water content (TBW). In the quokka, tammar and hare-wallaby, there is a significant negative correlation between the condition index and corrected total body water content. The condition index of field animals of all three species is given. A significant difference was found between the condition of quokkas on Rottnest in April 1976 and April 1977. No significant differences existed between the hare-wallaby samples, either between locations or between seasons. The general application of the condition index is discussed.

Density of lean body mass is greater in blacks than in whites

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1647-1649 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Schutte ◽  
E. J. Townsend ◽  
J. Hugg ◽  
R. F. Shoup ◽  
R. M. Malina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male College ◽  
Correct Formula ◽  
Total Body

Previous studies have reported that Blacks have 10–20% more bone mineral than Whites of the same height. Theoretically, this should mean that the lean body mass of Blacks is denser than that of Whites, such that formulas for calculating lean body mass from density in Whites will overestimate the lean body mass (and thus underestimate fatness) in Blacks. To determine if the lean body mass of Blacks is indeed denser than that of Whites, we measured density, total body water, and anthropometric dimensions in 19 white and 15 black male college students. The black and white cohorts were nearly identical in height, weight, and total body water. Among the Whites there was no significant difference between the observed density and that predicted from anthropometry, nor were there any significant differences between the dimensions of body composition calculated from total body water and from observed density. Among the Blacks, however, the observed density was significantly greater than that predicted from anthropometry, and the lean body mass calculated from observed density was significantly greater than that calculated from total body water. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lean body mass of the Blacks is denser than that of the Whites. Separate formulas should therefore be used for converting density to body composition. Based on our data, the correct formula for Blacks is: %fat = 100 X [(4.374/density) - 3.928]. This formula indicates a lean body density of 1.113 g/cm3 in Blacks compared with 1.100 in Whites.

An evaluation of the tritiated water method for estimating body water in small rodents

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1376-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Holleman ◽  
R. A. Dieterich
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Small Rodents ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Estimate Error ◽  
Total Body

The total body water of 27 rodents (live weights less than 100 g) were estimated by a tritiated water method and by direct analysis. There was no significant difference between the values as estimated by the two methods. The 95% confidence interval for total body water as estimated by the tritiated water method was ±10% of the value estimated from direct analysis. The accuracy of the method is acceptable for most applications, however, investigators should be cognizant of the estimate error, especially when calculating other components of body composition from total body water, e.g. body fat.

Estimating body composition in late gestation: a new hydration constant for body density and total body water

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (1) ◽  
pp. E153-E158 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Catalano ◽  
W. W. Wong ◽  
N. M. Drago ◽  
S. B. Amini
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Dilution ◽  
Total Body

Twenty women underwent body density (DB) measurements using underwater weighing with correction of residual lung volume by nitrogen dilution and total body water (TBW) using isotope dilution of 18O to estimate body composition at 30 wk of gestation. DB and TBW were used as independent variables in the same equation. The hydration constant (HC) of fat-free mass (FFM) was estimated as 0.762; based on this HC, new body composition equations for both DB and TBW were derived. These equations were prospectively tested in an additional 20 women at 30 wk of gestation. No significant differences were detected between estimates of percent body fat (%F) using either the newly derived DB or TBW equations and estimates of %F using both DB and TBW. Ten of these forty women were evaluated postpartum. There was no significant difference in %F estimated by either TBW or DB compared with standard equations (hydration of FFM = 0.72) and %F using both DB and TBW. These results highlight the importance of either measuring both DB and TBW or using an appropriate hydration constant for FFM in estimating body composition during pregnancy or conditions associated with increased body water.

Estimating body composition of young children by using bioelectrical resistance

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1776-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Goran ◽  
M. C. Kaskoun ◽  
W. H. Carpenter ◽  
E. T. Poehlman ◽  
E. Ravussin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gender Specific

It is currently unclear whether age-specific equations should be used for assessing body composition from bioelectrical resistance. Kushner et al. (Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56: 835#x2013;839, 1992) showed that the relationship between height2/resistance and total body water (TBW) is robust across a wide age range, although uncertainty remained over the relationship in preschool children. We therefore cross-validated the Kushner equation for predicting total body water in 4- to 6-yr-old children in two independent laboratories. TBW was measured from H2 18O dilution, and bioelectrical resistance and reactance were measured using an RJL 101A analyzer in 31 children (15 females, 16 males; 5 +/- 0.8 yr) studied in Burlington, Vermont, and 30 children (14 females, 16 males; 5 +/- 0.2 yr) studied in Phoenix, Arizona. There was no significant difference between TBW predicted from the Kushner equation and that measured in children in Burlington (11.76 +/- 2.00 vs. 11.91 +/- 2.46 kg; r = 0.94) or in Phoenix (11.53 +/- 1.64 vs. 11.66 +/- 1.90 kg; r = 0.94). The Kushner equation for TBW can be transformed into an equation for fat-free mass (FFM) by using published age- and gender-specific constants for the hydration of FFM: hydration of FFM = 76.9 - 0.25 age (yr) - 1.9 gender where female equals 0 and male equals 1. The intraclass reliability for estimates of fat mass and FFM with the use of bioelectrical resistance in an independent group of 26 children (5.0 +/- 0.8 yr, 20.2 +/- 3.0 kg) was > 0.99 for duplicate observations performed 2 wk apart.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

BODY WATER COMPARTMENTS IN THE PREMATURE INFANT, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF THE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME AND OF MATERNAL DIABETES AND TOXEMIA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-889
Author(s):  
Wesley M. Clapp ◽  
L. Joseph Butterfield ◽  
Donough O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Water Compartments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body

Normal values for both total body water and extracellular water have been determined in 86 premature infants aged 1 to 90 days and weighing 940 to 2,435 gm, with use of the techniques of deuterium oxide and bromide dilution. Nine full-term infants aged 1 to 6 days and weighing 2,590 to 4,985 gm were similarly studied. Nine infants with the respiratory distress syndrome and eight infants of toxemic mothers studied in the first 24 hours of life showed no significant difference in their body water compartments in comparison to a control group of normal infants matched for age and weight. Seven infants of diabetic mothers studied in the first 24 hours of life showed a significant decrease in total body water, expressed as percentage of body weight, with a normal intracellular to extracellular water ratio. These data indirectly support other evidence that there is an increase in body fat in these infants at birth. See Table in the PDF file

scholarly journals The Use of Infrared Spectrophotometry for Measuring Body Water Spaces

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1077-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Jennings ◽  
Leslie Bluck ◽  
Antony Wright ◽  
Marinos Elia
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometry ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Abstract Background: The conventional method of measuring total body water by the deuterium isotope dilution method uses gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), which is both expensive and time-consuming. We investigated an alternative method, using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), which uses less expensive instrumentation and requires little sample preparation. Method: Total body water measurements in human subjects were made by obtaining plasma, saliva, and urine samples before and after oral dosing with 1.5 mol of deuterium oxide. The enrichments of the body fluids were determined from the FTIR spectra in the range 1800–2800 cm−1, using a novel algorithm for estimation of instrumental response, and by IRMS for comparison. Results: The CV (n = 5) for repeat determinations of deuterium oxide in biological fluids and calibrator solutions (400–1000 μmol/mol) was found to be in the range 0.1–0.9%. The use of the novel algorithm instead of the integration routines supplied with the instrument gave at least a threefold increase in precision, and there was no significant difference between the results obtained with FTIR and those obtained with IRMS. Conclusion: This improved infrared method for measuring deuterium enrichment in plasma and saliva requires no sample preparation, is rapid, and has potential value to the clinician.

Estimation of water content by tritium dilution of animals subjected to rapid live-weight changes

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. McManus ◽  
R. K. Prichard ◽  
Carolyn Baker ◽  
M. V. Petruchenia
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe use of tritiated water to estimate total body-water content of animals experiencing recovery from under-nutrition was studied.The time for equilibration of tritiated water (TOH), given intraperitoneally, with total body water (TBW) was determined in rabbits and in rats. As judged by the specific activity of blood water, equilibration had occurred by 76–125 min in the rabbit and did not appear to be affected by the plane of nutrition. However, between slaughter groups the specific activity of water obtained from the liver 180 min after injection of TOH was significantly different from the specific activity of water simultaneously obtained from the blood plasma. It is concluded that the liver is not a suitable tissue to use for testing achievement of equilibration.As judged by the specific activity of blood water compared to that of water from the whole body macerate, equilibration in mature rats either in stable body condition or undergoing rapid compensatory growth occurred in less than 60 min.A trial comparing TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) and actual TBW (by desiccation) was conducted on thirty rabbits which experienced under-nutrition followed by compensatory growth.Prior to under-nutrition the agreement between actual and estimated TBW was satisfactory and within 2·3%. During compensatory growth the agreement was poor— the TOH values over-estimating actual TBW by about 12%.A trial with mature rats confirmed the findings with rabbits. For rats in stable body weight the mean estimated TOH-space for fourteen animals was within 1·2% of the actual TBW. For fourteen rats undergoing compensatory growth the mean estimated TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) overestimated actual TBW by 6·2%.

BODY WATER COMPARTMENTS IN CHILDREN: CHANGES DURING GROWTH AND RELATED CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-181
Author(s):  
B. Friis-Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Water Compartments ◽  
Total Body ◽  
First Year Of Life

During growth of infants and children, certain characteristic changes are found. A rapid decrease of the relative volumes of total body water and of extracellular water occurs during the first year of life, followed by a smaller decrease of volume of extracellular water later in childhood. At the same time an increased heterogeneity of the extracellular water takes place. On the other hand, the volume of intracellular water increases a little during the first months of life and remains more or less constant from then on. Formulas and nomograms from which these body water compartments can be predicted are presented. Finally, data on the corresponding changes in the total body water and in body specific gravity are discussed.

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