scholarly journals Assessment of Handler Exposure to Pesticides from Stretcher-Type Power Sprayers in Orchards

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8684
Author(s):  
Zhinan Wang ◽  
Yuxi Meng ◽  
Xiangdong Mei ◽  
Jun Ning ◽  
Xiaodong Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Pesticide Management ◽  
Export Volume ◽  
Route Of Exposure ◽  
Type Power ◽  
Beijing China ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

The production and export volume of fruits from China are among the top three in the world. Pesticides are applied to orchards more than 10 times a year to control pests, and stretcher-type power sprayers are widely used to apply chemical pesticides. However, an assessment of pesticide-handler exposure to pesticides in this scenario has not been reported in China. The test pesticide, 30% SYP-9625 concentrate diluted 3000 times, was sprayed on apple orchards in Beijing China. Experiments were conducted to assess dermal and inhalation exposure using standard whole-body dosimetry and air-sampling methodologies. The dermal deposition was the main route of exposure in this study. The dermal unit exposure (UE) of handlers was 350 mg·kg−1 a.i. of SYP-9625. The hands accounted for 59% of the total exposure and were the most exposed body part. Inhalation UE was 0.720 mg·kg−1 a.i. of SYP-9625 and was negligible compared with dermal exposure. We found that use of protective garments while using stretcher-type powers sprayers reduced dermal pesticide exposure. These results can be used as a reference for the handler’s safety in pesticide management and orchard mechanical management.

Use of Toxicokinetics in Risk Assessment Based on In Vitro Data

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Gunnar Johanson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
External Exposure ◽  
Target Dose ◽  
Toxic Response ◽  
Route Of Exposure ◽  
Vitro Data ◽  
In Vitro Data

This presentation addresses some aspects of the methodology, advantages and problems associated with toxicokinetic modelling based on in vitro data. By using toxicokinetic models, particularly physiologically-based ones, it is possible, in principle, to describe whole body toxicokinetics, target doses and toxic effects from in vitro data. Modelling can be divided into three major steps: 1) to relate external exposure (applied dose) of xenobiotic to target dose; 2) to establish the relationship between target dose and effect (in vitro data, e.g. metabolism in microsomes, partitioning in tissue homogenates, and toxicity in cell cultures, are useful in both steps); and 3) to relate external exposure to toxic effect by combining the first two steps. Extrapolations from in vitro to in vivo, between animal and man, and between high and low doses, can easily be carried out by toxicokinetic simulations. In addition, several factors that may affect the toxic response by changing the target dose, such as route of exposure and physical activity, can be studied. New insights concerning the processes involved in toxicity often emerge during the design, refinement and validation of the model. The modelling approach is illustrated by two examples: 1) the carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene; and 2) the haematotoxicity of 2-butoxyethanol. Toxicokinetic modelling is an important tool in toxicological risk assessment based on in vitro data. Many factors, some of which can, and should be, studied in vitro, are involved in the expression of toxicity. Successful modelling depends on the identification and quantification of these factors.

Lung toxicity and gene expression changes in response to whole-body inhalation exposure to cellulose nanocrystal in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-80
Author(s):  
Pius Joseph ◽  
Christina M. Umbright ◽  
Jenny R. Roberts ◽  
Jared L. Cumpston ◽  
Marlene S. Orandle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Lung Toxicity ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystal ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Whole Body Inhalation

Body Image in Anorexia Nervosa

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Psychological Disturbance ◽  
Body Image Disturbances

Despite much recent interest in the objective measurement of body image in anorexia nervosa, many questions remain regarding basic mechanisms responsible for the findings as well as their meaning in the disorder. It is unclear if “whole body” measures assess the same underlying phenomena as the “body part” method, and it is unclear if body image disturbances are etiologic or a byproduct of anorexia nervosa. The possible association between self-esteem and body satisfaction and the relationship of the latter variable to actual size estimation supports the hypothesis that size perception may be closely tied to satisfaction with non-physical aspects of self. Finally it must be determined if over estimation is a function of a general psychological disturbance or of a deficit of specific interest in this disorder. Despite these questions, the way in which anorexic patients see themselves as well as the cognitive and affective responses to this perception remains an interesting and potentially fruitful area of study with this disorder.

Distribution of the preferred clothing pressure over the whole body

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 2187-2198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamaki Mitsuno ◽  
Ayaka Kai
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Elastic Band ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Pressure Load ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Clothing Pressure

A system for measuring clothing pressure employing a renewed hydrostatic pressure-balancing method was examined using three calibration methods. All methods revealed an almost perfectly linear Y = X relation for the pressure load (X) and the reading of the system (Y). In the application, the distributions of elastic band pressure were examined on 21 planes from head to foot. The preferred elastic band pressures of the leg and arm were significantly higher than those of the neck and abdomen. These results are due to the large presence of the autonomic nervous system at the surfaces of the neck and abdomen. In the area of the abdomen, the preferred elastic band pressure was higher from the mammilla to the shoulder than for the anteroposterior midlines. The development of compression ware must consider appropriate tightening for each body part.

scholarly journals Joint Pedestrian and Body Part Detection via Semantic Relationship Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhua Gu ◽  
Chuanxin Lan ◽  
Wenbai Chen ◽  
Hu Han
Keyword(s):  
Pedestrian Detection ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Semantic Relationship ◽  
The Public ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Person Search

While remarkable progress has been made to pedestrian detection in recent years, robust pedestrian detection in the wild e.g., under surveillance scenarios with occlusions, remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we present a novel approach for joint pedestrian and body part detection via semantic relationship learning under unconstrained scenarios. Specifically, we propose a Body Part Indexed Feature (BPIF) representation to encode the semantic relationship between individual body parts (i.e., head, head-shoulder, upper body, and whole body) and highlight per body part features, providing robustness against partial occlusions to the whole body. We also propose an Adaptive Joint Non-Maximum Suppression (AJ-NMS) to replace the original NMS algorithm widely used in object detection, leading to higher precision and recall for detecting overlapped pedestrians. Experimental results on the public-domain CUHK-SYSU Person Search Dataset show that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods for joint pedestrian and body part detection in the wild.

scholarly journals Visual Body Part Representation in the Lateral Occipitotemporal Cortex in Children/Adolescents and Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Okamoto ◽  
Ryo Kitada ◽  
Takanori Kochiyama ◽  
Hiroaki Naruse ◽  
Kai Makita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Body Representation ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Body Images ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Occipitotemporal Cortex

Abstract The lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC) that responds to human bodies and body parts has been implicated in social development and neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Neuroimaging studies using a representational similarity analysis (RSA) revealed that body representation in the LOTC of typically developing (TD) adults is categorized into 3 clusters: action effector body parts, noneffector body parts, and face parts. However, its organization of younger people (i.e., children and adolescents) and its association with individual traits remain unclear. In this functional MRI study, TD adults and children/adolescents observed photographs of hands, feet, arms, legs, chests, waists, upper/lower faces, the whole body, and chairs. The univariate analysis showed that fewer child/adolescent participants showed left LOTC activation in response to whole-body images (relative to those of chairs) than adult participants. Contrastingly, the RSA on both age groups revealed a comparable body representation with 3 clusters of body parts in the bilateral LOTC. Hence, this result indicates that, although response to whole-body images can differ, LOTC body part representations for children/ adolescents and adults are highly similar. Furthermore, sensory atypicality is associated with spatial LOTC organization, suggesting the importance of this region for understanding individual difference, which is frequently observed in ASD.

Improvement of Aerosol Distribution in Whole-Body Inhalation Exposure Chambers

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-Sung Cheng ◽  
Edward B. Barr ◽  
Robert L. Carpenter ◽  
Janet M. Benson ◽  
Charles H. Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Aerosol Distribution ◽  
Whole Body Inhalation

Development and use of a single-animal whole-body system for inhalation exposure

Lab Animal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Wong ◽  
Paul W. Ross ◽  
R. Arden James
Keyword(s):  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body System ◽  
Single Animal

Thirteen-week study of toxicity of fiber-like multi-walled carbon nanotubes with whole-body inhalation exposure in rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Kasai ◽  
Yumi Umeda ◽  
Makoto Ohnishi ◽  
Hitomi Kondo ◽  
Tetsuya Takeuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Whole Body Inhalation ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes
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