scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Wheat Hay and Silage in Methane Production, Fermentation Characteristics and Microbiota Using In Vitro Rumen Cultures

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8456
Author(s):  
Wenjing Niu ◽  
Haibo Wang ◽  
Yang He ◽  
Qinghua Qiu ◽  
Taoqi Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Fiber Degradation ◽  
Dough Stage

This study determined the effects of wheat stage, preservation treatment, and harvest time on the fermentation characteristics, methane production, and bacterial diversity. In this study, processing wheat into hay can reduce methane production. The MWS7 (wheat harvested at 7:00 in milk stage and preserved as silage) group had a significantly lower CO2 compared with the DWS15 (wheat harvested at 15:00 in dough stage and preserved as silage) group. Neutral detergent fiber degradation in the hay treatment harvesting at 7:00 was significantly higher than that in other treatments. The butyrate proportion in the DWH7 (wheat harvested at 7:00 in dough stage and preserved as hay) group was higher than that in the MWS7 group. Results from high-throughput sequencing showed that there were differences in the relative abundance of some minor rumen microbiota among the treatments. The MWS7 group had greater microbial diversity and the MWH7 group (wheat harvested at 7:00 in milk stage and preserved as hay) had higher species richness. In addition, the MWH7 group had a lower Methanobrevibacter abundance and methane production. Overall, the MWH7 group may have advantages of rumen fermentation and reduce methane production.

scholarly journals Changes in Carbohydrate Composition in Fermented Total Mixed Ration and Its Effects on in vitro Methane Production and Microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Jingyi Lv ◽  
Jihong Wang ◽  
Shuang Zhou ◽  
Guangning Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Rumen Microbiome ◽  
Relative Abundances

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the changes of carbohydrate composition in fermented total mixed diet and its effects on rumen fermentation, methane production, and rumen microbiome in vitro. The concentrate-to-forage ratio of the total mixed ration (TMR) was 4:6, and TMR was ensiled with lactic acid bacteria and fibrolytic enzymes. The results showed that different TMRs had different carbohydrate compositions and subfractions, fermentation characteristics, and bacterial community diversity. After fermentation, the fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) group had lower contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, starch, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and carbohydrates. In addition, lactic acid content and relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the FTMR group were higher. Compared with the TMR group, the in vitro ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acid concentrations and the molar proportion of propionate and butyrate were increased in the FTMR group. However, the ruminal pH, molar proportion of acetate, and methane production were significantly decreased in the FTMR group. Notably, we found that the relative abundance of ruminal bacteria was higher in FTMR than in TMR samples, including Prevotella, Coprococcus, and Oscillospira. At the same time, we found that the diversity of methanogens in the FTMR group was lower than that in the TMR group. The relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter significantly decreased, while the relative abundances of Methanoplanus and vadinCA11 increased. The relative abundances of Entodinium and Pichia significantly decreased in the FTMR group compared with the TMR group. These results suggest that FTMR can be used as an environmentally cleaner technology in animal farming due to its ability to improve ruminal fermentation, modulate the rumen microbiome, and reduce methane emissions.

Effects of plants and essential oils on ruminal in vitro batch culture methane production and fermentation

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Tekippe ◽  
A. N. Hristov ◽  
K. S. Heyler ◽  
V. D. Zheljazkov ◽  
J. F. S. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Anethum Graveolens ◽  
Acetate Concentration ◽  
Screening Experiments ◽  
Lavandula Latifolia

Tekippe, J. A., Hristov, A. N., Heyler, K. S., Zheljazkov, V. D., Ferreira, J. F. S., Cantrell, C. L. and Varga, G. A. 2012. Effects of plants and essential oils on ruminal in vitro batch culture methane production and fermentation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 395–408. In this study, plants (14) and essential oils (EO; 88) from plants that are naturalized to, or can be successfully grown in North America were evaluated in a batch culture in vitro screening experiments with ruminal fluid as potential anti-methanogenic additives for ruminant diets. Essential oils were tested at four inclusion levels: 0 (blank), 10, 50, and 100 mg L−1and plants were tested at 313, 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg L−1final incubation medium concentration. Compared with the blank, two of the EO increased acetate concentration (8 to 10%), 11 EO increased propionate concentration (9 to 23%), 10 EO increased butyrate concentration (24 to 29%), and three EO reduced methane production [20 to 30%; Anethum graveolens (dill weed oil), Lavandula latifolia, and Ocimum basilicum #7 accession]. Four EO decreased and one increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability. Three plants increased acetate concentration (8 to 12%), two increased propionate concentration (16%), and one (Origanum vulgare) decreased methane production (31%). Eight of the plants increased NDF degradability at various inclusion levels. Overall, these results indicate that some EO, or EO-producing plants could have a potential anti-methanogenic effect. Further research is needed to verify these results in vivo in long-term experiments.

scholarly journals Influence of the Composition of the Cellulolytic Flora on the Development of Hydrogenotrophic Microorganisms, Hydrogen Utilization, and Methane Production in the Rumens of Gnotobiotically Reared Lambs

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (24) ◽  
pp. 7931-7937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand ◽  
Sébastien Masséglia ◽  
Gérard Fonty ◽  
Evelyne Forano
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Fibrobacter Succinogenes ◽  
Anaerobic Fungi ◽  
Fiber Degradation ◽  
Ruminal Microbiota ◽  
Hydrogen Utilization

ABSTRACT We investigated the influence of the composition of the fibrolytic microbial community on the development and activities of hydrogen-utilizing microorganisms in the rumens of gnotobiotically reared lambs. Two groups of lambs were reared. The first group was inoculated with Fibrobacter succinogenes, a non-H2-producing species, as the main cellulolytic organism, and the second group was inoculated with Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and anaerobic fungi that produce hydrogen. The development of hydrogenotrophic bacterial communities, i.e., acetogens, fumarate and sulfate reducers, was monitored in the absence of methanogens and after inoculation of methanogens. Hydrogen production and utilization and methane production were measured in rumen content samples incubated in vitro in the presence of exogenous hydrogen (supplemented with fumarate or not supplemented with fumarate) or in the presence of ground alfalfa hay as a degradable substrate. Our results show that methane production was clearly reduced when the dominant fibrolytic species was a non-H2-producing species, such as Fibrobacter succinogenes, without significantly impairing fiber degradation and fermentations in the rumen. The addition of fumarate to the rumen contents stimulated H2 utilization only by the ruminal microbiota inoculated with F. succinogenes, suggesting that these communities could play an important role in fumarate reduction in vivo.

scholarly journals Assessment of cutting time on nutrient values, in vitro fermentation and methane production among three ryegrass cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1242-1251
Author(s):  
Chunmei Wang ◽  
Fujiang Hou ◽  
Metha Wanapat ◽  
Tianhai Yan ◽  
Eun Joong Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Production Response

Objective: The 3×3 factorial arrangement was used to investigate if either high watersoluble carbohydrates (WSC) cultivars or suitable time of day that the grass cut could improve nutrient values and <i>in vitro</i> fermentation characteristics.Methods: The 3 cultivars were mowed at 3 diurnal time points and included a benchmark WSC ryegrass cultivar ‘Premium’, and 2 high WSC cultivars AberAvon and AberMagic, which contained, on average, 157, 173, and 193 g/kg dry matter (DM) of WSC, and 36.0, 36.5, and 34.1 g/kg DM of N during 7th regrowth stage, respectively. The fermentation jars were run at 39°C with gas production recorded and sampled at 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 22, 28, 36, and 48 h. The rumen liquid was collected from 3 rumen fistulated cows grazing on ryegrass pasture.Results: High WSC cultivars had significantly greater WSC content, <i>in vitro</i> DM digestibility (IVDMD) and total gas production (TGP), and lower lag time than Premium cultivar. Methane production for AberMagic cultivar containing lower N concentration was marginally lower than that for AberAvon and Premium cultivars. Grass cut at Noon or PM contained greater WSC concentration, IVDMD and TGP, and lower N and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents, but CH<sub>4</sub> production was also increased, compared to grass cut in AM. Meanwhile, the effects of diurnal cutting time were influenced by cultivars, such as <i>in vitro</i> CH<sub>4</sub> production for AberMagic was not affected by cutting time. The IVDMD and gas production per unit of DM incubated were positively related to WSC concentration, WSC/N and WSC/NDF, respectively, and negatively related to N and NDF concentrations.Conclusion: These results imply either grass cut in Noon or PM or high WSC cultivars could improve nutrient values, IVDMD and <i>in vitro</i> TGP, and that AberMagic cultivar has a slightly lower CH<sub>4</sub> production compared to AberAvon and Premium. Further study is necessary to determine whether the increase of CH<sub>4</sub> production response incurred by shifting from AM cutting to Noon and/or PM cutting could be compensated for by high daily gain from increased WSC concentration and DM digestibility.

scholarly journals Effect of different forage-to-concentrate ratios on the structure of rumen bacteria and its relationship with nutrition levels and real-time methane production in sheep

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runhang Li ◽  
Zhanwei Teng ◽  
Chaoli Lang ◽  
Haizhu Zhou ◽  
Weiguang Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Concentration Ratios

AbstractEmission from ruminants has become the largest source of anthropogenic emission of methane in China. The structure of the rumen flora has a significant effect on methane production. To establish a more accurate prediction model for methane production, the rumen flora should be one of the most important parameters. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship among changes in rumen flora, nutrient levels, and methane production in sheep fed with the diets of different forage-to-concentration ratios, as well as to screen for significantly different dominant genera. Nine rumen-cannulated hybrid sheep were separated into three groups and fed three diets with forage-to-concentration ratios of 50:50, 70:30, and 90:10. Three proportions of the diets were fed according to a 3 × 3 incomplete Latin square, design during three periods of 15 d each. The ruminal fluid was collected for real-time qPCR, high-throughput sequencing andin vitrorumen fermentation in a new real-time fermentation system wit. Twenty-two genera were screened, the abundance of which varied linearly with forage-to-concentration ratios and methane production. In addition, during the 12-hourin vitrofermentation, the appearance of peak concentration was delayed by 26-27 min with the different structure of rumen bacteria. The fiber-degrading bacteria were positively correlated with this phenomenon, but starch-degrading and protein-degrading bacteria were negative correlated. These results would facilitate macro-control of rumen microorganisms and better management of diets for improved nutrition in ruminants. In addition, our findings would help in screening bacterial genera that are highly correlated with methane production.

Effects of essential oils from African basil on fermentation ofAndropogon gayanusgrass in the Artificial Rumen (RUSITEC)

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-431
Author(s):  
Jacques B. Kouazounde ◽  
Joachim D. Gbenou ◽  
Maolong He ◽  
Túlio Jardim ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus

Kouazounde, J. B., Gbenou, J. D., He, M., Jardim, T., Jin, L., Wang, Y., Beauchemin, K. A. and McAllister, T. A. 2015. Effects of essential oils from African basil on fermentation of Andropogon gayanus grass in the Artificial Rumen (RUSITEC). Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 425–431. Essential oils (EO) from African basil (Ocimum gratissimum) have shown the potential to modify rumen microbial fermentation and reduce ruminal methane production from grass forages in in vitro batch cultures. However, it is not known whether the effects of EO on rumen microbial fermentation attenuate over time. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of African basil EO at 0 (control), 100, 200 and 400 mg L−1incubation medium on microbial fermentation and methane production in the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC) using Andropogon gayanus grass as a substrate. African basil EO quadratically affected (P<0.05) methane production gas production and the pH of fermenter liquid. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production was linearly decreased (P<0.05) by African basil EO along with a shift in VFA profile towards less propionate and more acetate and butyrate. African basil EO quadratically altered (P<0.05) apparent dry matter, neutral detergent fiber digestibility,15N incorporation into total microbial protein and the total production of microbial protein. This study confirms that EO from African basil quadratically affected methane emissions arising from the ruminal fermentation of A. gayanus grass mainly by reducing overall digestibility of the forage.

scholarly journals Impacts of Mootral on Methane Production, Rumen Fermentation, and Microbial Community in an in vitro Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eslam Ahmed ◽  
Rintaro Yano ◽  
Miho Fujimori ◽  
Deepashree Kand ◽  
Masaaki Hanada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Archaeal Community ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dose Dependent

Methane mitigation strategies have a two-sided benefit for both environment and efficient livestock production. This preliminary short-term in vitro trial using Mootral (garlic and citrus extracts), a novel natural feed supplement, was conducted to evaluate its efficacy on rumen fermentation characteristics, methane production, and the bacterial and archaeal community. The experiment was performed as a batch culture using rumen fluid collected from sheep, and Mootral was supplemented in three concentrations: 0% (Control), 10%, and 20% of the substrate (50% Grass:50% Concentrate). The rumen fermentation data and alpha diversity of microbial community were analyzed by ordinary one-way analysis of variance. The relative abundance and statistical significance of families and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) among the groups were compared by Kruskal–Wallis H test using Calypso software. After 24-h incubation at 39°C, Mootral in a dose-dependent manner improved the production of total volatile fatty acids and propionate while it reduced the acetate proportion and acetate/propionate ratio. The total produced gas was two times higher in the Mootral-supplemented groups than control (P &lt; 0.01), while the proportion of methane in the produced gas was reduced by 22% (P &lt; 0.05) and 54% (P &lt; 0.01) for 10 and 20% Mootral, respectively. Mootral did not change pH, digestibility, and ammonia-nitrogen. Microbial community analyses showed that Mootral effectively changed the ruminal microbiome. The bacterial community showed an increase of the relative abundance of the propionate-producing family such as Prevotellaceae (P = 0.014) and Veillonellaceae (P = 0.030), while there was a decrease in the relative abundance of some hydrogen-producing bacteria by Mootral supplementation. In the archaeal community, Methanobacteriaceae was decreased by Mootral supplementation compared with control (P = 0.032), while the Methanomassiliicoccaceae family increased in a dose-dependent effect (P = 0.038). The results of the study showed the efficacy of the new mixture to alter the ruminal microbial community, produce more propionate, and reduce microbial groups associated with methane production, thus suggesting that Mootral is a promising natural mixture for methane reduction from ruminants.

scholarly journals In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Mitigation Responded to Flavonoid Extract Levels from Alternanthera sissoo and Dietary Ratios

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Sukruthai Sommai ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Chanon Suntara ◽  
Sarong So ◽  
Metha Wanapat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation

Two experiments were conducted under this study: Experiment 1 was to study production yield, chemical composition, and in vitro degradability of Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo; BS) leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk at various maturity ages of 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after plantation and regrowth and Experiment 2 was to evaluate the effect of flavonoid extract from BS leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk and dietary ratios on ruminal gas production, fermentation characteristics, and in vitro degradability. Experiment 1 showed that maturity ages after planting and regrowth increased, the yield significantly increased. Increasing maturity ages significantly (p < 0.05) increased neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content and decreased crude protein content, total flavonoid (TF) content, and degradability for both leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk. Maturity ages from 15 to 30 days after plantation and regrowth resulted (p < 0.05) the highest TF content and degradability for both leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk. Thus, BS leaf and leaf + leaf-stalk samples from 15 to 30 days of age were used for flavonoid extraction and used in the Experiment 2. Experiment 2 was conducted according to a 3 × 5 factorial experiment. Three roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratios at 50:50, 40:60, and 30:70 were used, and five levels of flavonoid extract (FE) at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg of substrate dry matter (DM) were supplemented. Experiment 2 showed that R:C ratio and FE had an interaction effect only on acetate to propionate ratio. Varying R:C ratios significantly increased (p < 0.05) in vitro DM degradability, total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and propionate (C3) concentration. FE supplementation linearly (p < 0.05) increased total VFA and C3 concentration and decreased methane production and protozoal population. This study could conclude that FE from BS could effectively modulate ruminal fermentation and decrease methane production. However, in vivo study needs to elucidate in order to validate the present results.

scholarly journals PSXI-36 Effects of antifungal and fibrinolytic inoculants on fermentation quality, rumen digestibility, and aerobic stability of rye silage harvested at early dough stage

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 403-404
Author(s):  
Dimas Hand Vidya Paradhipta ◽  
Seong Shin Lee ◽  
Hyuk jun lee ◽  
Young Ho Joo ◽  
In-Hag Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Commercial Inoculant ◽  
Fermentation Quality ◽  
Dough Stage

Abstract This study estimated the effects of new inoculants on fermentation quality and rumen digestibility of rye silage with different moisture contents. New inoculants were isolated for producing antifungal substances (Lactobacillus brevis 100D8) and fibrinolytic enzymes (Leuconostoc holzapfelii 5H4), and mixed at 1:1 ratio. Rye forage was harvested at 20 days after heading stage, and chopped into 3–5 cm length. The chopped forage ensiled immediately (high moisture, High) or after 8 h wilting (low moisture, Low) into 10-L mini silo (8kg) with new inoculants at 7.5 × 105 cfu/g (MIX) or commercial inoculant (L. plantarum CMbio) at 8.0 × 105 cfu/g (LPT) for 100 days in quadruplicate. Wilting process did not affect chemical compositions of rye forages, except dry matter (DM) content (P &lt; 0.001; 42.8 vs. 34.7%) was higher in High than in Low. Rye silage in High had lower (P &lt; 0.001) DM with higher (P &lt; 0.05) neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro digestibilities of DM (IVDMD) and NDF (IVNDFD) than in Low. Additionally, NDF (P &lt; 0.01), hemicellulose (P = 0.005), IVDMD (P = 0.005), and IVNDFD (P = 0.045) of rye silages were higher in MIX than those in LPT. Rye silage had lower (P &lt; 0.05) pH by High or MIX application. Acetate concentration of rye silage was higher (P &lt; 0.01) in MIX than in LPT, but lower (P &lt; 0.001) lactate to acetate ratio. Yeast was lower (P = 0.006) in MIX than in LTP. There were the interaction effects (P &lt; 0.05) between moisture and inoculant on ammonia-N, lactate, propionate, lactic acid bacteria, and aerobic stability of rye silage. Therefore, this study could conclude that new inoculant improved the fermentation quality of rye silage harvested at early dough stage, which showed the beneficial effects on rumen digestibility with high moisture rye forage and on aerobic stability with low moisture.

scholarly journals CoMiniGut—a small volumein vitrocolon model for the screening of gut microbial fermentation processes

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Wiese ◽  
Bekzod Khakimov ◽  
Sebastian Nielsen ◽  
Helena Sørensen ◽  
Frans van den Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Working Volume

Driven by the growing recognition of the influence of the gut microbiota (GM) on human health and disease, there is a rapidly increasing interest in understanding how dietary components, pharmaceuticals and pre- and probiotics influence GM.In vitrocolon models represent an attractive tool for this purpose. With the dual objective of facilitating the investigation of rare and expensive compounds, as well as an increased throughput, we have developed a prototypein vitroparallel gut microbial fermentation screening tool with a working volume of only 5 ml consisting of five parallel reactor units that can be expanded with multiples of five to increase throughput. This allows e.g., the investigation of interpersonal variations in gut microbial dynamics and the acquisition of larger data sets with enhanced statistical inference. The functionality of thein vitrocolon model, Copenhagen MiniGut (CoMiniGut) was first demonstrated in experiments with two common prebiotics using the oligosaccharide inulin and the disaccharide lactulose at 1% (w/v). We then investigated fermentation of the scarce and expensive human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) 3-Fucosyllactose, 3-Sialyllactose, 6-Sialyllactose and the more common Fructooligosaccharide in fermentations with infant gut microbial communities. Investigations of microbial community composition dynamics in the CoMiniGut reactors by MiSeq-based 16S rRNA gene amplicon high throughput sequencing showed excellent experimental reproducibility and allowed us to extract significant differences in gut microbial composition after 24 h of fermentation for all investigated substrates and fecal donors. Furthermore, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were quantified for all treatments and donors. Fermentations with inulin and lactulose showed that inulin leads to a microbiota dominated by obligate anaerobes, with high relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, while the more easily fermented lactulose leads to higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria. The subsequent study on the influence of HMOs on two infant GM communities, revealed the strongest bifidogenic effect for 3′SL for both infants. Inter-individual differences of infant GM, especially with regards to the occurrence of Bacteroidetes and differences in bifidobacterial species composition, correlated with varying degrees of HMO utilization foremost of 6′SL and 3′FL, indicating species and strain related differences in HMO utilization which was also reflected in SCFAs concentrations, with 3′SL and 6′SL resulting in significantly higher butyrate production compared to 3′FL. In conclusion, the increased throughput of CoMiniGut strengthens experimental conclusions through elimination of statistical interferences originating from low number of repetitions. Its small working volume moreover allows the investigation of rare and expensive bioactives.

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