scholarly journals Development of Drift-Reducing Spouts For Vineyard Pneumatic Sprayers: Measurement of Droplet Size Spectra Generated and Their Classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7826
Author(s):  
Marco Grella ◽  
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes ◽  
Paolo Marucco ◽  
Paolo Balsari ◽  
Fabrizio Gioelli
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Size Spectra ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Low Drift

Pneumatic spraying is especially sensitive to spray drift due to the production of small droplets that can be easily blown away from the treated field by the wind. Two prototypes of environmentally friendly pneumatic spouts were developed. The present work aims to check the effect of the spout modifications on the spray quality, to test the convenience of setting the liquid hose out of the spout in cannon-type and hand-type pneumatic nozzles and its effect on the droplet size, homogeneity and driftability in laboratory conditions. Laboratory trials simulating a real sprayer were conducted to test the influence of the hose insertion position (HP), including conventional (CP), alternative (AP), outer (OP) and extreme (XP), as well as the liquid flow rate (LFR) and the airflow speed (AS) on the droplet size (D50, D10 and D90), homogeneity and driftability (V100). Concurrently, the droplet size spectra obtained by the combination of aforementioned parameters (HP × LFR × AS) in both nozzles were also classified according to the ASABE S572.1. Results showed a marked reduction of AS outside the air spout, which led to droplet size increase. This hypothesis was confirmed by the droplet size spectra measured (D50, D10, D90 and V100). A clear influence of HP was found on every dependent variable, including those related with the droplet size. In both nozzles, the longer the distance to CP, the coarser the sprayed drops. Moreover, LFR and AS significantly increased and reduced droplet size, respectively. A higher heterogeneity in the generated drops was obtained in XP. This position yielded V100 values similar to those of the hydraulic low-drift nozzles, showing an effective drift reduction potential. The classification underlines that the variation of HP, alongside AS and LFR, allowed varying the spray quality from very fine to coarse/very coarse, providing farmers with a wide range of options to match the drift-reducing environmental requirements and the treatment specifications for every spray application.

Herbicide Formulation, Spray Nozzle Design, and Operating Pressure Affects the Droplet Size Spectra of Agricultural Sprays

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. McGinty ◽  
Gaylon D. Morgan ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Paul A. Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Size Spectra ◽  
Drift Potential ◽  
Spray Droplets

Aims: Determine the droplet size spectra of agricultural sprays as affected by herbicide formulations, spray nozzle designs, and operating pressures. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in April 2014 at the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Aerial Application Technology Research Unit Facility in College Station, Texas. Methodology: The spray droplet size spectra of six herbicide formulations as well as water alone and water with nonionic surfactant were evaluated in a low-speed wind tunnel. These spray solutions were conducted with five different flat-fan spray nozzle designs, producing a wide range of spray droplet sizes. The wind tunnel was equipped with a laser diffraction sensor to analyze spray droplet size. All combinations of spray solution and nozzle were operated at 207 and 414 kPa and replicated three times. Results: Many differences in droplet size spectra were detected among the spray solutions, nozzle designs, and pressures tested. Solutions of Liberty 280 SL exhibited the smallest median droplet size and the greatest proportion of spray volume contained in droplets 100 µm or less in size.  Solutions of Enlist Duo resulted in smaller median droplet size than many of the solutions tested, but also exhibited some of the smallest production of fine spray droplets. Median droplet size was found to vary greatly among nozzle designs, with the greatest droplet size and smallest drift-prone fine droplet production observed with air-inclusion designs utilizing a pre-orifice. Increasing the operating pressure from 207 to 414 kPa resulted in a decrease in median droplet size and an increase in the production of droplets 100 µm or less in size. Conclusion: Herbicide formulations and spray nozzle designs tested varied widely in droplet size spectra and thus the potential for spray drift. Increasing operating pressure resulted in decreased droplet size and an increase in the production of drift-prone droplets. Additionally, median droplet size alone should not be used to compare spray drift potential among spray solutions but should include relative span and V100 values to better predict the potential for spray drift due to drift-prone spray droplets.

scholarly journals Developing a comprehensive Drift Reduction Technology risk assessment scheme

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Connor Ferguson ◽  
Andrew J. Hewitt ◽  
John A. Eastin ◽  
Robert J. Connell ◽  
Rory L. Roten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Environmental Stewardship ◽  
Rating System ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Reduction Scheme ◽  
Exposure Risk ◽  
Rating Systems ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Drift Reduction Technologies (DRTs) are becoming increasingly important for improving spray applications in many countries including New Zealand (NZ). Although there is a growing database on the performance of DRTs, there is no rating system showing the effectiveness of the DRT’s performance. In Europe, DRTs are classified relative to current reference technologies as part of the rating systems used to establish spray drift risk reduction. We have recommended some key elements of such a comprehensive exposure risk reduction scheme for any country, based on prior and on-going research into the performance of specific DRTs in row, tree, and vine crops. Our intention was to create a rating system to determine the effectiveness of a given technology. This rating system would improve spray application practices and environmental stewardship for a wide range of crops and application scenarios.

scholarly journals Meeting droplet size specifications for aerial herbicide application to control wilding conifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Brian Richardson ◽  
Carol Rolando ◽  
Andrew Hewitt ◽  
Mark Kimberley
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Drift Potential ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
Air Speed

Large areas of New Zealand are being aerially sprayed with herbicides to manage ‘wilding’ conifer spread. The purpose of the study was to obtain and analyse droplet spectra produced by nozzles commonly used for wilding conifer spraying to determine whether or not operational recommendations for a target droplet size class (~350 µm) are being met. Droplet spectra were measured in a wind tunnel for 27 nozzle x 3 operating condition (nozzle angle, air speed and pressure) combinations tested for each of three spray mixes. AGDISP, an aerial spray application simulation model, was used to quantify the field performance implications of changes to droplet spectra parameters. Only one nozzle, the CP-09, 0.078, 30°, met the target droplet size specification when used at 45° but not at 0°. However, under these conditions, this nozzle produced a large driftable fraction. All but one of the other scenarios tested produced much larger droplet sizes. Operational spray mixes tended to slightly increase the potential for spray drift compared with the water control. The CP-09, 0.078, 30° nozzle used at 45° met the operational droplet size specification but is more sensitive to changes to nozzle angle (0° versus 45°) than the other nozzles tested. None of the three Accu-FloTM nozzles tested met the target droplet size specification. However, the Accu-FloTM nozzles produced very few fine droplets making them good choices for reducing spray drift potential.

scholarly journals Development and Prototype Testing of an Agricultural Nozzle Clog Detection Device

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Chin Nee Vong ◽  
Peter Ako Larbi
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Detection System ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
List Type ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Nozzle Clogging ◽  
Spray Pattern ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
Low Drift

HighlightsPrototypes of an agricultural nozzle clog detection system (for 18 nozzles) have been successfully developed.Spray quality characteristics (droplet size, pattern, and coverage) were not significantly affected when testing the device with extended-range nozzles (TeeJet XR8004).Most of the spray quality characteristics were significantly affected when testing the device with ultra low-drift nozzles (John Deere PSULDQ2004).Abstract. Agricultural nozzles are the main components that perform the spraying of agrochemicals, and their proper functionality is a key element for uniform spray application on crops. Because nozzles have small orifices, they can become clogged when there is debris from the agrochemical in the tank. Nozzle clogging during spray application results in poor pest and weed management and increased cost for re-spraying the affected crop row. Measures used to prevent nozzles from clogging include using screens or strainers to filter out debris before it reaches the nozzle tip, as well as performing regular checks on the nozzles. However, nozzle clogging still occurs during spraying despite the precautions taken. Thus, a device that can detect nozzle clogging during spraying is necessary to enable a quicker response that will ensure uniform application across each row of the crop. A novel, patented device for detecting clogged nozzles that is externally attachable to each nozzle on a sprayer boom was developed in the Precision Application Technology Lab at Arkansas State University. The main objective of this article is to present a general description of this prototype nozzle clog detection device and the nozzle clog detection system. Spray droplet size and pattern tests under controlled conditions and spray coverage tests under field conditions were conducted with and without the device to determine if there were significant differences in droplet size, spray pattern, or spray coverage between using and not using the device. The tests demonstrated that this new technology has potential for detecting clogged nozzles without significantly influencing spray quality for extended-range nozzles but not for ultra low-drift nozzles. To increase the reliability of the performance of this new technology, further improvements in the design need to be considered. Keywords: Clogged nozzle, Detection, Droplet size, Prototype device, Spray coverage, Spray pattern.

DROPLET SIZE SPECTRA, DRIFT POTENTIAL, AND GROUND DEPOSITION PATTERN OF HERBICIDE SPRAYS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MAYBANK ◽  
K. YOSHIDA ◽  
R. GROVER
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Size Spectra ◽  
Nozzle Height ◽  
Drift Potential ◽  
Ground Deposition

Droplet size spectra and quantity of spray drift were studied for two types of flat-fan nozzles. The large orifice flat-fan nozzles operated at reduced pressure produced less drift potential; however, the spectrum of droplets was coarse. The properties of the whirl jet cone nozzles suggest that these would also produce less drift-prone material. The spray fraction likely to drift was calculated to be approximately 3–8% of the total volume of spray with the flat-fan nozzles. This was confirmed in field experiments using labelled herbicides and a liquid scintillation counting technique. A realistic pattern of the distribution of ground deposition density over a swath (obtained by field experiments), and a factor of three in density fluctuation suggest that the generally accepted concept of uniformity of spray distribution in experimental plots should be modified. Recommendations of spray drift control technique were proposed regarding the hydraulic pressure, nozzle height and orientation, travelling speed/pressure, and the size of orifice.

Influence of physical properties on droplet size spectra and deposit patterns of two mexacarbate formulations, following spray application under laboratory and field conditions

1987 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alam Sundaram ◽  
Kanth M. S. Sundaram ◽  
John W. Leung ◽  
Stephen B. Holmes ◽  
Beresford L. Cadogan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Size Spectra

Long-term Effects of Triazol Growth Regulators on Stem Elongation of Rhododendron and Kalmia

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 436E-436
Author(s):  
Martin P.N. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Response Coefficient ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Second Year

The persistence of effects of paclobutrazol or uniconazol on stem elongation was determined for several years after large-leaf Rhododendron and Kalmia latifolia were treated with a single-spray application of these triazol growth-regulator chemicals. Potted plants were treated in the second year from propagation, and transplanted into the field in the following spring. The elongation of stems was measured in the year of application and in the following 2 to 4 years. Treatments with a wide range of doses were applied in 1991, 1992, or 1995. For all except the most-dilute applications, stem elongation was retarded in the year following application. At the highest doses, stem growth was inhibited 2 years following application. The results could be explained by a model of growth regulator action that assumed stem elongation was inversely related to amount of growth regulator applied. The dose response coefficient for paclobutrazol was less than that for uniconazol. The dose that inhibited stem elongation one-half as much as a saturating dose was about 0.5 and 0.05 mg/plant, for paclobutrazol and uniconazol, respectively. The dose response coefficient decreased exponentially with time after application, with an exponential time constant of about 2/year. The model predicted a dose of growth regulator that inhibited 0.9 of stem elongation immediately after application would continue to inhibit 0.5 of stem elongation in the following year.

scholarly journals The simulation model for a flood management by flood control facilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 245 ◽  
pp. 15002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Davydov ◽  
Valery Antonov ◽  
Dmitry Molodtsov ◽  
Alexey Cheremisin ◽  
Vadim Korablev
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Station ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Operation Modes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Environmental Requirements

The rapid spread of storm floods over large areas requires flood management throughout the river basin by the creation an innovative system of flood control facilities of various functional purposes distributed in the area. The central part of the system is the hydro system with hydro power plant. In addition, the flood control facilities on the side tributaries with self-regulating reservoir are included in the system. To assess the effect of controlling extreme water discharges by flood control facilities, it is necessary to develop special mathematical models reflecting the specifics of their operation. Unified mathematical models of the operation modes of a hydro complex with hydroelectric power station and flood control facility are created. They are implemented in a computer program that provides the ability to determine the main parameters and operating characteristics of hydro systems when performing multivariate calculations in a wide range of initial data. This makes possible specifying the parameters and operation modes of each hydro system with the current economic and environmental requirements, to assess the energy-economic and environmental consequences in the operation of the system of flood control facilities distributed in the area. The article analyses the results of the extreme water discharge’s regulation by the hydro system on the main river and flood control facilities on the side tributaries, considering environmental requirements.

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