scholarly journals Stearic Acid, Beeswax and Carnauba Wax as Green Raw Materials for the Loading of Carvacrol into Nanostructured Lipid Carriers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6267
Author(s):  
Juliana G. Galvão ◽  
Raquel L. Santos ◽  
Ana Amélia M. Lira ◽  
Renata Kaminski ◽  
Victor H. Sarmento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Carnauba Wax

The use of lipid nanoparticles as drug delivery systems has been growing over recent decades. Their biodegradable and biocompatible profile, capacity to prevent chemical degradation of loaded drugs/actives and controlled release for several administration routes are some of their advantages. Lipid nanoparticles are of particular interest for the loading of lipophilic compounds, as happens with essential oils. Several interesting properties, e.g., anti-microbial, antitumoral and antioxidant activities, are attributed to carvacrol, a monoterpenoid phenol present in the composition of essential oils of several species, including Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Nigellasativa and Origanum majorana. As these essential oils have been proposed as the liquid lipid in the composition of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), we aimed at evaluating the influence of carvacrol on the crystallinity profile of solid lipids commonly in use in the production of NLCs. Different ratios of solid lipid (stearic acid, beeswax or carnauba wax) and carvacrol were prepared, which were then subjected to thermal treatment to mimic the production of NLCs. The obtained binary mixtures were then characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The increased concentration of monoterpenoid in the mixtures resulted in an increase in the mass loss recorded by TG, together with a shift of the melting point recorded by DSC to lower temperatures, and the decrease in the enthalpy in comparison to the bulk solid lipids. The miscibility of carvacrol with the melted solid lipids was also confirmed by DSC in the tested concentration range. The increase in carvacrol content in the mixtures resulted in a decrease in the crystallinity of the solid bulks, as shown by SAXS and PLM. The decrease in the crystallinity of lipid matrices is postulated as an advantage to increase the loading capacity of these carriers. Carvacrol may thus be further exploited as liquid lipid in the composition of green NLCs for a range of pharmaceutical applications.

scholarly journals Absolute Antioxidant Activity of Five Phenol-Rich Essential Oils

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (17) ◽  
pp. 5237
Author(s):  
Yafang Guo ◽  
Romeo Pizzol ◽  
Simone Gabbanini ◽  
Andrea Baschieri ◽  
Riccardo Amorati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Kinetics ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Cinnamomum Zeylanicum ◽  
Radical Trapping ◽  
Chain Breaking ◽  
Kinetics Of

Essential oils (EOs) have promising antioxidant activities which are gaining interest as natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants in the food and cosmetic industries. However, quantitative data on chain-breaking activity and on the kinetics of peroxyl radical trapping are missing. Five phenol-rich EOs were analyzed by GC-MS and studied by oxygen-uptake kinetics in inhibited controlled autoxidations of reference substrates (cumene and squalene). Terpene-rich Thymus vulgaris (thymol 4%; carvacrol 33.9%), Origanum vulgare, (thymol 0.4%; carvacrol 66.2%) and Satureja hortensis, (thymol 1.7%; carvacrol 46.6%), had apparent kinh (30 °C, PhCl) of (1.5 ± 0.3) × 104, (1.3 ± 0.1) × 104 and (1.1 ± 0.3) × 104 M−1s−1, respectively, while phenylpropanoid-rich Eugenia caryophyllus (eugenol 80.8%) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum, (eugenol 81.4%) showed apparent kinh (30 °C, PhCl) of (5.0 ± 0.1) × 103 and (4.9 ± 0.3) × 103 M−1s−1, respectively. All EOs already granted good antioxidant protection of cumene at a concentration of 1 ppm (1 mg/L), the duration being proportional to their phenolic content, which dictated their antioxidant behavior. They also afforded excellent protection of squalene after adjusting their concentration (100 mg/L) to account for the much higher oxidizability of this substrate. All investigated EOs had kinh comparable to synthetic butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were are eligible to replace it in the protection of food or cosmetic products.

scholarly journals Selection of Cryoprotectant in Lyophilization of Progesterone-Loaded Stearic Acid Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Amis ◽  
Jwala Renukuntla ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Bolla ◽  
Bradley A. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Solid Lipid ◽  
Selection Of

Cryoprotectants are often required in lyophilization to reduce or eliminate agglomeration of solute or suspended materials. The aim of this study was to select a cryoprotecting agent and optimize its concentration in a solid lipid nanoparticle formulation. Progesterone-loaded stearic acid solid lipid nanoparticles (SA-P SLNs) were prepared by hot homogenization with high speed mixing and sonication. The stearic acid content was 4.6% w/w and progesterone was 0.46% w/w of the initial formulation. Multiple surfactants were evaluated, and a lecithin and sodium taurocholate system was chosen. Three concentrations of surfactant were then evaluated, and a concentration of 2% w/w was chosen based on particle size, polydispersity, and zeta potential. Agglomeration of SA-P SLNs after lyophilization was observed as measured by increased particle size. Dextran, glycine, mannitol, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sorbitol, and trehalose were evaluated as cryoprotectants by both an initial freeze–thaw analysis and after lyophilization. Once selected as the cryoprotectant, trehalose was evaluated at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% for optimal concentration, with 20% trehalose being finally selected as the level of choice. Evaluation by DSC confirmed intimate interaction between stearic acid and progesterone in the SA-P SLNs, and polarized light microscopy shows successful lyophilization of the trehalose/SA-P SLN. A short term 28-day stability study suggests the need for refrigeration of the final lyophilized SA-P SLNs in moisture vapor impermeable packaging.

scholarly journals Studies on Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Five Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oils

Molecules ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 12016-12028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Mancini ◽  
Federica Senatore ◽  
Donato Del Monte ◽  
Laura De Martino ◽  
Daniela Grulova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris

scholarly journals Therapeutic potential of Thymus vulgaris: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahisht Rizwan
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
The Family ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Anti Fungal

Thymus vulgaris belongs to the family of Lamiaceae, which are flowering plants with aroma. Plant of Thyme grows in the Mediterranean region. Due to essential oils extracted from the leaves of the thyme, which gives aromatic and therapeutic properties. Besides many other health benefits, thyme possesses many medicinal properties. Essential oils of thyme are also crucial in pharmaceutical, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals sectors. Significant oil components contain carvacrol, p-cymene, thymol, and γ-terpinene of thyme's most important ones. Thymol is a naturally-occurring constituent of thyme. It is a 10-64% major part of the thyme oil. It is a monoterpene derivative of cymene and isomer of carvacrol. These constituents have potent anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant activities. These are also beneficial in treating cancers, reduces inflammation, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, immunomodulator, and growth enhancers. It also helps to improve mouth infection. The essential oil of Thymus is safe and used as a natural preservative. Essential oils present in thyme are extracted through many different extraction techniques. Hydro-distillation, steam distillation, hydro diffusion or solvent extraction, and microwave‐assisted extraction are the most common extraction techniques. Plants aroma isolates are used in many food and fragrance companies. The most widely used means of producing this aroma is constituting organic solvent.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils of Four Species of the Lamiaceae Family

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalva Paulus ◽  
Luana Aline Luchesi ◽  
Cleverson Busso ◽  
Marcela Tostes Frata ◽  
Paula Juliane Barbosa de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris

Aims: The biological properties of essential oils represent possible therapeutic alternatives, with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and application in many areas of the industry. The objective was to determine the yield, chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Lavandula angustifolia, Pogostemon cablin, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Thymus vulgaris against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the microbiology laboratory of the Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Brazil, in the period between June 2016 to May 2017. Methodology: The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The antibacterial activity was determined by microdilution in broth, showing minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH). Results: The average yields of essential oils from L. angustifolia, P. cablin, R. officinalis,and  T. vulgaris were (%) 0.85; 2.0; 1.20, and 1.19, respectively. The major components of lavender essential oil were linalyl acetate (40.1%) and linalool (35.2%); for P. cablin - patchoulol (31.5%), seichelene (13.6%) and α-bulnesene (15.6%); for rosemary - camphor (32.5%), 1.8-cineole (13.6%) and α-pinene (9.8); for T. vulgaris - thymol (47%), o-scimene (21.6%), and carvacrol (11.4%). Thyme oil showed the best results for antibacterial activity, and low values (0.195 µL mL-1) of minimum inhibitory concentration were needed to inhibit S. aureus and S. enteritidis, and for L. angustifolia, P. cablin, and R. officinalis higher concentrations of essential oil were required. The essential oils of P. cablin and T. vulgaris had the strongest antioxidant properties (12.08 and 10.2 µmol trolox mL−1). Conclusion: The essential oils evaluated have an inhibitory effect on the microorganisms under study and also interesting antioxidant activity, which could be used by medicine to control bacterial infections, with potential application as natural food preservatives and as nutraceuticals.

Mosquito larvicidal activity of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Thymus vulgaris grown in Cameroon

Planta Medica ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
EG Nkouaya Mbanjo ◽  
F Tchoumbougnang ◽  
PM Jazet Dongmo ◽  
ML Sameza ◽  
PH Amvam Zollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Mosquito Larvicidal Activity
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