scholarly journals Overview on Osteoporosis, Periodontitis and Oral Dysbiosis: The Emerging Role of Oral Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 6000
Author(s):  
Maria Contaldo ◽  
Annalisa Itro ◽  
Carlo Lajolo ◽  
Gioele Gioco ◽  
Francesco Inchingolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
Organ Specific

Osteoporosis (OP) is a bone disease consisting of a progressive loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and therefore resulting in greater susceptibility to fractures. OP shares a number of risk factors and demographic characteristics with periodontitis (PD), a bacteria-induced chronic inflammation of periodontal structures that leads to loss of alveolar bone and teeth. In the last decade, with the advent of gut and oral microbiome studies and profiling, a growing diagnostic and prognostic significance has been attributed to dysbiosis associated with various systemic and organ-specific pathologies. This evidence has inspired research on modulating the microbiota to restore health by the use of prebiotics and probiotics. The aim of this work is to overview the bidirectional interrelationships between OP and PD, reporting the most recent evidence on triggering factors and, mainly, the role of gut and oral dysbiosis in the onset and progression of both OP and PD, with the perspective in their therapy.

scholarly journals Is There a Link between Oropharyngeal Microbiome and Schizophrenia? A Narrative Review

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 846
Author(s):  
Stanislas Martin ◽  
Audrey Foulon ◽  
Wissam El Hage ◽  
Diane Dufour-Rainfray ◽  
Frédéric Denis
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

The study aimed to examine the impact of the oropharyngeal microbiome in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and to clarify whether there might be a bidirectional link between the oral microbiota and the brain in a context of dysbiosis-related neuroinflammation. We selected nine articles including three systemic reviews with several articles from the same research team. Different themes emerged, which we grouped into 5 distinct parts concerning the oropharyngeal phageome, the oropharyngeal microbiome, the salivary microbiome and periodontal disease potentially associated with schizophrenia, and the impact of drugs on the microbiome and schizophrenia. We pointed out the presence of phageoma in patients suffering from schizophrenia and that periodontal disease reinforces the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Moreover, saliva could be an interesting substrate to characterize the different stages of schizophrenia. However, the few studies we have on the subject are limited in scope, and some of them are the work of a single team. At this stage of knowledge, it is difficult to conclude on the existence of a bidirectional link between the brain and the oral microbiome. Future studies on the subject will clarify these questions that for the moment remain unresolved.

scholarly journals NADPH Oxidase Contributes to Resistance against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-Induced Periodontitis in Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Bast ◽  
Helen Kubis ◽  
Birte Holtfreter ◽  
Silvia Ribback ◽  
Heiner Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Bone Destruction ◽  
Bone Volume ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative commensal bacterium of the oral cavity which has been associated with the pathogenesis of periodontitis with severe alveolar bone destruction. The role of host factors such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in periodontal A. actinomycetemcomitans infection and progression to periodontitis is still ill-defined. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the role of NADPH oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a murine model of A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontitis. NADPH oxidase-deficient (gp91phox knockout [KO]), iNOS-deficient (iNOS KO), and C57BL/6 wild-type mice were orally infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans and analyzed for bacterial colonization at various time points. Alveolar bone mineral density and alveolar bone volume were quantified by three-dimensional micro-computed tomography, and the degree of tissue inflammation was calculated by histological analyses. At 5 weeks after infection, A. actinomycetemcomitans persisted at significantly higher levels in the murine oral cavities of infected gp91phox KO mice than in those of iNOS KO and C57BL/6 mice. Concomitantly, alveolar bone mineral density was significantly lower in all three infected groups than in uninfected controls, but with the highest loss of bone density in infected gp91phox KO mice. Only infected gp91phox KO mice revealed significant loss of alveolar bone volume and enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as an increased number of osteoclasts. Our results indicate that NADPH oxidase is important to control A. actinomycetemcomitans infection in the murine oral cavity and to prevent subsequent alveolar bone destruction and osteoclastogenesis.

scholarly journals The Oral Microbiota: A Literature Review for Updating Professionals in Dentistry. Part I

2019 ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Cristina Barboza-Solís DDS, MSc, PhD ◽  
Luis Alberto Acuña-Amador PhD
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Conceptual Background ◽  
Keyword Searches

In recent decades, a body of literature examining the relationships between oral health and general health has rapidly developed. However, the biological mechanisms involved in explaining such relationships have not been fully described. Recent evidence has suggested that these relationships could be partially explained by the composition and interaction of the microbiome/microbiota between local and systemic body sites. For instance, it has been suggested that intestinal microbiota could have effects on non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study is to explore current evidence of the link between oral and systemic diseases, to discuss whether oral microbiome/microbiota could represent an unexplored biological pathway partially explaining those relationships. A non-systematic review of the literature was carried out using keyword searches in Pubmed from February to May 2019. The ultimate goal was to present recent scientific evidence to update the general knowledge on this topic to professionals in dentistry. This review is divided in two parts for journal publication; however, it is intended to be used as one piece. In this first part, we will summarize the conceptual background of oral microbiome/microbiota, we will describe the main methods used in microbiology to characterize oral organisms, and will present the main composition of bacteria in oral microbiome/microbiota. The second part highlights the main evidence regarding the biological plausibility that links oral microbiome and systemic diseases and we will conclude with some future research recommendations. Taking into account the role of oral microbiota in the development of systemic diseases could change the main paradigm of how oral health is currently conceptualized by dental professionals.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO FRAGILITY FRACTURES IN INDIANS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaibhav Singh ◽  
Ananda Kisor Pal ◽  
Dibyendu Biswas ◽  
Alakendu Ghosh ◽  
Brijesh P Singh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Fragility Fractures ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

ABSTRACTObjectiveOsteoporosis causes fragility fractures that also occur in patients with bone mineral density (BMD) in the normal or osteopenic range, suggesting role of risk factors that are unrelated or partially related to BMD. The study aims at highlighting the link between 3 conditions, that are environment and occupation related risk factors and that are widely prevalent in India, and development of fragility fractures.MethodsA Case Control study was done by recruiting 110 Cases with history of recent fragility fractures and 84 Controls with no history of recent fractures. 3 study parameters, village dwelling, conventional farming, and poverty, were chosen the presence or absence of which were documented in participants. This was followed by an ODDS ratio analysis.ResultsThe Odds of village dwellers, conventional farmers, and socioeconomically poor individuals to develop fragility fractures were both significant and large.ConclusionUrbanization is a risk in the development of fragility fractures. However, this study points that village dwelling in India is associated with the development of fragility fractures. Similarly, Odds of farmers exposed to pesticides and agrochemicals to develop fragility fractures is large and significant. Pesticides and agrochemicals act as endocrine disruptors and bone health is closely linked to endocrine system. Fragility fractures among farmers may be due to endocrine disrupting properties of pesticides and agrochemicals. Socioeconomic deprivation is a known risk in the development of osteoporosis. This study too highlights that the odds of individuals living in poverty to develop fragility fractures is significant and large.

scholarly journals Acquisition of Oral Microbiota is Driven by Environment, Not Host Genetics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiranjit Mukherjee ◽  
Christina O. Moyer ◽  
Heidi M. Steinkamp ◽  
Shahr B. Hashmi ◽  
Xiaohan Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Host Genetics ◽  
Early Effects ◽  
The Many

Abstract Background: The oral microbiota is acquired very early, but the factors shaping its acquisition are not well understood. Previous studies comparing monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins have suggested that host genetics plays a role. However, all twins share an equal portion of their parent’s genome, so this model is not informative for studying parent-to-child transmission. We used a novel study design that allowed us to directly examine the genetics of transmission by comparing the oral microbiota of biological versus adoptive mother-child dyads. Results: No difference was observed in how closely oral bacterial community profiles matched for adoptive versus biological mother-child pairs, indicating little if any effect of host genetics on the fidelity of transmission. Both adopted and biologic children more closely resembled their own mother as compared to unrelated women, supporting the role of contact and environment. Mother-child strain similarity increased with the age of the child, ruling out early effects of host genetic influence that are lost over time. No effect on the fidelity of mother-child strain sharing from vaginal birth or breast feeding was seen. Analysis of extended families showed that fathers and mothers were equally similar to their children, and that cohabitating couples showed even greater strain similarity than mother-child pairs. These findings support the role of contact and shared environment, and age, but not genetics, as determinants of microbial transmission, and were consistent at both species and strain level resolutions, and across multiple oral habitats. In addition, analysis of individual species all showed similar results. Conclusions: The host is clearly active in shaping the composition of the oral microbiome, since only a few of the many bacterial species in the larger environment are capable of colonizing the human oral cavity. Our findings suggest that these host mechanisms are universally shared among humans, since no effect of genetic relatedness on fidelity of microbial transmission could be detected. Instead our findings point towards contact and shared environment being the driving factors of microbial transmission, with a unique combination of these factors ultimately shaping the highly personalized human oral microbiome.

scholarly journals Role of the oral microbiota in the development of Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-238
Author(s):  
Natalia Gavrilova ◽  
◽  
Nikita Gladyshev ◽  
Anna Kotrova ◽  
Anastasiia Morozova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Pathophysiological Role ◽  
The World ◽  
Important Practical Application

Dementia and, in particular, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), affects millions of people around the world and its prevalence is steadily rising annually. Some risk factors for AD, such as age, cannot be modified, while others could possibly be corrected. In recent years, many studies are tackling the problem of the oral and gut microbiota as a provoking factor for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases, but their relationship and specific pathophysiological mechanisms remain understudied. The microbiota of the oral cavity can be of particular importance due to the specificity of microorganisms and their localization, as well as the possibility of provoking neuroinflammation, which requires further study. This review covers the specific features of the oral microbiota, current views on the pathophysiological role of the oral microbiota in the development of AD, as well as the beneficial role of probiotics. The study of this issue can have an important practical application both for the early diagnosis of AD, and for its further treatment.

scholarly journals Exploring Associations between Interindividual Differences in Taste Perception, Oral Microbiota Composition, and Reported Food Intake

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Cattaneo ◽  
Patrizia Riso ◽  
Monica Laureati ◽  
Giorgio Gargari ◽  
Ella Pagliarini
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Microbiota Composition

The role of taste perception, its relationship with oral microbiota composition, and their putative link with eating habits and food intake were the focus of the present study. A sample of 59 reportedly healthy adults (27 male, 32 female; age: 23.3 ± 2.6 years) were recruited for the study and taste thresholds for basic tastes, food intake, and oral microbiota composition were evaluated. Differences in taste perception were associated with different habitual food consumption (i.e., frequency) and actual intake. Subjects who were orally hyposensitive to salty taste reported consuming more bakery and salty baked products, saturated-fat-rich products, and soft drinks than hypersensitive subjects. Subjects hyposensitive to sweet taste reported consuming more frequently sweets and desserts than the hypersensitive group. Moreover, subjects hypersensitive to bitter taste showed higher total energy and carbohydrate intakes compared to those who perceived the solution as less bitter. Some bacterial taxa on tongue dorsum were associated with gustatory functions and with vegetable-rich (e.g., Prevotella) or protein/fat-rich diets (e.g., Clostridia). Future studies will be pivotal to confirm the hypothesis and the potential exploitation of oral microbiome as biomarker of long-term consumption of healthy or unhealthy diets.

scholarly journals Did the Brain and Oral Microbiota Talk to Each Other? A Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 3876
Author(s):  
Yoann Maitre ◽  
Pierre Micheneau ◽  
Alexis Delpierre ◽  
Rachid Mahalli ◽  
Marie Guerin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Health Disorders

This systematic review aims to investigate the role of the oral microbiome in the pathophysiology of mental health disorders and to appraise the methodological quality of research of the oral–brain axis which is a growing interest area. The PRISMA guideline was adopted, to carry out an electronic search through the MEDLINE database, to identify studies that have explored the role of the oral microbiome in the pathophysiology of mental health disorders published from 2000 up to June 2020. The search resulted in 140 records; after exclusions, a total of 22 papers were included in the present review. In accordance with the role of the oral microbiome in the pathophysiology of mental disorders, four mental disorders were identified: Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and cognitive disorders; autism spectrum disorder; Down’s syndrome and mental retardation; and Bipolar disorders. Studies argue for correlations between oral microbiota and Alzheimer’s disease, autism spectrum disorders, Down’s syndrome, and bipolar disorders. This field is still under-studied, and studies are needed to clarify the biological links and interconnections between the oral microbiota and the pathophysiology of all mental health disorders. Researchers should focus their efforts to develop research on the oral–brain axis in the future.

Assessment of race and sex as risk factors for colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms in six nursing homes

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1222-1224
Author(s):  
Kyle J. Gontjes ◽  
Kristen E. Gibson ◽  
Bonnie J. Lansing ◽  
Lona Mody ◽  
Marco Cassone
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Body Site ◽  
Home Setting ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Organisms ◽  
Nursing Home Setting ◽  
Male Patients

AbstractThe role of demographic characteristics, such as sex and race, as risk factors for colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms, has not been established in the nursing home setting. We demonstrate significantly higher prevalence overall in male patients, and sex differences are dependent on organism of interest and body site.

scholarly journals Characterization of Oral Microbiota in Cats: Novel Insights on the Potential Role of Fungi in Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 904
Author(s):  
Janina A. Krumbeck ◽  
Alexander M. Reiter ◽  
James C. Pohl ◽  
Shuiquan Tang ◽  
Young J. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Previous studies have suggested the involvement of viral and bacterial components in the initiation and progression of feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS), but the role of fungi remains entirely unknown. This pilot study aimed to investigate the bacteriome and mycobiome in feline oral health and disease. Physical exams, including oral health assessment, of privately owned, clinically healthy (CH) cats (n = 14) and cats affected by FCGS (n = 14) were performed. Using a sterile swab, oral tissue surfaces of CH and FCGS cats were sampled and submitted for 16S rRNA and ITS-2 next-generation DNA sequencing. A high number of fungal species (n = 186) was detected, with Malassezia restricta, Malassezia arunalokei, Cladosporium penidielloides/salinae, and Aspergillaceae sp. being significantly enriched in FCGS samples, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in CH samples. The bacteriome was significantly distinct between groups, and significant inter-kingdom interactions were documented. Bergeyella zoohelcum was identified as a potential biomarker of a healthy feline oral microbiome. These data suggest that fungi might play a role in the etiology and pathogenesis of FCGS, and that oral health should not simply be regarded as the absence of microbial infections. Instead, it may be viewed as the biological interactions between bacterial and fungal populations that coexist to preserve a complex equilibrium in the microenvironment of the mouth. Additional investigations are needed to improve our understanding of the feline oral ecosystem and the potential interactions between viruses, bacteria, and fungi in FCGS.

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