scholarly journals Forward Transformation from Reactive Near-Field to Near and Far-Field at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 4780
Author(s):  
Serge Pfeifer ◽  
Arya Fallahi ◽  
Jingtian Xi ◽  
Esra Neufeld ◽  
Niels Kuster
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Spatial Average ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Phase Reconstruction ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Wide Range

With the advent of 5G mobile communications at millimeter-wave frequencies, the assessment of the maximum averaged power density on numerous surfaces close to the transmitter will become a requirement. This makes phasor knowledge about the electric and magnetic fields an inevitable requirement. To avoid the burdensome measurement of these field quantities in the entire volume of interest, phase reconstruction algorithms from measurements over a plane in the far-field region are being extensively developed. In this paper, we extended the previously developed method of phase reconstruction to evaluate the near and far-field of sources with bounded uncertainty, which is robust with respect to noisy data and optimized for a minimal number of measurement points at a distance as close as λ /5 from the source. The proposed procedure takes advantage of field integral equations and electric field measurements with the EUmmWVx probe to evaluate the field phasors close to the radiation source and subsequently obtain the field values in the whole region of interest with minimal computation and measurement costs. The main constraints are the maximal noise level regarding the peak electric field and measurement plane size with respect to the percentage of transmitted power content. The measurement of a third plane overcomes some of the noise issues. The method was evaluated by simulations of a wide range of antennas at different noise levels and at different distances and by measurements of four different antennas. A successful reconstruction in the near and far-field was achieved both qualitatively and quantitatively for distances between 2.5–150 mm from the antenna and noise levels of −24 dB from the peak. The deviation of reconstruction from the simulation reference for the peak spatial-average power density with an averaging area of 1 cm 2 was, in all cases, well within the uncertainty budget of 0.6 dB, if the reconstruction planes captured >95% of the total radiated power. The proposed new method is very promising for compliance assessment and can reduce test time considerably.

scholarly journals Hybrid Beamforming Transmitter Modeling for Millimeter-Wave MIMO Applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parastoo Taghikhani
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Far Field ◽  
High Data ◽  
Array Configuration ◽  
Nonlinear Distortions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hybrid Beamforming ◽  
Active Impedance

<div>Hybrid digital and analog beamforming is an</div><div>emerging technique for high-data-rate communication at</div><div>millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies. Experimental evaluation</div><div>of such techniques is challenging, time-consuming, and costly.</div><div>This article presents a hardware-oriented modeling method for</div><div>predicting the performance of an mm-wave hybrid beamforming</div><div>transmitter. The proposed method considers the effect of active</div><div>circuit nonlinearity as well as the coupling and mismatch in the</div><div>antenna array. It also provides a comprehensive prediction of</div><div>radiation patterns and far-field signal distortions. Furthermore,</div><div>it predicts the antenna input active impedance, considering</div><div>the effect of active circuit load-dependent characteristics. The</div><div>method is experimentally verified by a 29-GHz beamforming</div><div>subarray module comprising an analog beamforming integrated</div><div>circuit (IC) and a 2 × 2 subarray microstrip patch antenna.</div><div>The measurement results present good agreement with the</div><div>predicted ones for a wide range of beam-steering angles. As a</div><div>use case of the model, far-field nonlinear distortions for different</div><div>antenna array configurations are studied. The demonstration</div><div>shows that the variation of nonlinear distortion versus steering</div><div>angle depends significantly on the array configuration and beam</div><div>direction. Moreover, the results illustrate the importance of</div><div>considering the joint operation of beamforming ICs, antenna</div><div>array, and linearization in the design of mm-wave beamforming</div><div>transmitters.</div>

scholarly journals Constant Envelope Modulation Techniques for Limited Power Millimeter Wave Links

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1521
Author(s):  
Yael Balal ◽  
Monika Pinchas ◽  
Yosef Pinhasi
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Symbol Error Rate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Constant Envelope ◽  
Modulation Techniques ◽  
Link Availability

The demand for increased capacity and link availability for mobile communications requires the utilization of higher frequencies, such as millimeter waves at extremely high frequencies (EHFs) above 30 GHz. In this regime of frequencies, the waves are subjected to high atmospheric attenuation and dispersion effects that lead to a degradation in communication reliability. The fact that solid-state millimeter and sub-millimeter wave sources are producing low power calls for effective signaling utilizing waveforms with a low peak to average power ratio (PAPR), such as constant envelope (CE) modulation. The CE techniques present a PAPR of 0 dB resulting in peak power transmission with high energy efficiency. The study of the performances of constant envelope orthogonal modulation techniques in the presence of co-channel interference is presented. The performance is evaluated in terms of the average symbol error rate (SER) using analytical results and simulations. The theory is carried out for the CE-M-ary time orthogonal (CE-MTO) and CE-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CE-OFDM), demonstrating comparable performances while leading to a simpler implementation than that of the CE-OFDM.

scholarly journals Hybrid Beamforming Transmitter Modeling for Millimeter-Wave MIMO Applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parastoo Taghikhani
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Far Field ◽  
High Data ◽  
Array Configuration ◽  
Nonlinear Distortions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hybrid Beamforming ◽  
Active Impedance

<div>Hybrid digital and analog beamforming is an</div><div>emerging technique for high-data-rate communication at</div><div>millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies. Experimental evaluation</div><div>of such techniques is challenging, time-consuming, and costly.</div><div>This article presents a hardware-oriented modeling method for</div><div>predicting the performance of an mm-wave hybrid beamforming</div><div>transmitter. The proposed method considers the effect of active</div><div>circuit nonlinearity as well as the coupling and mismatch in the</div><div>antenna array. It also provides a comprehensive prediction of</div><div>radiation patterns and far-field signal distortions. Furthermore,</div><div>it predicts the antenna input active impedance, considering</div><div>the effect of active circuit load-dependent characteristics. The</div><div>method is experimentally verified by a 29-GHz beamforming</div><div>subarray module comprising an analog beamforming integrated</div><div>circuit (IC) and a 2 × 2 subarray microstrip patch antenna.</div><div>The measurement results present good agreement with the</div><div>predicted ones for a wide range of beam-steering angles. As a</div><div>use case of the model, far-field nonlinear distortions for different</div><div>antenna array configurations are studied. The demonstration</div><div>shows that the variation of nonlinear distortion versus steering</div><div>angle depends significantly on the array configuration and beam</div><div>direction. Moreover, the results illustrate the importance of</div><div>considering the joint operation of beamforming ICs, antenna</div><div>array, and linearization in the design of mm-wave beamforming</div><div>transmitters.</div>

A Single Band Antenna Design for Future Millimeter Wave Wireless Communication at 38 GHz

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cihat Şeker ◽  
Turgut Ozturk ◽  
Muhammet Tahir Güneşer
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Dielectric Substrate ◽  
Single Band ◽  
Microstrip Patch ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Wireless Application ◽  
5G Mobile Communications

In this proposed paper, a single band microstrip patch antenna for fifth generation (5G) wireless application was presented. 28, 38, 60 and 73 GHz frequency bands have been allocated for 5G mobile communications by International Telecommunications Union (ITU). In this paper, we proposed an antenna, which is suitable for the millimeter wave frequency. The single band antenna consists of new slot loaded on the radiating patch with the 50 ohms microstrip line feeding used. This single band antenna was simulated on a FR4 dielectric substrate have relative permittivity 4.4, loss tangent 0.02, and height 1.6 mm. The antenna was simulated by Electromagnetic simulation, computer software technology High Frequency Structural Simulator. And simulated result on return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and 3D gain was presented. The parameters of the results well coherent and proved the literature for millimeter wave 5G wireless application at 38 GHz.

Development of PEF extraction technology by Maguin

2015 ◽  
pp. 758-760
Author(s):  
Romain Delecourt ◽  
Loïc Marsal
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Pulsed Electric Field ◽  
Extraction Technology ◽  
Application System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Type Machine

Maguin (France) is still active in the application of pulsed electric field (PEF) technology. After having carried out successful tests on a 10 t/h pilot screw-type machine on sugar beet cossettes, a new application system based on a roller technology has been developed. This technology allows a wide range of application due to its flexibility with flowrates and materials. A variety of process schemes are proposed to ensure the best performance of the PEF technology.

scholarly journals Enhanced Power Extraction with Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells by Anode Alternation

Fuels ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-178
Author(s):  
Marzia Quaglio ◽  
Daniyal Ahmed ◽  
Giulia Massaglia ◽  
Adriano Sacco ◽  
Valentina Margaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Power Extraction ◽  
Harvesting Technique ◽  
Harvesting Method ◽  
Energy Harvesting Devices ◽  
Efficient Power

Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are energy harvesting devices where the anode is buried inside marine sediment, while the cathode stays in an aerobic environment on the surface of the water. To apply this SCMFC as a power source, it is crucial to have an efficient power management system, leading to development of an effective energy harvesting technique suitable for such biological devices. In this work, we demonstrate an effective method to improve power extraction with SMFCs based on anodes alternation. We have altered the setup of a traditional SMFC to include two anodes working with the same cathode. This setup is compared with a traditional setup (control) and a setup that undergoes intermittent energy harvesting, establishing the improvement of energy collection using the anodes alternation technique. Control SMFC produced an average power density of 6.3 mW/m2 and SMFC operating intermittently produced 8.1 mW/m2. On the other hand, SMFC operating using the anodes alternation technique produced an average power density of 23.5 mW/m2. These results indicate the utility of the proposed anodes alternation method over both the control and intermittent energy harvesting techniques. The Anode Alternation can also be viewed as an advancement of the intermittent energy harvesting method.

scholarly journals Double-Deck Metal Solenoids 3D Integrated in Silicon Wafer for Kinetic Energy Harvester

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Nianying Wang ◽  
Ruofeng Han ◽  
Changnan Chen ◽  
Jiebin Gu ◽  
Xinxin Li
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Peak Voltage ◽  
Silicon Mold ◽  
Casting Technique

A silicon-chip based double-deck three-dimensional (3D) solenoidal electromagnetic (EM) kinetic energy harvester is developed to convert low-frequency (<100 Hz) vibrational energy into electricity with high efficiency. With wafer-level micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication to form a metal casting mold and the following casting technique to rapidly (within minutes) fill molten ZnAl alloy into the pre-micromachined silicon mold, the 300-turn solenoid coils (150 turns for either inner solenoid or outer solenoid) are fabricated in silicon wafers for saw dicing into chips. A cylindrical permanent magnet is inserted into a pre-etched channel for sliding upon external vibration, which is surrounded by the solenoids. The size of the harvester chip is as small as 10.58 mm × 2.06 mm × 2.55 mm. The internal resistance of the solenoids is about 17.9 Ω. The maximum peak-to-peak voltage and average power output are measured as 120.4 mV and 43.7 μW. The EM energy harvester shows great improvement in power density, which is 786 μW/cm3 and the normalized power density is 98.3 μW/cm3/g. The EM energy harvester is verified by experiment to be able to generate electricity through various human body movements of walking, running and jumping. The wafer-level fabricated chip-style solenoidal EM harvesters are advantageous in uniform performance, small size and volume applications.

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