scholarly journals A Three-Dimensional Parametric Biomechanical Rider Model for Multibody Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4509
Author(s):  
Matteo Bova ◽  
Matteo Massaro ◽  
Nicola Petrone
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Experimental Comparison ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Multibody Model ◽  
Inertial Parameters ◽  
A Minor

Bicycles and motorcycles are characterized by large rider-to-vehicle mass ratios, thus making estimation of the rider’s inertia especially relevant. The total inertia can be derived from the body segment inertial properties (BSIP) which, in turn, can be obtained from the prediction/regression formulas available in the literature. Therefore, a parametric multibody three-dimensional rider model is devised, where the four most-used BSIP formulas (herein named Dempster, Reynolds-NASA, Zatsiorsky–DeLeva, and McConville–Young–Dumas, after their authors) are implemented. After an experimental comparison, the effects of the main posture parameters (i.e., torso inclination, knee distance, elbow distance, and rider height) are analyzed in three riding conditions (sport, touring, and scooter). It is found that the elbow distance has a minor effect on the location of the center of mass and moments of inertia, while the effect of the knee distance is on the same order magnitude as changing the BSIP data set. Torso inclination and rider height are the most relevant parameters. Tables with the coefficients necessary to populate the three-dimensional rider model with the four data sets considered are given. Typical inertial parameters of the whole rider are also given, as a reference for those not willing to implement the full multibody model.

Conclusion

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Raychaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Text Mining ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Scientific Text ◽  
Mining Methods

The genomics era has presented many new high throughput experimental modalities that are capable of producing large amounts of data on comprehensive sets of genes. In time there will certainly be many more new techniques that explore new avenues in biology. In any case, textual analysis will be an important aspect of the analysis. The body of the peer-reviewed scientific text represents all of our accomplishments in biology, and it plays a critical role in hypothesizing and interpreting any data set. To altogether ignore it is tantamount to reinventing the wheel with each analysis. The volume of relevant literature approaches proportions where it is all but impossible to manually search through all of it. Instead we must often rely on automated text mining methods to access the literature efficiently and effectively. The methods we present in this book provide an introduction to the avenues that one can employ to include text in a meaningful way in the analysis of these functional genomics data sets. They serve as a complement to the statistical methods such as classification and clustering that are commonly employed to analyze data sets. We are hopeful that this book will serve to encourage the reader to utilize and further develop text mining in their own analyses.

Augmenting Aerodynamic Lift with Jet Lift

1961 ◽  
Vol 65 (612) ◽  
pp. 830-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Arthur ◽  
Edward T. Pitkin
Keyword(s):  
System Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Propulsive Efficiency ◽  
Design Studies ◽  
Lifting Surfaces ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Propulsive Jet ◽  
Aerodynamic Lift

Downward deflection of a propulsive jet may be employed to augment aerodynamic lift in an advantageous manner. In each situation there occurs a simple optimisation when the losses due to reduced propulsive efficiency are contrasted with the gains which accrue from jet lifting. Typical cases will be considered here for wing dominant configurations, i.e. cases where the lifting surfaces contribute most of the drag, with the body contributing but a minor effect. Variable geometry of both airframe and engine is implicitly assumed so that results may be applied to preliminary design studies which will determine the relative propulsion system size and wing area.

scholarly journals Effect of Leg Dominance on The Center-of-Mass Kinematics During an Inside-of-the-Foot Kick in Amateur Soccer Players

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Zago ◽  
Andrea Francesco Motta ◽  
Andrea Mapelli ◽  
Isabella Annoni ◽  
Christel Galvani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Movement ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Ground Support ◽  
Analysis System

Abstract Soccer kicking kinematics has received wide interest in literature. However, while the instep-kick has been broadly studied, only few researchers investigated the inside-of-the-foot kick, which is one of the most frequently performed techniques during games. In particular, little knowledge is available about differences in kinematics when kicking with the preferred and non-preferred leg. A motion analysis system recorded the three-dimensional coordinates of reflective markers placed upon the body of nine amateur soccer players (23.0 ± 2.1 years, BMI 22.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2), who performed 30 pass-kicks each, 15 with the preferred and 15 with the non-preferred leg. We investigated skill kinematics while maintaining a perspective on the complete picture of movement, looking for laterality related differences. The main focus was laid on: anatomical angles, contribution of upper limbs in kick biomechanics, kinematics of the body Center of Mass (CoM), which describes the whole body movement and is related to balance and stability. When kicking with the preferred leg, CoM displacement during the ground-support phase was 13% higher (p<0.001), normalized CoM height was 1.3% lower (p<0.001) and CoM velocity 10% higher (p<0.01); foot and shank velocities were about 5% higher (p<0.01); arms were more abducted (p<0.01); shoulders were rotated more towards the target (p<0.01, 6° mean orientation difference). We concluded that differences in motor control between preferred and non-preferred leg kicks exist, particularly in the movement velocity and upper body kinematics. Coaches can use these results to provide effective instructions to players in the learning process, moving their focus on kicking speed and upper body behavior

Additive and heterotic breed effects in the genetic evaluation of pig sire breeds

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wolf ◽  
D. Peškovičová ◽  
E. Žáková ◽  
E. Groeneveld
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Large White ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Meat Content ◽  
Value Estimation ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Daily Gain

AbstractThe data sets consisted of field performance data from 54 848 purebred and 16 175 crossbred animals (Czech data set, CZ) and 16 610 purebred and 9 228 crossbred animals (Slovak data set, SK). Animals from the following breeds were included: Duroc, Hampshire, Piétrain, sire line of Large White (CZ) or Yorkshire (SK), Czech Meat pig (CZ) or Slovak Meat pig (SK), Belgian Landrace (SK). Two-trait animal models were calculated for average daily gain from birth to the end of the field test (ADG) and lean meat content (LM, only in CZ) or backfat thickness (BF, only in SK). The models included additive breed and breed heterotic effects. Piétrain was the breed with the highest LM and the lowest BF. The additive genetic breed effect was about 1·5% LM (CZ) in comparison with Large White or −0·4 mm BF (SK) in comparison to Yorkshire. The sire line of Large White (CZ) or the Yorkshire breed (SK) clearly exceeded all the remaining sire breeds in ADG (on average by 30 to 50 g/day). There was a clear tendency to negative heterosis in LM in all crossbred combinations (CZ). In BF, heterotic effects between −0·2 mm and +0·3 mm were estimated, mostly not being significant (SK). The estimates of the heterotic effects for ADG were positive throughout. Higher values up to 40 g/day (7%) were observed in the Czech data set. Though heterotic breed effects are of some importance especially for ADG, their inclusion in the equations for breeding value estimation will have only a minor impact on the predicted breeding values.

scholarly journals A quantitative analysis of environmental associations in sauropod dinosaurs

Paleobiology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. Mannion ◽  
Paul Upchurch
Keyword(s):  
Positive Association ◽  
Large Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Carbonate Platforms ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Body Fossil

Both the body fossils and trackways of sauropod dinosaurs indicate that they inhabited a range of inland and coastal environments during their 160-Myr evolutionary history. Quantitative paleoecological analyses of a large data set of sauropod occurrences reveal a statistically significant positive association between non-titanosaurs and coastal environments, and between titanosaurs and inland environments. Similarly, “narrow-gauge” trackways are positively associated with coastal environments and “wide-gauge” trackways are associated with inland environments. The statistical support for these associations suggests that this is a genuine ecological signal: non-titanosaur sauropods preferred coastal environments such as carbonate platforms, whereas titanosaurs preferred inland environments such as fluvio-lacustrine systems. These results remain robust when the data set is time sliced and jackknifed in various ways. When the analyses are repeated using the more inclusive groupings of titanosauriforms and Macronaria, the signal is weakened or lost. These results reinforce the hypothesis that “wide-gauge” trackways were produced by titanosaurs. It is commonly assumed that the trackway and body fossil records will give different results, with the former providing a more reliable guide to the habitats occupied by extinct organisms because footprints are produced during life, whereas carcasses can be transported to different environments prior to burial. However, this view is challenged by our observation that separate body fossil and trackway data sets independently support the same conclusions regarding environmental preferences in sauropod dinosaurs. Similarly, analyzing localities and individuals independently results in the same environmental associations. We demonstrate that conclusions about environmental patterns among fossil taxa can be highly sensitive to an investigator's choices regarding analytical protocols. In particular, decisions regarding the taxonomic groupings used for comparison, the time range represented by the data set, and the criteria used to identify the number of localities can all have a marked effect on conclusions regarding the existence and nature of putative environmental associations. We recommend that large data sets be explored for such associations at a variety of different taxonomic and temporal scales.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Low-Cost Alternative Facial Scanners: A Prospective Cohort Study.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander K. Bartella ◽  
Josefine Laser ◽  
Mohammad Kamal ◽  
Dirk Halama ◽  
Michael Neuhaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Neck Surgery ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Smart Device ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Average Deviation ◽  
Technical Improvement ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Introduction: Three-dimensional facial scan images have been showing an increasingly important role in peri-therapeutic management of oral and maxillofacial and head and neck surgery cases. Face scan images can be open using optical facial scanners utilizing line-laser, stereophotography, structured light modality, or from volumetric data obtained from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The aim of this study is to evaluate, if two low-cost procedures for creating a three-dimensional face scan images are able to produce a sufficient data set for clinical analysis. Materials and methods: 50 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Two test objects with defined dimensions were attached to the forehead and the left cheek. Anthropometric values were first measured manually, and consecutively, face scans were performed with a smart device and manual photogrammetry and compared to the manually measured data sets.Results: Anthropometric distances on average deviated 2.17 mm from the manual measurement (smart device scanning 3.01 mm vs. photogrammetry 1.34 mm), with 7 out of 8 deviations were statistically significant. Of a total of 32 angles, 19 values showed a significant difference to the original 90° angles. The average deviation was 6.5° (smart device scanning 10.1° vs. photogrammetry 2.8°).Conclusion: Manual photogrammetry with a regular photo-camera shows higher accuracy than scanning with smart device. However, the smart device was more intuitive in handling and further technical improvement of the cameras used should be watched carefully.

Quantifying Segmental Contributions to Center-of-Mass Motion During Dynamic Continuous Support Surface Perturbations Using Simplified Estimation Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 198-208
Author(s):  
Alison Schinkel-Ivy ◽  
Vicki Komisar ◽  
Carolyn A. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Balance Control ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mass Motion ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
Body Segments ◽  
Body Model ◽  
Full Body

Investigating balance reactions following continuous, multidirectional, support surface perturbations is essential for improving our understanding of balance control in moving environments. Segmental motions are often incorporated into rapid balance reactions following external perturbations to balance, although the effects of these motions during complex, continuous perturbations have not been assessed. This study aimed to quantify the contributions of body segments (ie, trunk, head, upper extremity, and lower extremity) to the control of center-of-mass (COM) movement during continuous, multidirectional, support surface perturbations. Three-dimensional, whole-body kinematics were captured while 10 participants experienced 5 minutes of perturbations. Anteroposterior, mediolateral, and vertical COM position and velocity were calculated using a full-body model and 7 models with reduced numbers of segments, which were compared with the full-body model. With removal of body segments, errors relative to the full-body model increased, while relationship strength decreased. The inclusion of body segments appeared to affect COM measures, particularly COM velocity. Findings suggest that the body segments may provide a means of improving the control of COM motion, primarily its velocity, during continuous, multidirectional perturbations, and constitute a step toward improving our understanding of how the limbs contribute to balance control in moving environments.

scholarly journals Measuring change at Earth’s surface: On-demand vertical and three- dimensional topographic differencing implemented in OpenTopography

Geosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Scott ◽  
Minh Phan ◽  
Viswanath Nandigam ◽  
Christopher Crosby ◽  
J Ramon Arrowsmith
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Rigid Deformation ◽  
Optimal Resolution ◽  
Topography Data

Topographic differencing measures landscape change by comparing multitemporal high-resolution topography data sets. Here, we focused on two types of topographic differencing: (1) Vertical differencing is the subtraction of digital elevation models (DEMs) that span an event of interest. (2) Three-dimensional (3-D) differencing measures surface change by registering point clouds with a rigid deformation. We recently released topo­graphic differencing in OpenTopography where users perform on-demand vertical and 3-D differencing via an online interface. OpenTopography is a U.S. National Science Foundation–funded facility that provides access to topographic data and processing tools. While topographic differencing has been applied in numerous research studies, the lack of standardization, particularly of 3-D differencing, requires the customization of processing for individ­ual data sets and hinders the community’s ability to efficiently perform differencing on the growing archive of topography data. Our paper focuses on streamlined techniques with which to efficiently difference data sets with varying spatial resolution and sensor type (i.e., optical vs. light detection and ranging [lidar]) and over variable landscapes. To optimize on-demand differencing, we considered algorithm choice and displacement resolution. The optimal resolution is controlled by point density, landscape characteristics (e.g., leaf-on vs. leaf-off), and data set quality. We provide processing options derived from metadata that allow users to produce optimal high-quality results, while experienced users can fine tune the parameters to suit their needs. We anticipate that the differencing tool will expand access to this state-of-the-art technology, will be a valuable educational tool, and will serve as a template for differencing the growing number of multitemporal topography data sets.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF SURVEY AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MONITORING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS OF THE KHIRBAT AL-DUSAQ SITE, JORDAN

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Alby ◽  
E. Vigouroux ◽  
R. Elter
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Entire Complex ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Acquisition Processes ◽  
Building Walls

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In this paper will be presented the use of photogrammetry integrated to the process of representation of an archaeological site. The Khirbat al-Dūsaq site, Jordan, is an architectural complex composed by three remaining buildings with different shapes and functions. The first one is a reception building name īwān. The second one is vaulted and its function has not been determined yet. The third is a bath with all the complexity that are required for such a function (multiple rooms and sequence of spaces). The site is being excavated and there remains unknown information archaeologists want to discover and represent. This project takes places after several years of collaboration on different other archaeological sites. During these different projects, methods of acquisition, processes and drawings at different places and stages have been developed and work methods that includes the use of photogrammetry are now integrated to the archaeological practices. There is now a need by archaeologists for ortho-photos to draw precise plans. The integration of photogrammetry into the practice of archaeology on site helps also to reduce the time consumption to survey and to represent excavation activity. The data sets obtained year after year can also be used as a support for 3D reconstruction. The 3D modelling stage begins by integrating the context represented here by 3D textured mesh produced during the process of ortho-photos. The integration of photogrammetry started in 2015 by acquiring pictures from bath building. This work had to be extended to the entire complex so that it has been decided to manage it, in a proper way. In 2016, a survey network has been implemented, and complete photogrammetric data set have been produced. At this time there was a photogrammetric survey reference for all the data sets of the site. Several years of survey means that the project has to adapt to its specific context. The site life during 11 months without archaeological preoccupations signifies that it is evolving, so that in 2017, ground points had disappeared. The possibility to geo-reference future data sets imposes to integrate targets on pictures from 2016 data set. The remaining building walls on site keep their shape enough to be integrated as constant structures over the years. At first it has been decided to integrate photogrammetry technic to the representation process of the Khirbat al-Dūsaq site. It has proved, by the precision and flexibility of processes that good quality representations could be produced and the 3D documentation could be used as a support of 3D reconstruction stage also. Photogrammetric documentation, as soon as it is properly managed over the years can thus be integrated in archaeologic practices and can help to reduce time consuming stages and propose other activity support as 3D reconstruction.</p>

Semi-Automated Roller Parameters Extraction from Terrestrial Lidar

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (12) ◽  
pp. 879-890
Author(s):  
Sagar S. Deshpande ◽  
Mike Falk ◽  
Nathan Plooster
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Steel Mill ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Terrestrial Lidar ◽  
Two Dimensional Image ◽  
Average Rotation

Rollers are an integral part of a hot-rolling steel mill. They transport hot metal from one end of the mill to another. The quality of the steel highly depends on the surface quality of the rollers. This paper presents semi-automated methodologies to extract roller parameters from terrestrial lidar points. The procedure was divided into two steps. First, the three-dimensional points were converted to a two-dimensional image to detect the extents of the rollers using fast Fourier transform image matching. Lidar points for every roller were iteratively fitted to a circle. The radius and center of the fitted circle were considered as the average radius and average rotation axis of the roller, respectively. These parameters were also extracted manually and were compared to the measured parameters for accuracy analysis. The proposed methodology was able to extract roller parameters at millimeter level. Erroneously identified rollers were identified by moving average filters. In the second step, roller parameters were determined using the filtered roller points. Two data sets were used to validate the proposed methodologies. In the first data set, 366 out of 372 rollers (97.3%) were identified and modeled. The second, smaller data set consisted of 18 rollers which were identified and modelled accurately.

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