scholarly journals Fungal Community Analysis and Biodeterioration of Waterlogged Wooden Lacquerware from the Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3797
Author(s):  
Yin Jia ◽  
Liuyu Yin ◽  
Fengyu Zhang ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
Mingliang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Biocidal Products

To avoid the lacquerware of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck from being corroded by microorganisms and to improve the knowledge on microbial ecology of the wood lacquers, we conducted a series of tests on the two water samples storing the lacquerware and colonies on the surface of the lacquerware. The high-throughput sequencing detected dominant fungal communities. After that, the fungal strains were isolated and then identified by amplification of ITS- 18S rRNA. Then the activity of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes was detected on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates with 0.04% (v/v) guaiacol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) agar plates. Finally, we tested the biocide susceptibility of these fungi. Penicillium chrysogenum (NK-NH3) and Fusarium solani (NK- NH1) were the dominant fungi in the sample collected in April 2016 and June 2017. What is more, both showed activity of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes. Four biocidal products (Preventol® D7, P91, BIT 20N, and Euxyl® K100) inhibited the growth of the fungal species in vitro effectively. In further research, the microbial community and environmental parameters in the museum should be monitored to assess the changes in the community and to detect potential microbial outbreaks.

scholarly journals The Banana Root Endophytome: Differences between Mother Plants and Suckers and Evaluation of Selected Bacteria to Control Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás ◽  
Antonio J. Fernández-González ◽  
Martina Cardoni ◽  
Antonio Valverde-Corredor ◽  
Javier López-Cepero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Fusarium Wilt Of Banana ◽  
Identification And Characterization

This study aimed to disentangle the structure, composition, and co-occurrence relationships of the banana (cv. Dwarf Cavendish) root endophytome comparing two phenological plant stages: mother plants and suckers. Moreover, a collection of culturable root endophytes (>1000) was also generated from Canary Islands. In vitro antagonism assays against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) races STR4 and TR4 enabled the identification and characterization of potential biocontrol agents (BCA). Eventually, three of them were selected and evaluated against Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) together with the well-known BCA Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 under controlled conditions. Culturable and non-culturable (high-throughput sequencing) approaches provided concordant information and showed low microbial diversity within the banana root endosphere. Pseudomonas appeared as the dominant genus and seemed to play an important role in the banana root endophytic microbiome according to co-occurrence networks. Fungal communities were dominated by the genera Ophioceras, Cyphellophora, Plecosphaerella, and Fusarium. Overall, significant differences were found between mother plants and suckers, suggesting that the phenological stage determines the recruitment and organization of the endophytic microbiome. While selected native banana endophytes showed clear antagonism against Foc strains, their biocontrol performance against FWB did not improve the outcome observed for a non-indigenous reference BCA (strain PICF7).

scholarly journals Different Amplicon Targets for Sequencing-Based Studies of Fungal Diversity

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca De Filippis ◽  
Manolo Laiola ◽  
Giuseppe Blaiotta ◽  
Danilo Ercolini
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Mock Community

ABSTRACT Target-gene amplicon sequencing is the most exploited high-throughput sequencing application in microbial ecology. The targets are taxonomically relevant genes, with 16S rRNA being the gold standard for bacteria. As for fungi, the most commonly used target is the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). However, the uneven ITS length among species may promote preferential amplification and sequencing and incorrect estimation of their abundance. Therefore, the use of different targets is desirable. We evaluated the use of three different target amplicons for the characterization of fungal diversity. After an in silico primer evaluation, we compared three amplicons (the ITS1-ITS2 region [ITS1-2], 18S ribosomal small subunit RNA, and the D1/D2 domain of the 26S ribosomal large subunit RNA), using biological samples and a mock community of common fungal species. All three targets allowed for accurate identification of the species present. Nevertheless, high heterogeneity in ITS1-2 length was found, and this caused an overestimation of the abundance of species with a shorter ITS, while both 18S and 26S amplicons allowed for more reliable quantification. We demonstrated that ITS1-2 amplicon sequencing, although widely used, may lead to an incorrect evaluation of fungal communities, and efforts should be made to promote the use of different targets in sequencing-based microbial ecology studies. IMPORTANCE Amplicon-sequencing approaches for fungi may rely on different targets affecting the diversity and abundance of the fungal species. An increasing number of studies will address fungal diversity by high-throughput amplicon sequencing. The description of the communities must be accurate and reliable in order to draw useful insights and to address both ecological and biological questions. By analyzing a mock community and several biological samples, we demonstrate that using different amplicon targets may change the results of fungal microbiota analysis, and we highlight how a careful choice of the target is fundamental for a thorough description of the fungal communities.

scholarly journals Early Stage Root-Associated Fungi Show a High Temporal Turnover, but Are Independent of Beech Progeny

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kezia Goldmann ◽  
Silke Ammerschubert ◽  
Rodica Pena ◽  
Andrea Polle ◽  
Bin-Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Temporal Turnover ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

The relationship between trees and root-associated fungal communities is complex. By specific root deposits and other signal cues, different tree species are able to attract divergent sets of fungal species. Plant intraspecific differences can lead to variable fungal patterns in the root’s proximity. Therefore, within the Beech Transplant Experiment, we analyzed the impact of three different European beech ecotypes on the fungal communities in roots and the surrounding rhizosphere soil at two time points. Beech nuts were collected in three German sites in 2011. After one year, seedlings of the different progenies were out-planted on one site and eventually re-sampled in 2014 and 2017. We applied high-throughput sequencing of the fungal ITS2 to determine the correlation between tree progeny, a possible home-field advantage, plant development and root-associated fungal guilds under field conditions. Our result showed no effect of beech progeny on either fungal OTU richness or fungal community structure. However, over time the fungal OTU richness in roots increased and the fungal communities changed significantly, also in rhizosphere. In both plant compartments, the fungal communities displayed a high temporal turnover, indicating a permanent development and functional adaption of the root mycobiome of young beeches.

Plant traits and taxonomy drive host associations in tropical phyllosphere fungal communities

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Kembel ◽  
Rebecca C. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Individual Tree

The aerial surface of plants, known as the phyllosphere, represents a widespread and diverse habitat for microbes, but the fungal communities colonizing the surface of leaves are not well characterized, and how these communities are assembled on hosts is unknown. We used high-throughput sequencing of fungal communities on the leaves of 51 tree species in a lowland tropical rainforest in Panama to examine the influence of host plant taxonomy and traits on the fungi colonizing the phyllosphere. Fungal communities on leaves were dominated by the phyla Ascomycota (79% of all sequences), Basidiomycota (11%), and Chytridiomycota (5%). Host plant taxonomic identity explained more than half of the variation in fungal community composition across trees, and numerous host functional traits related to leaf morphology, leaf chemistry, and plant growth and mortality were significantly associated with fungal community structure. Differences in fungal biodiversity among hosts suggest that individual tree species support unique fungal communities and that diverse tropical forests also support a large number of fungal species. Similarities between phyllosphere and decomposer communities suggest that fungi inhabiting living leaves may have significant roles in ecosystem functioning in tropical forests.

scholarly journals In Vitro Bioadsorption of Cd2+ Ions: Adsorption Isotherms, Mechanism, and an Insight to Mycoremediation

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1085
Author(s):  
Raman Kumar ◽  
Priyanka Sharma ◽  
Ahmad Umar ◽  
Rajeev Kumar ◽  
Namita Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Trichoderma Longibrachiatum ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Enormous Amount

The objective of this paper is to establish the significance of the mycoremediation of contaminants such as Cd2+ to achieve sustainable and eco-friendly remediation methods. Industries such as electroplating, paint, leather tanning, etc. release an enormous amount of Cd2+ in wastewater, which can drastically affect our flora and fauna. Herein, we report on the in vitro bioadsorption of Cd2+ ions using fungal isolates obtained from different contaminated industrial sites. The detailed studies revealed that two fungal species, i.e., Trichoderma fasciculatum and Trichoderma longibrachiatum, were found to be most effective against the removal of Cd2+ when screened for Cd2+ tolerance on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in different concentrations. Detailed adsorption studies were conducted by exploring various experimental factors such as incubation time, temperature, pH, inoculum size, and Cd2+ salt concentrations. Based on optimum experimental conditions, T. fasciculatum exhibited approximately 67.10% removal, while T. longibrachiatum shows 76.25% removal of Cd2+ ions at pH 5.0, 120 h incubation time, at 30°C. The inoculum sizes for T. fasciculatum and T. longibrachiatum were 2.5% and 2.0%, respectively. Finally, the morphological changes due to Cd2+ accumulation were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy reveals the presence of various functional groups (-CH, –C=O, NH and –OH), which seem to be responsible for the efficient binding of Cd2+ ions over the fungal surfaces.

Structure and resilience of fungal communities in Alaskan boreal forest soilsThis article is one of a selection of papers from The Dynamics of Change in Alaska’s Boreal Forests: Resilience and Vulnerability in Response to Climate Warming.

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1288-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lee Taylor ◽  
Ian C. Herriott ◽  
Kelsie E. Stone ◽  
Jack W. McFarland ◽  
Michael G. Booth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Soil Horizon

This paper outlines molecular analyses of soil fungi within the Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research program. We examined community structure in three studies in mixed upland, black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), and white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) forests and examined taxa involved in cellulose degradation at one upland site. We found that soil horizon was the factor by which fungal communities were most strongly structured and that predictable turnover in upland fungal species occurred through succession. Communities from consecutive summers were not significantly different, indicating that interannual variation was small in relation to differences between forest types and soil horizons, yet the community at a seasonal study site underwent significant changes within a year. In each study, mycorrhizal fungi dominated the community. Fungi rather than bacteria appeared to dominate [13C]cellulose degradation, with strongest growth in taxa that were not dominant members of the untreated community, including members of the genus Sebacina . Overall, our results point to considerable interannual resilience juxtaposed with narrow niche partitioning and the capacity of individual taxa in these hyperdiverse communities to respond strongly to resource inputs and changes in other abiotic environmental parameters such as temperature. Our data double the cumulative total of fungal sequences in GenBank and together achieve a better picture of fungal communities here than for any other ecosystem on earth at this time.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF CHITOSAN HYDROLYSATE ON THE FUNGI ALTERNARIA SOLANI, FUSARIUM SOLANI AND RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI IN VITRO

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 200-209
Author(s):  
Balzhima Ts. Shagdarova ◽  
◽  
Natalia V. Karpova ◽  
Alla V. Il’ina ◽  
Valery P. Varlamov
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Deacetylation Degree ◽  
Growth Experiments

Chitosan hydrolysate was obtained using nitric acid; the prevailing fraction had a molecular weight of 30 kDa and a deacetylation degree of 95%. The effect of chitosan hydrolysate when added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) in different concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg/mL) was studied on the growth of the fungi Alternaria solani Sorauer, Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. and Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn. A. solani was the most sensitive to the addition of chitosan hydrolysate to PDA in radial growth experiments. On days 3 and 7 of incubation, the antifungal activity of the phytopathogen growth was 69%-92% and 69%-88%, respectively, in the concentration range of 0.5-2 mg/ml.

scholarly journals Antibiosis and dark-pigments secretion by the phytopathogenic and environmental fungal species after interaction in vitro with a Bacillus subtilis isolate

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 997-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Paulo Machado ◽  
Viviane Karolina Vivi ◽  
José Roberto Tavares ◽  
Frederico José Gueiros Filho ◽  
Olga Fischman
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Bacterial Isolate ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Subtilis Strain ◽  
Genus Bacillus ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
16S Ribosomal Rna Gene

In this work, different reactions in vitro between an environmental bacterial isolate and fungal species were related. The Gram-positive bacteria had terminal and subterminal endospores, presented metabolic characteristics of mesophilic and acidophilic growth, halotolerance, positive to nitrate reduction and enzyme production, as caseinase and catalase. The analysis of partial sequences containing 400 to 700 bases of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene showed identity with the genus Bacillus. However, its identity as B. subtilis was confirmed after analyses of the rpoB, gyrA, and 16S rRNA near-full-length sequences. Strong inhibitory activity of environmental microorganisms, such as Penicillium sp, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, and phytopathogens, such as Colletotrichum sp, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum f.sp vasinfectum, was shown on co-cultures with B. subtilis strain, particularly on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and DNase media. Red and red-ochre color pigments, probably phaeomelanins, were secreted by A. alternata and A. niger respectively after seven days of co-culture.

scholarly journals Tolerancia in vitro de Fusarium solani y Fusarium semitectum (anamorfos, Ascomycota) a la exposición a desinfectantes de superficie utilizados en acuicultura In vitro tolerance of Fusarium semitectum and Fusarium solani (anamorphic, Ascomycota) ...

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Suani G. Pacheco Marino ◽  
Marta N. Cabello ◽  
Alfredo Salibián
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Odontesthes Bonariensis ◽  
Fusarium Semitectum ◽  
Median Lethal Concentrations

Summary: In vitro tolerance of Fusarium semitectum and Fusarium solani (anamorphic, Ascomycota) exposed to surface disinfectant commonly used in aquaculture. An in vitro evaluation of the antifungal effect of acetic acid (AcH), buffered acetic acid (AcH+AcNa), potassium iodide (KI) and Iodopovidone (IP); on the growth rate (GR) of Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. 1881 and Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel, 1875 was performed. Both fungal species were isolated from eggs of the Argentinian silverside Odontesthes bonariensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1835). The studied substances are commonly used in fish farming as surface disinfectants. The tested concentrations of this substances exhibited antifungal activity for both strains at concentrations higher than their 96h median lethal concentrations (LC50-96h) for the treated eggs; concentrations below the (LC50-96h) exhibited little or no effect.Key words: Acetic acid; fungicides, in-vitro growth inhibition, Iodophors, Odontesthes bonariensis eggs.Resumen: Se evaluó in vitro el efecto del: acido acético (AcH), ácido acético tamponado (AcH+AcNa), ioduro de potasio (IK) y Iodopovidona (IP) sobre la tasa de crecimiento (TC) de Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. 1881 y Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel, 1875. Ambas especies fueron aisladas de ovas de Odontesthes bonariensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1835). Las sustancias estudiadas son comúnmente utilizadas en acuicultura como desinfectantes de superficie. Las concentraciones ensayadas con actividad fungicida para ambas cepas fueron mucho más elevadas que las correspondientes concentraciones letales medias a 96 horas (CL50-96h) para ovas de pejerrey. Concentraciones inferiores a la CL50 - 96h exhibieron un efecto fungistático escaso o nulo.Palabras clave: Ácido acético; fungicidas; inhibición del crecimiento in-vitro; Iodóforos; ovas de Odontesthes bonariensi.

scholarly journals Gut Bacterial and Fungal Communities of the Wild and Laboratory-Reared Thitarodes Larvae, Host of the Chinese Medicinal Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis on Tibetan Plateau

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 327
Author(s):  
Guiqing Liu ◽  
Xuehong Zheng ◽  
Hailin Long ◽  
Zhongchen Rao ◽  
Li Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Geographic Locations ◽  
Ophiocordyceps Sinensis ◽  
Abundant Otus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Culture Dependent

By employing a culture-dependent and -independent 16S rRNA and ITS gene high-throughput sequencing analyses, comprehensive information was obtained on the gut bacterial and fungal communities in the ghost moth larvae of three different geographic locations from high-altitude on Tibet plateau and from low-altitude laboratory. Twenty-six culturable bacterial species belonging to 21 genera and 14 fungal species belonging to 12 genera were identified from six populations by culture-dependent method. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum was the most abundant bacterial species from both the wild and laboratory-reared larvae. The most abundant OTUs in the wild ghost moth populations were Carnobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae for bacteria, and Ascomycota and Basidiomycota for fungi. Larval microbial communities of the wild ghost moth from different geographic locations were not significantly different from each other but significant difference in larval microbial community was detected between the wild and laboratory-reared ghost moth. The larval gut of the wild ghost moth was dominated by the culturable Carnobacterium. However, that of the laboratory-reared ghost moth exhibited significantly abundant Wolbachia, Rhizobium, Serratia, Pseudomonas, and Flavobacterium. Furthermore, the larval gut of the wild ghost moth had a significantly higher abundance of Ophiocordyceps but lower abundance of Candida and Aspergillus than that of the laboratory-reared ghost moth.

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