scholarly journals Data Transmission Direction Based Routing Algorithm for Improving Network Performance of IoT Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3784
Author(s):  
Kyeong Mi Noh ◽  
Jong Hyuk Park ◽  
Ji Su Park
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Leach Protocol ◽  
Transmission Direction

With the continuous development of wireless communication technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) is being used in a wide range of fields. The IoT collects and exchanges large amounts of data with objects, either tangible or intangible, such as sensors or physical devices, connected to the Internet. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are components of IoT systems. WSNs are used in various IoT systems, such as monitoring, tracking, and detection systems, to extract relevant information and deliver it to users. WSNs consist of sensor nodes with low power, low cost, and multiple functions. Because sensor nodes have limited resources, such as power and memory, a reduction in the energy efficiency of the sensor nodes in WSNs will lead to a decrease in wireless network performance and an increase in packet loss, which affects IoT system performance. Therefore, this study aimed to find an energy-efficient routing method that extends the lifetime of WSNs by minimizing the battery use of sensor nodes to improve the network performance of IoT systems. Conserving energy from sensor nodes and increasing network throughput in WSNs involves having protocols. The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH ) protocol is a well-known hierarchical routing protocol in WSNs that constructs clusters and transmits data. LEACH increases energy efficiency by transmitting data from sensor nodes to the base station (BS) through the cluster head. It is widely adopted in the WSN network field, and many protocols are being studied to improve cluster header selection and data transmission to increase the energy efficiency of sensor nodes. In this study, we attempted to improve energy efficiency by removing unnecessary energy from LEACH. In LEACH, when the sensor node is located between the BS and the cluster head, the sensor node transmits data to the cluster head in the opposite direction of the BS. The data sent to the cluster head are transmitted in the direction of the BS. Thus, transmission in the opposite direction consumes unnecessary energy and affects the WSN performance of IoT systems. In this study, we propose a D-LEACH (direction-based LEACH) protocol based on the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) that improves the efficiency of transmission energy considering the data transmission direction of sensor nodes. D-LEACH aims to balance the energy of the sensor nodes and improve the performance of WSNs in the IoT system by reducing unnecessary energy consumption caused by reverse transmission considering the data transmission direction of the sensor nodes. In the course of the paper, we refer to the routing protocol of WSNs to improve network performance and describe LEACH. We also explain the D-LEACH protocol proposed in this paper and confirm the performance improvement of WSNs in an IoT system through simulation.

scholarly journals An Energy Efficient Enhanced Dual-Fuzzy Logic Routing Protocol for Monitoring Activities of the Elderly Using Body Sensor Networks

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 723
Author(s):  
Sea Young Park ◽  
Dai Yeol Yun ◽  
TaeHyeon Kim ◽  
Jong-Yong Lee ◽  
Daesung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Wireless Sensors ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Efficiency Improvement ◽  
Improvement Rate ◽  
Leach Protocol

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are an important application in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Specifically, in healthcare monitoring systems, it is important to screen the patient’s biometric signals. For example, the elderlies’ vital signs, such as ECG (Electrocardiogram), blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose, can be used as measures of their well-being and are all critically important for remote elderly care in tracking their physical and cognitive capabilities. Therefore, WBANs require higher energy efficiency and data transmission. This paper proposes a cluster-based routing protocol which is suitable for WBANs while analyzing energy efficiency issue in data transmission. Considering the importance of sensor nodes in a specific environment for improving the network’s lifetime, the protocol based on the LEACH (low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) algorithm is proposed. Due to its avoidance of long-distance transmission, the clustering technique is an efficient algorithm for prolonging the lifetimes of sensor networks. Therefore, this paper suggests an enhanced LEACH-dual fuzzy logic (ELEACH-DFL) protocol based-on clustering for CH (cluster head) selection and cluster configuration in wireless sensor networks. The simulation and analysis results address that the enhanced algorithm reduces the energy consumption effectively and extends the lifespan of the entire network. For wired sensors, attaching sensors to the user may cause problems and inconvenience of mobility. This leads to the use of wireless sensors to proceed with body sensors, which should consider the problem of battery efficiency, which concerns the configuration of wireless sensors. The LEACH protocol is energy efficient until the first node dead is generated. However, there is a sharp drop in energy efficiency after that. The ELEACH-DFL protocol has the advantage of maintaining energy efficiency even after the first node dead is generated, with the utmost consideration being given to stability in consideration of cluster selection and cluster head selection. In a field of 50 × 50, the FND efficiency improvement rate of ELEACH-DFL versus LEACH protocol is approximately 32%. In addition, in a field of 50 × 150, the FND efficiency improvement rate of ELEACH-DFL versus LEACH protocol is approximately 159%.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Q-Leach Algorithm in WSN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor

Sensor nodes are exceedingly energy compelled instrument, since it is battery operated instruments. In wsn network, every node is liable to the data transmission through the wireless mode [1]. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is made of a huge no. of small nodes with confined functionality. The essential theme of the wireless sensor network is energy helpless and the WSN is collection of sensor. Every sensor terminal is liable to sensing, store and information clan and send it forwards into sink. The communication within the node is done via wireless network [3].Energy efficiency is the main concentration of a desining the better routing protocol. LEACH is a protocol. This is appropriate for short range network, since imagine that whole sensor node is capable of communication with inter alia and efficient to access sink node, which is not always correct for a big network. Hence, coverage is a problem which we attempt to resolve [6]. The main focus within wireless sensor networks is to increase the network life-time span as much as possible, so that resources can be utilizes efficiently and optimally. Various approaches which are based on the clustering are very much optimal in functionality. Life-time of the network is always connected with sensor node’s energy implemented at distant regions for stable and defect bearable observation [10].

E2MR-HOA: Conservation of Energy through Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for WSN'S Using Hybrid Optimization Algorithm

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150041
Author(s):  
G. Kumaran ◽  
C. Yaashuwanth
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Hybrid Optimization ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Hybrid Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Reaction Optimization ◽  
Border Surveillance

Consuming energy at the maximal level is a major concern in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many researchers focus on reducing and preserving the energy. The duration of active network of WSNs is affected by energy consumption of sensor nodes. For typical applications such as structure monitoring, border surveillance, integrated into the external surface of a pipeline, and clambered along the sustaining structure of a bridge, sensor node energy efficiency is an important issue. The paper proposed an energy-efficient multi-hop routing protocol using hybrid optimization algorithm (E2MR-HOA) for WSNs. The proposed routing protocol consists of two algorithms, i.e., hybrid optimization algorithm. We present modified chemical reaction optimization (MCRO) algorithm to form clusters and select cluster head (CH) among the cluster members. Then the modified bacterial forging search (MBFS) algorithm is used to compute reliable route between source to destination. The proposed E2MR-HOA protocol is evaluated using NS2 simulations. The simulation result shows that the proposed routing protocol provides significant energy efficiency with network lifetime over the existing routing protocols.

scholarly journals Qualification of Cluster Header and Cluster Member in Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S6) ◽  
pp. 101-105
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Sink Node

Many researches have been proposed for efficiency of data transmission from sensor nodes to sink node for energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. Among them, cluster-based methods have been preferred In this study, we used the angle formed with the sink node and the distance of the cluster members to calculate the probability of cluster head. Each sensor node sends measurement values to header candidates, and the header candidate node measures the probability value of the header with the value received from its candidate member nodes. To construct the cluster members, the data transfer direction is considered. We consider angle, distance, and direction as cluster header possibility value. Experimental results show that data transmission is proceeding in the direction of going to the sink node. We calculated and displayed the header possibility value of the neighbor nodes of the sensor node and confirmed the candidates of the cluster header for data transfer as the value. In this study, residual energy amount of each sensor node is not considered. In the next study, we calculate the value considering the residual energy amount of the node when measuring the header possibility value of the cluster.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Optimized LEACH and SEP Routing Protocol for WSN

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Network ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Matlab Simulation ◽  
Unstable Region ◽  
Know How ◽  
Leach Protocol

We all know how Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is making its way in the modern world and how its application is growing effectively. It has been useful technology which helps to transmit and receive the data. In WSN, all information of physical parameter is sensed and processed by the sensor nodes. Along with the growth of technology in WSN, growth of sensor node is also in progress, it means that size of sensor node is getting reduced. Due to this dimension of the battery of the sensor node is also decreases. Hence Power storage of the battery is also reduced which is a demerit in WSN. But in sensor network replacement of battery is not possible. So we can increase the energy efficiency of sensor node by using LEACH protocol. This protocol helps us to increase life span of network. For heterogeneous network, LEACH produces greater unstable region. To the network stable the paper proposes another protocol is Stable Election protocol (SEP). In this paper LEACH and SEP protocol are tested with MATLAB simulation and comparison of both has done.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Routing Protocall By One Way Multi-Hope Sensor Nodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 3401-3410
Author(s):  
Heba Hussain Hadi, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Data Transmission ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Aggregated Data

Multi-hope is widely used for data aggregation and transmission in various applications. The resource availability determines the life time of a WSN. Sensor nodes are powered by a tiny battery that supplies the required energy for the sensor and transmitter. The residual energy available at any moment decides the fitness of the sensor node. The sensor node senses the environment and transmits the data to the sink. Efficient data transmission and aggregation with less energy consumption can prolong the lifetime of the sensor network. The sensor node that is inside the coverage area of the sink can directly transmit the data to sink in a single-hop transmission. The sensor node that is not inside the coverage area should transmit the data to the neighbor node which is in the coverage area of the sink. The data is then turn transmitted by the node close to it fall in multi-hop transmission involving a number of intermediate nodes to forward the data to the sink and consumes extra energy for the forwarding process. The formation clusters and data transmission of data by Cluster Heads (CH) can eliminate many nodes involved in the transmission of same data. Clusters are a group of self-organized nodes in a geographic location that can communicate among them. A node in a cluster with higher residual energy will be acting as CH and all other nodes in the cluster transmit the data to the CH. The CH transmits the aggregated data to the sink. The CH transmits the data to the sink either in single-hop transmission or multi-hop transmission. The cluster head consumes more energy than other nodes in the cluster as it is involved in aggregation and transmission process.

scholarly journals Energy Threshold-based Cluster Head Rotation for Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 92-106
Author(s):  
Hadi Raheem Ali ◽  
Hussein Attia Lafta
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Head Rotation ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Unequal Clustering ◽  
Energy Distance ◽  
Cluster Head Rotation

Energy efficiency represents a fundamental issue in WSNs, since the network lifetime period entirely depends on the energy of sensor nodes, which are usually battery-operated. In this article, an unequal clustering-based routing protocol has been suggested, where parameters of energy, distance, and density are involved in the cluster head election. Besides, the sizes of clusters are unequal according to distance, energy, and density. Furthermore, the cluster heads are not changed every round unless the residual energy reaches a specific threshold of energy. The outcomes of the conducted simulation confirmed that the performance of the suggested protocol achieves improvement in energy efficiency.

scholarly journals A Fog Networks for Measuring the Physical Parameter of Greenhouse Plant

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 13024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suryono Suryono ◽  
Sunarno Sunarno ◽  
Ragil Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
Cloud Networks ◽  
Fog Network ◽  
Internet Network

Greenhouse is a very effective method of matching and has been able to contribute to food independence in various countries. Plants that are in the greenhouse must be maintained with chemical-physical parameters in order to grow optimally. Monitoring of plants in greenhouses must always be done. Some monitoring reports have been made online so that they can provide solutions as quickly as possible if there is a disturbance on the plants. Unfortunately, online monitoring is still dependent on internet networks that require network infrastructure needs that have many limitations. As a result, many agricultural lands are not covered by the internet network to monitor the greenhouse. The use of a large number of sensor nodes also affects the decline in available broadband internet performance so as to reduce monitoring performance. In this research proposed a fog network that connects the sensor node with the local fog server via a WIFI network. Sensor node has been built with a system on chips WIFI-Microcontroller ESP8266 to perform data acquisition and temperature sensor data transmission, relative humidity and light intensity using the WIFI network to the fog server. In this study testing the accuracy of sensor parameters used and network performance by comparing with the use of cloud networks. From the tests performed, the results of Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) were obtained for each parameter, temperature = 1.3%, humidity: 1.9% and light intensity: 0.6%. The use of the fog network has proven to not contribute significantly to the error value of measurement data sent to the server. The use of WIFI on the fog network requires less network broadband needs when compared to cloud networks. This difference is very significant, which is an average of 253 BPS if using a fog network and 1276 BPS if using a cloud network. From the experiments conducted, the use of networks for proven to have a high data transmission speed with value 471 ms when compared to the internet network with value 1349 ms. Variations in the number of sensor nodes up to 5 nodes do not significantly affect that speed.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Connected-Coverage Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Xu ◽  
Wanguo Jiao ◽  
Mengqiu Tian
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Scheduling Algorithm ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Node Scheduling

In the wireless sensor network, the lifetime of the network can be prolonged by improving the efficiency of limited energy. Existing works achieve better energy utilization, either through node scheduling or routing optimization. In this paper, an efficient solution combining node scheduling with routing protocol optimization is proposed in order to improve the network lifetime. Firstly, to avoid the redundant coverage, a node scheduling scheme that is based on a genetic algorithm is proposed to find the minimum number of sensor nodes to monitor all target points. Subsequently, the algorithm prolongs the lifetime of the network through choosing redundant sleep nodes to replace the dead node. Based on the obtained minimum coverage set, a new routing protocol, named Improved-Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (I-DEEC), is proposed. When considering the energy and the distance of the sensor node to the sink, a new policy choosing the cluster head is proposed. To make the energy load more balanced, uneven clusters are constructed. Meanwhile, the data communication way of sensor nodes around the sink is also optimized. The simulation results show that the proposed sensor node scheduling algorithm can reduce the number of redundant sensor nodes, while the I-DEEC routing protocol can improve the energy efficiency of data transmission. The lifetime of the network is greatly extended.

Two Rounds Based LEACH

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Meriem Boumassata ◽  
Mohamed Benmohammed
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Leach Protocol

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are networks formed by a large number of electronic devices called sensor nodes, where each node is capable of measuring environmental or physical values and communicating data, through wireless links, to a base station. The main problem that WSNs routing protocols face, is that sensors are powered with low power batteries, which plays an important role in network lifetime. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is a hierarchical cluster based routing protocol that was proposed as a solution for low power consumption in WSNs. One of LEACH protocol limitations is “Extra Transmissions”. This paper studies LEACH protocol, some of its various enhancements and finally proposes a new clustering and selecting cluster head scheme with the goal of optimizing the energy consumption in WSNs.

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