scholarly journals Optimizing Height and Spacing of Check Dam Systems for Better Grassed Channel Infiltration Capacity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mohammed Sami Al-Janabi ◽  
Abdul Halim Ghazali ◽  
Badronnisa Yusuf ◽  
Saad Sh. Sammen ◽  
Haitham Abdulmohsin Afan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Channel Model ◽  
Check Dam ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Infiltration Model ◽  
Mass Balance Method ◽  
Side Slope ◽  
Check Dams ◽  
Base Width ◽  
Modified Kostiakov Model ◽  
Kostiakov Model

The check dams in grassed stormwater channels enhance infiltration capacity by temporarily blocking water flow. However, the design properties of check dams, such as their height and spacing, have a significant influence on the flow regime in grassed stormwater channels and thus channel infiltration capacity. In this study, a mass-balance method was applied to a grassed channel model to investigate the effects of height and spacing of check dams on channel infiltration capacity. Moreover, an empirical infiltration model was derived by improving the modified Kostiakov model for reliable estimation of infiltration capacity of a grassed stormwater channel due to check dams from four hydraulic parameters of channels, namely, the water level, channel base width, channel side slope, and flow velocity. The result revealed that channel infiltration was increased from 12% to 20% with the increase of check dam height from 10 to 20 cm. However, the infiltration was found to decrease from 20% to 19% when a 20 cm height check dam spacing was increased from 10 to 30 m. These results indicate the effectiveness of increasing height of check dams for maximizing the infiltration capacity of grassed stormwater channels and reduction of runoff volume.

scholarly journals Physics-Based Simulation of Hydrologic Response and Sediment Transport in a Hilly-Gully Catchment with a Check Dam System on the Loess Plateau, China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglei Tang ◽  
Qihua Ran ◽  
Jihui Gao
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Check Dam ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
Check Dams ◽  
Water Redistribution ◽  
Physics Based Simulation

Check dams are among of the most widespread and effective engineering structures for conserving water and soil in the Loess Plateau since the 1950s, and have significantly modified the local hydrologic responses and landforms. A representative small catchment was chosen as an example to study the influences of check dams. A physics-based distributed model, the Integrated Hydrology Model (InHM), was employed to simulate the impacts of check dam systems considering four scenarios (pre-dam, single-dam, early dam-system, current dam-system). The results showed that check dams significantly alter the water redistribution in the catchment and influence the groundwater table in different periods. It was also shown that gully erosion can be alleviated indirectly due to the formation of the expanding sedimentary areas. The simulated residual deposition heights (Δh) matched reasonably well with the observed values, demonstrating that physics-based simulation can help to better understand the hydrologic impacts as well as predicting changes in sediment transport caused by check dams in the Loess Plateau.

A Numerical Infiltration Model in Civil Engineering and its Comparison with Geo-Seep Software

2013 ◽  
Vol 859 ◽  
pp. 257-260
Author(s):  
Dong Fang Tian ◽  
Xiao Yu Ling
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Influence Factor ◽  
Slope Gradient ◽  
Slope Surface ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Infiltration Model ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Difference Calculation ◽  
Manning Roughness

A numerical couple model of infiltration and runoff is presented which could simulate infiltration more accurately in theory. While a usually tool to solve infiltration problem is Geo-Seep software which contained in Geo-Slope package. In this paper, the difference of infiltration capacity between two above methods are researched. A numerical orthogonal test considering saturated conductivity (Ks), rainfall intensity (R), slope gradient (S) and Manning roughness of slope surface (n) is adopted to explore the difference. Calculation results show that the maximum difference reaches 38.25% and the biggest influence factor is Ks.

scholarly journals Structural Connectivity of Sediment Affected by Check Dams in Loess Hilly-Gully Region, China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2644
Author(s):  
Leichao Bai ◽  
Juying Jiao ◽  
Nan Wang ◽  
Yulan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Chinese Loess Plateau ◽  
Check Dam ◽  
Chinese Loess ◽  
Check Dams ◽  
Discharge Canal ◽  
The Impact

Check dams play an irreplaceable role in soil and water conservation in the Chinese Loess Plateau region. However, there are few analyses on the connection between check dams and the downstream channel and the impact on structural connectivity and sediment interception efficiency. Based on a field survey, this study classified the connection mode between check dams and the downstream channel, and the actual control area percentage by discharge canal in dam land was used to quantitatively evaluate the degree of the structural connectivity of sediment between the check dam and the downstream channel. The analysis results show that the connection mode can be divided into eleven categories with different structural connectivity. The different connection modes and its combination mode of check dams and downstream channels in dam systems have a large difference, and the structural connectivity of the dam system is less than or equal to that of the sum of single check dams in a watershed. The degree of structural connectivity of a dam system will be greatly reduced if there is a main control check dam with no discharge canal in the lower reaches of the watershed. Compared with a single check dam, the structural connectivity of a dam system is reduced by 0–42.38%, with an average of 11.18%. According to the difference in connection mode and structural connectivity of check dams and dam systems in the four typical small watersheds, the optimization methods for connection mode in series, parallel and hybrid dam systems were proposed. The research results can provide a reference for the impact of a check dam on the sediment connectivity and the sediment interception efficiency in a watershed and can also guide the layout of a dam system and the arrangement of drainage facilities.

scholarly journals Application of Horton’s infiltration model for the soil of Dediapada (Gujarat), India

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1254-1258
Author(s):  
M H Fadadu ◽  
P K Shrivastava ◽  
D K Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Infiltration Model ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Double Ring ◽  
A Site

The design and evaluation of surface irrigation systems of a site requires reliable data of infiltration which could be provided by an infiltration model. In this study, Horton’s infiltration model has been estimated for the soil located in a field of College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dediapada, Gujarat using the infiltration data obtained from several locations in the field using double ring infiltrometer. The decay constant of the Horton’s infiltration model was obtained using graphical method and also by using semi-log plot of t (time) vs. (f – fc), where f is the infiltration rate (mm/hr) and fc is the initial rate of infiltration capacity (mm/hr). The potential of the Horton’s infiltration model so obtained was evaluated by least square fitting with the observed infiltration data. The Horton’s infiltration model was used to estimate infiltration rate (mm/hr) and cumulative infiltration (cm). The Horton’s model for infiltration rate obtained by semi-log plot method was obtained as i=20 + 94 e-1.02t, where i=infiltration rate (mm/hr) and t= time (min). The coefficient of determination obtained when the infiltration model was applied to observation data taken at various points in the field were found to 0.96. Therefore, it could be inferred that the Horton’s infiltration model could give a reliable estimate of infiltration for the soil of Dediapada.  

Effects of a check dam system on the runoff generation and concentration processes of a catchment on the Loess Plateau

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuilong Yuan ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
Zhanbin Li ◽  
Zeyu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Check Dam ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Hydrologic Process ◽  
Check Dams ◽  
Soil And Water

<p>As important soil and water conservation engineering measures, there are more than 100,000 check dams constructed on the Loess Plateau; these dams play a vital role in reducing floods and sediment in watersheds. However, the effects of check dams on hydrologic process are still unclear, particularly when they are deployed as a system for watershed soil and water management. This study examined the watershed hydrologic process modulated by the check dam system in a typical Loess Plateau catchment. By simulating scenarios with various numbers of check dams using a distributed physical-based hydrological model, the effects of the number of check dams on runoff generation and concentration were analyzed for the study catchment. The results showed that the presence of check dams reduced the peak discharge and the flood volume and extended the flood duration; the reduction effect on peak discharge was most significant among the three factors. The system of check dams substantially decreased the runoff coefficient, and the runoff coefficient reduction rate was greater for rainstorms with shorter return periods than for rainstorms with longer return periods. The check dams increased the capacity of the catchment regulating and storing floods and extended the average runoff concentration time in the catchment that flattened the instantaneous unit hydrograph. This study reveals the influencing mechanism of check dams on the hydrological process of a watershed under heavy rainstorm conditions and provides a theoretical basis for evaluating the effects of numerous check dams on regional hydrology and water resources on the Loess Plateau.</p>

Sediment-trapping effectiveness of check dams with multiple debris-flow surges: Experimental study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangang Chen ◽  
Xi'an Wang ◽  
Huayong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Sediment Deposition ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Check Dam ◽  
Sediment Trapping ◽  
Check Dams ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Debris Flow Hazard ◽  
Deposition Morphology

<p>A series of check dams were constructed for debris-flow hazard mitigation in China. Based on the results of field investigation, check dam has a significant impact on the geomorphology of debris flow gully, especially the upstream and downstream of a check dam. According to the relationship between the sediment deposition thickness and the check dam height, the running status of a check dam can be divided into three states: without sediment deposition, half of the storage capacity with sediment deposition, and full of sediment deposition. With the accumulation of sediment transport, the running state of a check dam gradually changed and the sediment-trapping effect of check dams has gradually weakened, leading to the loss of part of the disaster mitigation effect, increasing the risk of downstream infrastructure and human security. Therefore, experiments with multi-surges of debris flows were carried out to study the geomorphic and sediment-trapping effectiveness of check dams. The results showed that with the increase of the sediment amount with multi-surges, the deposition slope in the downstream dam approached or even exceeded that of upstream dam. For one surge, deposition morphology has slightly difference in the cascade dams. At last, a method for calculating the reduction coefficient of deposition slope considering the check dam height and sediment amount with multi-surges is proposed.</p>

Soil erosion and sediment interception by check dam in watershed under extreme rainstorm on the Loess Plateau, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
leichao bai
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Sediment Deposition ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Check Dam ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Check Dams ◽  
Hydrological Station ◽  
Extreme Rainstorms

<p>The magnitude of soil erosion and sediment reduction efficiency of check dams under extreme rainstorms are long-standing concerns. This paper aims to use check dams to deduce the amount of soil erosion under extreme rainstorms in watersheds and to identify the difference of sediment intercepting efficiency of different types of check dams. Based on the sediment deposition of 12 check dams with 100% sediment intercepting efficiency and sub-catchment clustering by taking 12 check dams-controlled catchments as standard separately, the amount of soil erosion caused by an extreme rainstorm event on July 26<sup>th</sup>, 2017 (named “7·26” extreme rainstorm) was deduced in the Chabagou watershed in the hill and gully region of the Loess Plateau. The differences of sediment intercepting efficiency among check dams in the watershed were analysed according to the field observation 17 check dams. The results showed that the average erosion intensity under the ‘7·26’ extreme rainstorm was approximately 2.03×10<sup>4 </sup>t·km<sup>-2</sup>, which was 5 times that in the second erosive rainfall in 2017 (4.15×10<sup>3 </sup>t·km<sup>-2</sup>) and 11-384 times that in 2018 (0.53×10<sup>2 </sup>t·km<sup>-2</sup> - 1.81×10<sup>3 </sup>t·km<sup>-2</sup>). Under the ‘7·26’ extreme rainstorm, the amount of soil erosion in the Chabagou watershed above Caoping hydrological station was 4.20×10<sup>6</sup> tons. The sediment intercepting efficiencies check dams with drainage canals (including the destroyed check dams) and with drainage culverts was 6.48% and 39.49%, respectively. The total actual sediment amount trapped by the check dam was 1.11×10<sup>6</sup> tons, accounting for 26.36% of the total soil erosion amount. In contrast, 3.09×10<sup>6</sup> tons of sediment was inputted to the downstream channel, and the sediment deposition in the channel was 2.23×10<sup>6</sup> tons, accounting for 53.15% of the total amount of soil erosion. The amount of sediment transport at the hydrological station was 8.60×10<sup>5</sup> tons. The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) under the “7·26” extreme rainstorm was 0.21. The results indicated that the amount of soil erosion was huge, and the sediment intercepting efficiency of check dams was greatly reduced under extreme rainstorms. It is necessary to strengthen the management and construction technology standards of check dams to improve the sediment intercepting efficiency and flood safety in the watershed.</p>

scholarly journals ACM Check Dams in Concrete Gutters for Recirculation Filters of Wastewater from Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Aquaculture in Southern Thailand

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Jiroj Peerakeitkhajorn ◽  
Wit Tarnchalanukit ◽  
Kasem Chunkao
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Check Dam ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Check Dams ◽  
Roof Tile ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Whiteleg Shrimp

Theresearch was aimed to recirculate the treated wastewater from Whiteleg shrimpfarms in following each other without interruptionby using concrete gutters containing ACM (Assembled ConstructedMaterials) check dams as    the filters. Among the 2-inch diameter ofchipped-assembled-constructed materials, the ACM-Brick filterwas the     most effective rather thanroof-tile, blocked cement, and rock, respectively. Three ACM-Brick check damswith 5-m space between them were indicated as 47.3 % treatment efficiencytogether with flow rates of 600 to 900      L/hr, and up to more 65 % and 85 % forfourth and fifth ACM-Brick   checkdams while the first and second dams   found13.0 % to 28.4 % efficiencies. Seemingly, irrespectiveof employing brick, roof-tile, blocked cement, or rock  for constructing the ACM check dam was installedin concrete gutters with the size of 1-mwidth, 0.5-m depth, and more or less 20-m length that could be served needs inrecirculation aquaculture of Whitelegshrimps to gain satisfied  benefits.Culturing Whiteleg shrimps in 3-sq.m. and 3-cu.m.concrete gutterscontaining only one of 0.5-sq.m. and 1-depth ACM-Brick filters by RCB design for 4 treatments (culturing shrimpdensities) and 3 replications found          the density of 105 juveniles/3m2(6,606 kg/ha) with the most harvested-added weight 2,710 kg/ha (69.55 %                of beginning weight), anddecreasing after increasing the density of 6,720, 8,371, and 11,382 kg/ha incorresponding to harvested-added weight 65.29 %, 46.36 %, and 42.33 %,respectively. The findings also informed that         flow rate of 720 L/hr indicatedsomewhat  high effective influences ondecreasing of water temperature, salinity, pH, DO, EC, alkalinity, TDS, BOD, NH4-N,NO2-N, and NO3-N which were conditioned for recirculationaquaculture of Whiteleg shrimps.

scholarly journals Excel Approach for Infiltration Capacity for Different Lands

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Alaa Nabil El-Hazek
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Infiltration Model ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Infiltration Models ◽  
Different Types

This paper presents an Excel approach for infiltration capacity for different types of lands. That is to employ the popular Microsoft Excel software to represent the measured infiltration data graphically. Regression analysis is performed for the accumulated infiltration versus the time. Equations are obtained to predict the accumulated infiltration at required times. Thirty one raw infiltration measurements from various sources are gathered, studied and analyzed applying this approach. Measurements include different types of soil textures and land covers. The infiltration rates are measured by the commonly used infiltrometer. Both single infiltrometer and double infiltrometer are employed. It is concluded that the presented Polynomial infiltration model of Excel approach for the accumulated infiltration is associated with high accuracy, where the values of coefficient of determination (R2) range between 0.9850 and 0.9998. The obtained equations can help in irrigation processes. All the gathered raw experimental infiltration measurements are also analyzed employing Horton and Kostiakov infiltration models. It is found that the Polynomial infiltration model of Excel approach has higher accuracy, followed by Kostiakov model, and finally Horton model. The values of different constants of Horton and Kostiakov infiltration models for all cases are obtained. The accuracy of the Polynomial, Horton and Kostiakov infiltration models are studied considering the types of soil texture and land cover. Investigating the constants A, B and C of the obtained equation of the polynomial infiltration model of Excel approach, it is found that all A values are negative, all B values are positive, and all C values are positive except for sandy clay and sandy clay loam soils. There is no specific trend for the effect of the associated land cover on constants A, B, and C except for loamy sand soil, where B and C values for bare land are greater than their values for irrigated land.

Influence of Loess Plateau check dams on catchment flood hydrology across varying stages of lifespan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuilong Yuan ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Peng Shi ◽  
Zeyu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Hydraulic Modeling ◽  
Check Dam ◽  
Peak Reduction ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Check Dams ◽  
Flood Hydrology

<p>The over 100,000 check dams constructed across the Loess Plateau for soil and water conservation may have substantially changed the hydrological processes in the region, which, however, has not been understood yet. As a critical step towards revealing the lumped effect of check dams at the regional scale, this study explored the modified flood hydrology induced by check dams in Wangmaogou catchment, a representative small Loess Plateau watershed. A coupled hydrological and hydraulic modeling approach was applied to simulate the flooding process for different stages of deposition and topographic changes in the check dam reservoir. The results suggest a paradigm shift of the dam effect on flood attributes, which transits from a total interception in the early stage of the dam to peak reduction and flood detention, rather than a complete loss of flood control functions, when it approaches the maximum capacity of sedimentation. Under a given level of deposition, the reduction to a minor flood by a check dam was higher than that to a major flood. With the progression of siltation behind the check dam, the flood peak reduction rate, flood volume reduction rate, and flood lag time decreased accordingly. Although the check dam with a reservoir fully filled by sediment lost its ability of intercepting floods, it still exhibited a considerable ability to reduce the peaks of floods. The topographical changes contributed to the reduction of flood peak appreciably by reducing the flow velocity and retarding the flood propagation. Noticeably, this reduction augmented with the advancement of siltation and the topographic change, indicating the persistence of the hydrologic effect of check dams in a long run. As a result of hydrological changes, the reduction in flood flow velocity due to check dam suggests a substantial reduction in sediment transport and channel erosion during floods. In addition, a dam system containing multiple, cascading check dams exhibits much more significant effect in modifying both hydrologic and hydraulic properties of flood than individual dams. The current research provides a mechanistic understanding of the check dam effect on watershed hydrology under heavy rainstorms in small catchments, which sheds light on evaluating the upscaled effect of the large number of check dams on Loess Plateau regional hydrology and water resources.</p>

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