scholarly journals Soil Erosion and Gaseous Emissions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rattan Lal
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Enrichment Ratio ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Soil Erosion By Water

Accelerated soil erosion by water and wind involves preferential removal of the light soil organic carbon (SOC) fraction along with the finer clay and silt particles. Thus, the SOC enrichment ratio in sediments, compared with that of the soil surface, may range from 1 to 12 for water and 1 to 41 for wind-blown dust. The latter may contain a high SOC concentration of 15% to 20% by weight. The global magnitude of SOC erosion may be 1.3 Pg C/yr. by water and 1.0 Pg C/yr. by wind erosion. However, risks of SOC erosion have been exacerbated by the expansion and intensification of agroecosystems. Such a large magnitude of annual SOC erosion by water and wind has severe adverse impacts on soil quality and functionality, and emission of multiple greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere. SOC erosion by water and wind also has a strong impact on the global C budget (GCB). Despite the large and growing magnitude of global SOC erosion, its fate is neither adequately known nor properly understood. Only a few studies conducted have quantified the partitioning of SOC erosion by water into three components: (1) redistribution over land, (2) deposition in channels, and (3) transportation/burial under the ocean. Of the total SOC erosion by water, 40%–50% may be redistributed over the land, 20%–30% deposited in channels, and 5%–15% carried into the oceans. Even fewer studies have monitored or modeled emissions of multiple GHGs from these three locations. The cumulative gaseous emissions may decrease at the eroding site because of the depletion of its SOC stock but increase at the depositional site because of enrichment of SOC amount and the labile fraction. The SOC erosion by water and wind exacerbates climate change, decreases net primary productivity (NPP) and use efficiency of inputs, and reduces soils C sink capacity to mitigate global warming. Yet research information on global emissions of CH4 and N2O at different landscape positions is not available. Further, the GCB is incomplete and uncertain because SOC erosion is not accounted for. Multi-disciplinary and watershed-scale research is needed globally to measure and model the magnitude of SOC erosion by water and wind, multiple gaseous emissions at different landscape positions, and the attendant changes in NPP.

scholarly journals Geomorphic Control on Soil Erosion – a Case Study in the Subarnarekha Basin, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Amar Kumar Kathwas ◽  
Nilanchal Patel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Distant Location ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
Soil Erosion By Water ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Characteristics

<p>Geomorphology depicts the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of both terrain and landscape features combined with the processes responsible for its evolution. Soil erosion by water involves processes, which removes soil particles and organic matter from the upper sheet of the soil surface, and then transports the eroded material to distant location under the action of water. Very few studies have been conducted on the nature and dynamics of soil erosion in the different geomorphologic features. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to assess the control of geomorphologic features on the soil loss. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used to determine soil loss from the various geomorphological landforms. Principal component analysis (PCA) was implemented on the USLE parameters to determine the degree of association between the individual principal components and the USLE-derived soil loss. Results obtained from the investigation signify the influence of the various landforms on soil erosion. PC5 is found to be significantly correlated with the USLE-derived soil loss. The results ascertained significant association between the soil loss and geomorphological landforms, and therefore, suitable strategies can be implemented to alleviate soil loss in the individual landforms.</p>

scholarly journals Measurement of rill erosion through a new UAV-GIS methodology

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Bazzoffi
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rill Erosion ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Statistics Analysis ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Quick Measurement ◽  
Soil Erosion By Water

Photogrammetry from aerial pictures acquired through micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), integrated by post-processing is a promising methodology both in terms of speed of data acquisition, degree of automation of data processing and cost-effectiveness. The new UAV-GIS methodology has been developed for three main purposes: i) for a quick measurement of rill erosion at a field scale with the aim of combining the simplicity of field survey to reliability of results, at an affordable price; ii) to calibrate the RUSLE model to make it suitable for the purposes of the CAP common indicator; iii) to provide an easy evaluation tool to Regions and to non-research professionals who use the very popular ESRI ArcGis software for assessing the effectiveness of soil conservation measures adopted under CAP and to calibrate the common indicator “soil erosion by water”. High-resolution stereo photos pairs, acquired close to the soil, are of crucial importance in order to produce high resolution DEMs to be analysed under GIS. The GIS methodology consists of the measurement of rill erosion that occurred in a plot from the total volume of the incisions, regardless of internal sediment redeposition, based on Plan Curvature analysis and Focal Statistics analysis, described in detail, as they are the essential constituents of the new methodology. To determine the effectiveness and reliability of the new methodology a comparison between rill depth measured manually on field of 51 rill points and depth measured by UAV-GIS methodology was done. The best calibration equation was obtained by using 30 cm radius in the Focal statistics analysis. The linear regression equation resulted highly significant with R2 =0.87. Two case studies are presented, solved step by step, in order to help the user to overcome possible difficulties of interpretation in the application of the GIS procedure. The first solved exercise concerns a heavily eroded plot where only one DEM, derived from post erosion UAV photos, was used to calculate rills erosion. In this case, incisions due to tillage tools and wheel tracks (false rills) which were present on the soil surface before soil erosion had occurred were no longer present at flight time, as they have been fully incorporated (absorbed) by rills. The second exercise concerns a less rilled plot, where the diachronic analysis of DEMs was deemed necessary to subtract from the rill volume the false rill volume which was still present on the soil surface before soil erosion has occurred. In this case rill erosion increased the volume of preexisting mechanical incisions that are still distinguishable (with the naked eye on the field) from the incision forms due to runoff water. A solved exercise to assess interrill erosion from the calculated value of rill erosion, according to a previous study of 1989, is also reported. A comparison between UAV-GIS measured and RUSLE predicted erosion rates is also reported, which gives a first confirmation of validity of the new methodology.

scholarly journals Fate of Soil Carbon Transported by Erosional Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Rattan Lal
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Global Carbon Budget ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Soil Erosion By Water ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Emission Of Greenhouse Gases

The accelerated process of soil erosion by water and wind, responsible for transport and redistribution of a large amount of carbon-enriched sediments, has a strong impact on the global carbon budget. The breakdown of aggregates by erosivity of water (raindrop, runoff) and wind weakens the stability of soil C (organic and inorganic) and aggravates its vulnerability to degradation processes, which lead to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) including CO2, CH4, and N2O, depending on the hydrothermal regimes. Nonetheless, a part of the eroded soil C may be buried, reaggregated and protected against decomposition. In coastal steep lands, (e.g., Taiwan, New Zealand) with a short distance to burial of sediments in the ocean, erosion may be a sink of C. In large watersheds (i.e., Amazon, Mississippi, Nile, Ganges, Indus, etc.) with a long distance to the ocean, however, most of the C being transported is prone to mineralization/decomposition during the transit period and is a source of GHGs (CO2, CH4, N2O). Land use, soil management and cropping systems must be prudently chosen to prevent erosion by both hydric and aeolian processes. The so-called plague of the soil, accelerated erosion by water and wind, must be effectively curtailed.

scholarly journals Impact of Weed Control by Hand Tools on Soil Erosion under a No-Tillage System Cultivation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 974
Author(s):  
Rafael Blanco-Sepúlveda ◽  
Amilcar Aguilar-Carrillo ◽  
Francisco Lima
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tropical Mountains ◽  
Litter Cover ◽  
Vegetal Cover

In conservation agriculture, the no-tillage cultivation system and the retention of permanent vegetal cover are crucial to the control of soil erosion by water. This paper analyses the cultivation of maize under no-tillage, with particular reference to the effect produced on soil erosion when weed control is performed by a hand tool (machete), which disturbs the surface of the soil, and to the behavior of the soil cover in these circumstances. The study area is located in the humid tropical mountains of northern Nicaragua (Peñas Blancas Massif Nature Reserve). The results obtained show that 59.2% of the soil surface was affected by appreciable levels of sheet and splash erosion, although the vegetal cover of the soil was relatively high (with average weed and litter cover of 33.9% and 33.8%, respectively). The use of machetes for weed control provoked considerable soil disturbance, which explained the high rates of erosion observed. Moreover, this form of soil management disturbs the litter layer, making it less effective in preventing erosion. The litter remains loose on the soil surface, and so an increase in soil cover does not achieve a proportionate reduction in the area affected by erosion; thus, even with 80–100% weed and litter cover, 42% of the cultivated area continued to present soil erosion.

scholarly journals Synergy between a shallow root system with a DRO1 homologue and localized P application improves P uptake of lowland rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aung Zaw Oo ◽  
Yasuhiro Tsujimoto ◽  
Mana Mukai ◽  
Tomohiro Nishigaki ◽  
Toshiyuki Takai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
P Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
P Application

AbstractImproved phosphorus (P) use efficiency for crop production is needed, given the depletion of phosphorus ore deposits, and increasing ecological concerns about its excessive use. Root system architecture (RSA) is important in efficiently capturing immobile P in soils, while agronomically, localized P application near the roots is a potential approach to address this issue. However, the interaction between genetic traits of RSA and localized P application has been little understood. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) and their parent of rice (qsor1-NIL, Dro1-NIL, and IR64, with shallow, deep, and intermediate root growth angles (RGA), respectively) were grown in flooded pots after placing P near the roots at transplanting (P-dipping). The experiment identified that the P-dipping created an available P hotspot at the plant base of the soil surface layer where the qsor1-NIL had the greatest root biomass and root surface area despite no genotyipic differences in total values, whereby the qsor1-NIL had significantly greater biomass and P uptake than the other genotypes in the P-dipping. The superior surface root development of qsor1-NIL could have facilitated P uptakes from the P hotspot, implying that P-use efficiency in crop production can be further increased by combining genetic traits of RSA and localized P application.

scholarly journals Simulating Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Sichuan Grassland Net Primary Productivity Using the CASA Model and In Situ Observations

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanjiang Tang ◽  
Xinyu Fu ◽  
Dong Jiang ◽  
Jingying Fu ◽  
Xinyue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Alpine Meadow ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Light Use Efficiency ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Casa Model ◽  
Use Efficiency

Net primary productivity (NPP) is an important indicator for grassland resource management and sustainable development. In this paper, the NPP of Sichuan grasslands was estimated by the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model. The results were validated with in situ data. The overall precision reached 70%; alpine meadow had the highest precision at greater than 75%, among the three types of grasslands validated. The spatial and temporal variations of Sichuan grasslands were analyzed. The absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (APAR), light use efficiency (ε), and NPP of Sichuan grasslands peaked in August, which was a vigorous growth period during 2011. High values of APAR existed in the southwest regions in altitudes from 2000 m to 4000 m. Light use efficiency (ε) varied in the different types of grasslands. The Sichuan grassland NPP was mainly distributed in the region of 3000–5000 m altitude. The NPP of alpine meadow accounted for 50% of the total NPP of Sichuan grasslands.

scholarly journals EMISSIONS OF NH3, CH4 AND N2O DURING STORAGE AND AFTER APPLICATION OF UNTREATED AND ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED SLURRY

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Moitzi ◽  
B. Amon ◽  
T. Amon ◽  
V. Kryvoruchko ◽  
C. Wagner-Alt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Dynamic Chamber ◽  
Fermentation Tank ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Anaerobically Digested Slurry

The paper presents the investigations results of the effect of anaerobic digestion on emissions of NH3, N2O and CH4 during storage and after application of slurry. Dairy cattle and pig slurry was stored in concrete tanks (12 m3) over a period of 100 days. Gaseous emissions were collected continuously by a large open dynamic chamber. Gas concentrations (NH3, N2O and CH4) were analysed by high resolution FTIR-spectrometry. After storage, the slurries were surface applied on permanent grassland. NH3 emissions were followed for two days by a large open-dynamic-chamber. N2O and CH4 emissions were quantified with closed chambers until day 20 after application. 65 – 95 % of net total NH3 emissions were lost after slurry application. NH3 abatement will therefore be effective, if low emission application techniques are used. This is especially important when anaerobically digested slurry is applied. More than 90 % of net total CH4 emissions from untreated slurry were lost during slurry storage. Anaerobically digested slurry still emitted methane during storage. These emissions can be totally avoided if the secondary fermentation tank and the slurry store are connected with the gas bearing system of the biogas plant. Then, CH4 produced in these tanks is collected and used as renewable energy source. In conclusion it can be assumed that biogas plants will play a major role in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as they generate renewable energy and reduce CH4 emissions during manure storage. Furthermore, anaerobic digestion improves the fertiliser value of animal manures.

scholarly journals Forest restoration shows uneven impacts on soil erosion, net primary productivity and livelihoods of local households

2022 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 108462
Author(s):  
Jiaoyang Xu ◽  
Yangyang Zhang ◽  
Chunbo Huang ◽  
Lixiong Zeng ◽  
Mingjun Teng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Net Primary Productivity

scholarly journals No-tillage sorghum and garbanzo yields match or exceed standard tillage yields

2022 ◽  
pp. 112-120
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Mitchell ◽  
Anil Shrestha ◽  
Lynn Epstein ◽  
Jeffery A. Dahlberg ◽  
Teamrat Ghezzehei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Agricultural Water Use ◽  
No Till ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Crop System

To meet the requirements of California's Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, there is a critical need for crop production strategies with less reliance on irrigation from surface and groundwater sources. One strategy for improving agricultural water use efficiency is reducing tillage and maintaining residues on the soil surface. We evaluated high residue no-till versus standard tillage in the San Joaquin Valley with and without cover crops on the yields of two crops, garbanzo and sorghum, for 4 years. The no-till treatment had no primary or secondary tillage. Sorghum yields were similar in no-till and standard tillage systems while no-till garbanzo yields matched or exceeded those of standard tillage, depending on the year. Cover crops had no effect on crop yields. Soil cover was highest under the no-till with cover crop system, averaging 97% versus 5% for the standard tillage without cover crop system. Our results suggest that garbanzos and sorghum can be grown under no-till practices in the San Joaquin Valley without loss of yield.

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