scholarly journals Analysis of Volume Distribution and Evaluation of the Spraying Spectrum in Terms of Spraying Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Lodwik ◽  
Jerzy Pietrzyk ◽  
Włodzimierz Malesa
Keyword(s):  
Laser Doppler Anemometry ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Spatial Methods ◽  
Phase Doppler Anemometry ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Transverse Volume ◽  
Normative Criteria

Assessment of the quality of the operation of agricultural nozzles on the basis of transverse volume distribution and spatial methods of analysis for stream spraying spectra is insufficient, and positive result do not guarantee that the intended and effective spraying effects are obtained. Tests were carried out to assess the quality of nozzles on the basis of transverse volume distribution analysis, microstructure characteristics, and detailed analysis of places where an unexpected change in the nature of the transverse volume distribution (increase in volume) was noted. The subjects of the study were RS11003 flat fan nozzles and a measuring stand equipped with a grooved table, which was used to carry out tests. During the tests, the unit flow rate from the nozzles, the transverse volume distribution of liquids from individual table grooves, and the corresponding CV distribution coefficients of variation were recorded. Detailed tests were carried out for the selected nozzle, consisting of spot measurement of droplet characteristics in individual liquid stream bands. The widths of these bands were constant and equal to the width of the measuring table groove. Measurements were made using analyzer 2D-Laser Doppler Anemometry/Phase Doppler Anemometry (2D-LDA/PDA) from Dantec Dynamics. The analysis of the results obtained from the grooved table and the droplet characteristics in individual stream bands showed clear and unexpected changes in the nature of the transverse volume distribution for all tested nozzles. These changes, consisting of a local increases in droplet diameters (with a reduced number of occurrences), can cause a significant reduction in the quality and effectiveness of spraying, despite the positive fulfillment of generalized normative criteria for their assessment.

Within- and between-animal variance in methane emissions in non-lactating dairy cows

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Vlaming ◽  
N. Lopez-Villalobos ◽  
I. M. Brookes ◽  
S. O. Hoskin ◽  
H. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Tracer Technique ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cattle ◽  
Over Time

Several studies on methane (CH4) emissions have focussed on selecting high and low CH4-emitting animals. One challenge faced by this work is the lack of consistency, or repeatability, in animal rankings over time. Repeatability for individual animals over time needs to be high to reliably detect high and low CH4-emitting animals. A possible explanation for the lack of repeatability is a relatively high within-animal variation in daily CH4 emissions, meaning that animals could then change their ranking when compared at different points in time. An experiment was undertaken with four non-lactating dairy cattle to assess the within- and between-animal variation in CH4 emissions over time when measured using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique. Two contrasting diets were fed to the cattle at maintenance energy levels: lucerne silage (diet 1) and a cereal + lucerne + straw mixed ration diet (diet 2). Daily CH4 measurements were undertaken for 23 days on diet 1 and 30 days on diet 2. There was a significant (P < 0.001) difference between diet 1 and diet 2 in daily CH4 production, with mean (±s.e.) production of 124.3 (11.1) g CH4/day from diet 1 and 169.8 (±11.0) g CH4/day from diet 2. Lower CH4 yield (g CH4/kg dry matter intake) was recorded on diet 1 (22.8 ± 2.0) than diet 2 (32.0 ± 2.0). Cows differed significantly (P < 0.05) from one another in daily CH4 yield (diet 1: cow 1 = 19.4 ± 0.6, cow 2 = 22.2 ± 0.8, cow 3 = 23.2 ± 0.7, cow 4 = 25.4 ± 0.6; diet 2: cow 1 = 26.0 ± 0.7, cow 2 = 36.4 ± 0.7, cow 3 = 29.3 ± 0.7, cow 4 = 36.6 ± 0.7). Variances for daily CH4 yield were smaller for diet 1 (within animal = 6.91, between animals = 6.23) than for diet 2 (within animal = 10.09, between animals = 27.79). Estimates of repeatability (variation between animals/total variation) for daily CH4 yield were 47 and 73% in diet 1 and 2, respectively. Coefficients of variation in average daily CH4 emissions in this experiment ranged from 8 to 18% despite the fact that each animal received the same quantity and quality of feed each day. While further research is required, the high within-animal variability in CH4 emissions measured using the SF6 tracer technique may explain why there has been difficulty in obtaining consistent rankings in CH4 yields when animals are measured on multiple occasions. The results also suggest that the SF6 tracer technique may exaggerate apparent between animal differences in CH4 emissions.

scholarly journals Improved hematopoiesis in anemic Sl/Sld mice by splenectomy and therapeutic transplantation of a hematopoietic microenvironment

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 1144-1151
Author(s):  
P Anklesaria ◽  
TJ FitzGerald ◽  
K Kase ◽  
A Ohara ◽  
JS Greenberger
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Stromal Cell ◽  
Bone Marrow Stromal Cell ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Marrow Stromal Cell ◽  
Stromal Cell Line ◽  
The Right

The ability of a clonal hematopoiesis-supportive bone-marrow stromal cell line GBlneor to engraft and alter the microenvironment-induced anemia of Sl/Sld mice was studied. Prior to stromal cell transplantation, Sl/Sld mice received 1 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) and 13 Gy to the right hind limb. Two months after intravenous (IV) injection of 5 x 10(5) GBlneor cells, 54.4% +/- 17.0% donor origin (G418r) colony-forming cells were recovered from the right hind limb of Sl/Sld mice. Long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMCs) established from GBlneor-transplanted mice produced 189.5 CFU-GEMM-forming progenitors/flask over 10 weeks compared with 52.7 +/- 6.2 CFU-GEMM forming progenitors/flask from irradiated nontransplanted Sl/Sld mice. A partial correction of macrocytic anemia was detected 2 months after GBlneor transplantation in splenectomized, irradiated Sl/Sld mice (HgB 7.2 +/- 0.4 g/dL; MCV 68.3 +/- 7.0 fL) compared to splenectomized, irradiated, nontransplanted Sl/Sld mice (HgB 5.5 +/- 1.1 g/dL; MCV 76 +/- 8.5 fL) or control Sl/Sld mice (HgB 5.4 +/- 0.5 g/dL; MCV 82.4 +/- 1.3 fL). Mean RBC volume distribution analysis showed a 2.5-fold increase in percentage of peripheral blood RBCs with MCV less than or equal to 45 fL and confirmed reduction of the MCV in splenectomized- GBlneor-transplanted mice compared to control Sl/Sld mice. A hematopoiesis-suppressive clonal stromal cell line derived from LTBMCs of Sl/Sld mice (Sldneor) engrafted as effectively (43.5% +/- 1.2% G418r CFU-F/limb) as did GBlneor cells (38.3% +/- 0.16% G418r CFU-F/limb) to the irradiated right hind limbs of C57Bl/6 mice. LTBMCs established after 2 or 6 months from Sldneor-transplanted mice showed decreased hematopoiesis (182 +/- 12 [2 months] and 3494.3 +/- 408.1 [6 months] CFU-GEMM forming progenitors/flask over 10 weeks) compared to those established from GBlneor-transplanted mice (5980 +/- 530 [2 months] and 7728 +/- 607, [6 months] CFU-GEMM progenitors forming/flask). Thus, transplantation of clonal bone-marrow stromal cell lines in vivo can stably transfer their physiologic properties to normal or mutant mice.

scholarly journals A Framework for the Improvement of Frugal Design Practices

Designs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Ravindra Singh ◽  
Sumedha Seniaray ◽  
Prateek Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Cumulative Frequency Distribution ◽  
Frugal Innovation ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Discriminatory Effect

Current frugal design practice is focused on the cost reduction of the product. Despite advancements in the domain of frugal Innovation, it is not systematized to develop products for all sets of users, including marginalized society. Many design researchers and engineers now dedicate time and knowledge to producing practical solutions to enhance the quality of life of the marginal community. The approach currently being adopted restricts the development of products intended for all segments of the users. In this paper, cumulative frequency distribution analysis and the Relative Importance Index is used to identify the essential attributes, which contribute to delivering actual frugal products in terms of functionality, usability, performance, affordability, accessibility, aesthetics, and robustness. The framework is beneficial to eradicate the discriminatory effect of being labeled as “Jugaad” users.

Variability in Island Populations of the House Finch

The Auk ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis M. Power
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Carpodacus Mexicanus ◽  
House Finch ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Variation Parameter ◽  
Guadalupe Island

Abstract Coefficients of variation and generalized variances are compared for nine morphological characters from five mainland and four island populations of the House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus). The purpose is to test the idea that variability is reduced in isolated populations and that there is a "population variation parameter" that determines the level of variation in most characters. Variability is greater in bill characters for Guadalupe and San Benito Islands than for mainland and other island populations. There are no consistent differences among samples in variability of wing, tail, or hind-limb characters, except for a tendency toward increased tarsus-length variability in a southern Baja California population and reduced variability in this character in San Clemente Island and Guadalupe Island populations. In bill characters, increased variability is found in the most divergent populations. The results do not support the generalization that geographic (= genetic) isolation per se causes much of a change in variability in island populations of birds, nor is there support for the idea of a pervasive quality of the gene pool that determines the level of variability in most characters.

Development, validation, and certification by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of lyophilized human serum reference materials for cortisol (CRM 192 and 193) and progesterone (CRM 347 and 348)

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 540-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Thienpont ◽  
Lothar Siekmann ◽  
Alexander Lawson ◽  
Elisabeth Colinet ◽  
Andrȳ De Leenheer
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Reference Materials ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Certified Reference Materials ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation

Abstract The Community Bureau of Reference of the European Communities has produced four batches of lyophilized serum Certified Reference Materials, two for cortisol (CRM 192 and 193) and two for progesterone (CRM 347 and 348). For cortisol, one of the pools consisted of serum from healthy blood donors, whereas the second batch was supplemented with pure cortisol. The progesterone Reference Materials contained only endogenous hormone concentrations. Assessment of vial-to-vial variability in the cortisol and progesterone concentrations showed no between-sample inhomogeneity, and the materials were stable. The quality of the materials was therefore considered sufficient for certification of the values for the cortisol and progesterone concentrations by a collaborative study involving several laboratories from the European Communities, using isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Inaccuracy in reconstitution of the lyophilized materials was less than 0.3%; imprecision of sampling was less than 0.2%. For determinations of cortisol and progesterone concentrations, the mean within-laboratory coefficients of variation (CVs) were 1.76% (CRM 192), 1.19% (CRM 193), 1.64% (CRM 347), and 1.75% (CRM 348). The between-laboratory CVs were greater: CRM 192, 1.79%; CRM 193, 1.48%; CRM 347, 2.08%; and CRM 348, 2.16%. The concentrations in the reconstituted Reference Materials were certified to be 273 nmol/L in CRM 192 and 763 nmol/L in CRM 193 for cortisol and 10.13 nmol/L in CRM 347 and 40.3 nmol/L in CRM 348 for progesterone. Uncertainties at the 0.95 confidence level--6 (CRM 192), 14 (CRM 193), 0.21 (CRM 347), and 1.0 nmol/L (CRM 348)--were considered compatible with the intended use of the materials.

Application of Residence Time Distribution Analysis in Microchannel Hemodialysis Devices

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Coblyn ◽  
Agnieszka Truszkowska ◽  
Goran Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Hollow Fiber ◽  
Time Distribution ◽  
Residence Time Distribution ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Long Time

Current hemodialysis techniques rely on hollow-fiber tubes in a tube-and-shell operating approach. The method works satisfactorily; but, technological advantages of this method are already exhausted for a long time. Additional improvements are needed which could provide a way towards improving patient health and quality of life. Patients with renal failure undergo intense filtration sessions approximately three times a week leaving them fatigued. Large oscillations in concentration of various solutes within blood cause detrimental consequences on the overall health of patients.

scholarly journals Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

Blood ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Karpatkin
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Antiplatelet Antibody ◽  
Platelet Destruction ◽  
Platelet Survival ◽  
Platelet Antigen ◽  
Platelet Disorder ◽  
Functional Defects

Abstract Adult autoimmune throbocytopenic purpura (ATP) is a platelet disorder that develops in certain individuals with a genetic as well as sex (female) predisposition following an environment event (?viral). This results in the production of an IgG antiplatelet antibody capable of reacting with the host's platelets, as well as crossing the placenta. This leads to the rapid clearance and destruction of opsonized platelets by the reticuloendothelial system, particularly the spleen, by greater than tenfold the normal rate. Bound platelet IgG correlates with disease severity, whereas serum antiplatelet IgG does not. It has not been rigorously established whether bound platelet IgG is directed against a platelet antigen or represents an immune complex bound to the platelet Fc receptor. Nevertheless, several lines of evidence suggest that antiplatelet IgG binds directly to a platelet antigen(s). Megakaryocyte number, volume, and mass are increased commensurate with increased platelet turnover. Platelets of increased size, megathrombocytes, are noted on peripheral smear or via platelet volume distribution analysis. Megathrombocyte number is proporationate to megakarocyte number and to platelet turnover. Megathrombocyte diameter is inversely proportional to platelet survival. Antiplatelet antibody is also associated with qualitative platelet functional defects, which are indistinguishable from those noted with thrombopathia (i.e., apparent platelet release defect). Antibody-induced functional defects are probably more common than quantitative thrombocytopenic defects and may represent a significant portion of those women with the “easy bruising” syndrome and normal platelet count. Adults who develop ATP generally develop the chronic variety, which remains permanently with the patient. Treatment should be directed towards maintaining the patient free of purpura, not restoring the platelet count to normal. This can generally be accomplished with a platelet count of < 40,000/cu mm with patients having this disorder. Approximately 50% of patients respond to steroids by a significant elevation of platelet count and improvement of purpura. However, cessation of therapy results in eventual relapse if the disease is of the chronic variety. Splenectomy is successful in approximately 65–75% of patients, resulting in a restoration of the platelet count to normal or safe levels by removing a major source of platelet destruction as well as antibody production; platelet survival improves. At least 50% of patients “in remission” following steroids or splenectomy generally have a compensated thrombocytolytic state in which increased platelet production keeps up with increased platelet destruction. Antiplatelet IgG can often be found in the serum of these patients. Patients refractory to steroids and/or splenectomy present with a serious therapeutic problem. Immunosuppressive therapy is effective in approximately one-third of refractory patients, but often relapses occur, requiring maintenance therapy with potentially mutagenic drugs...

SENSORY EVALUATION OF THE FEEDING VALUE OF HAY

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-381
Author(s):  
J. E. Troelsen ◽  
P. I. Myhr ◽  
R. W. Lodge ◽  
M. R. Kilcher
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Maturity Stages ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake

A system for rating the quality of hay by sight, touch and smell was designed and tested. Seven sensory criteria were defined and rated independently on a scale from one to nine in direct relation to their assumed nutritional merit. Hays of different quality were obtained from four grasses and two alfalfas, each harvested at six maturity stages. Each hay was rated independently by five judges. The ratings did not differ (P < 0.05) between judges, but significant differences and interactions occurred between crops, maturity stages, and sensory criteria.Each hay was fed to sheep, and its nutritional value was determined as the voluntary consumption of digestible organic matter (grams consumed daily per kg of metabolic size—weight0.75). The correlation between voluntary consumption and the ratings of the sensory criteria in each hay was generally significant (P < 0.01) for composition, growth stage, color and texture, but not for freshness, odor and cleanness. The three last criteria varied little in the hays studied; therefore, it could not be concluded that they were unimportant in sensory evaluation of hay in general.The variability in voluntary intake "accounted for" by ratings of the seven sensory criteria ranged from 59 to 90% in the different kinds of hay, and 65% when the hays were pooled. When the hays were rated by composition and color only, these criteria "accounted for" 48 to 77% of the variability in intake, but only 38% when the hays were pooled. Coefficients of variation from regression for the pooled ratings were 23% for the seven sensory criteria, 30% for composition and color alone, and 38% from the mean for all seven criteria.

scholarly journals Glycated Haemoglobin: An Assessment of High Capacity Liquid Chromatographic and Immunoassay Methods

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 494-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J Standing ◽  
Richard P Taylor
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Operation Flexibility ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

We have assessed five high-throughput systems for the measurement of glycated haemoglobin and have reviewed published evaluations of individual analysers. All systems offered better precision than a widely used electroendosmosis method. The low pressure chromatography and immunoassay systems demonstrated greater between-batch imprecision than the high performance liquid chromatography analysers, the latter achieving the proposed analytical goal of between-batch coefficients of variation less than 5%. Agreement between all systems measuring HbA1 was good but there was variability amongst observed HbA1c values. The systems were also assessed for their quality of chromatographic separation, simplicity of operation, flexibility, cost and potential for interference by other haemoglobins.

scholarly journals Artifact induction by endodontic materials

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Cristina Sales Salineiro ◽  
Igor Publio Talamoni ◽  
Solange Kobayashi Velasco ◽  
Fabiana Mesquita Barros ◽  
Marcelo De Gusmão Paraíso Cavalcanti
Keyword(s):  
Region Of Interest ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Subjective Analysis ◽  
Gutta Percha ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
The One ◽  
Student’S T Test

Metallic objects, such as intracanal posts and restorations, may produce severe interference, thus diminishing the quality of CBCT imaging. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of conventional and bioceramic gutta-percha points on the production of artifacts in CBCT images. Methods: Extracted single- -rooted premolar teeth (n=20) were instrumented and scanned with a CBCT device to create three groups: the Control group, the Gutta-Percha group and the Bioceramic Gutta-Percha group. Two types of analysis were executed: an objective one, using the Region of Interest (ROI) to measure the pixel density of each tooth, and a subjective one, to compare the groups’ images. For the statistical analysis, Student’s t-test, descriptive statistics and the frequency distribution analysis were used for both objective and subjective analyses. Results: The agreement between the observers ranged from moderate to excellent. Similar grayscale values were obtained in both the GP and BCGP groups. These results were endorsed by the p-values obtained with Student’s t test. For the subjective analysis, the observers indicated the BCGP group as the one that developed the highest number of artifacts. Conclusions: Both materials produced artifacts in the CBCT images. However, in the subjective analysis, the BCGP group showed higher levels of artifact production than the GP group, which could result in the misdiagnosis of root fracture and in a worse prognosis for that tooth.

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