scholarly journals Risk Assessment of Oxidative Stress Induced by Metal Ions Released from Fixed Orthodontic Appliances during Treatment and Indications for Supportive Antioxidant Therapy: A Narrative Review

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1359
Author(s):  
Jasmina Primožič ◽  
Borut Poljšak ◽  
Polona Jamnik ◽  
Vito Kovač ◽  
Gordana Čanadi Jurešić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Nickel Cobalt ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Metal Catalyzed

The treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances could have an important role in the induction of oxidative stress and associated negative consequences. Because of the simultaneous effects of corrosion, deformation, friction, and mechanical stress on fixed orthodontic appliances during treatment, degradation of orthodontic brackets and archwires occurs, causing higher concentrations of metal ions in the oral cavity. Corroded appliances cause the release of metal ions, which may lead to the increased values of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to metal-catalyzed free radical reactions. Chromium, iron, nickel, cobalt, titanium, and molybdenum all belong to the group of transition metals that can be subjected to redox reactions to form ROS. The estimation of health risk due to the amount of heavy metals released and the level of selected parameters of oxidative stress generated for the time of treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances is presented. Approaches to avoid oxidative stress and recommendations for the preventive use of topical or systemic antioxidants during orthodontic treatment are discussed.

scholarly journals Intracellular Sources of ROS/H2O2 in Health and Neurodegeneration: Spotlight on Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Tasuku Konno ◽  
Eduardo Pinho Melo ◽  
Joseph E. Chambers ◽  
Edward Avezov
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Antioxidative Enzymes ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Specific Target

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced continuously throughout the cell as products of various redox reactions. Yet these products function as important signal messengers, acting through oxidation of specific target factors. Whilst excess ROS production has the potential to induce oxidative stress, physiological roles of ROS are supported by a spatiotemporal equilibrium between ROS producers and scavengers such as antioxidative enzymes. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a non-radical ROS, is produced through the process of oxidative folding. Utilisation and dysregulation of H2O2, in particular that generated in the ER, affects not only cellular homeostasis but also the longevity of organisms. ROS dysregulation has been implicated in various pathologies including dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases, sanctioning a field of research that strives to better understand cell-intrinsic ROS production. Here we review the organelle-specific ROS-generating and consuming pathways, providing evidence that the ER is a major contributing source of potentially pathologic ROS.

scholarly journals Release of metal ions from fixed orthodontic appliance: An in vitro study in continuous flow system

2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Mikulewicz ◽  
Katarzyna Chojnacka ◽  
Paulina Wołowiec
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Orthodontic Appliance ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliance

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the release of metal ions from fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: A new system for in vitro testing of dental materials was constructed and consisted of a thermostatic glass reactor that enabled immersion of the studied material. Experimental conditions reflected the human oral cavity, with a temperature of 37°C and a saliva flow rate of 0.5mL/min. The simulated fixed orthodontic appliance made of stainless steel was evaluated. Sampling was performed at several time points during the 28-day study, and the metal ion concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Results: The total mass of released metal ions from the appliance during 4 weeks of the experiment was as follows nickel 18.7 μg, chromium 5.47 μg, copper 31.3 μg. Conclusions: The estimated doses of nickel, chromium, and copper determined by extrapolation of experimental data released during the treatment period were far below the toxic dose to humans. This shows that orthodontic treatment might not be a significant source of exposure to these metal ions.

scholarly journals Timing the evolution of antioxidant enzymes in cyanobacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne S. Boden ◽  
Kurt O. Konhauser ◽  
Leslie J. Robbins ◽  
Patricia Sánchez-Baracaldo
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Molecular Oxygen ◽  
Molecular Clocks ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Iron Nickel

AbstractThe ancestors of cyanobacteria generated Earth’s first biogenic molecular oxygen, but how they dealt with oxidative stress remains unconstrained. Here we investigate when superoxide dismutase enzymes (SODs) capable of removing superoxide free radicals evolved and estimate when Cyanobacteria originated. Our Bayesian molecular clocks, calibrated with microfossils, predict that stem Cyanobacteria arose 3300–3600 million years ago. Shortly afterwards, we find phylogenetic evidence that ancestral cyanobacteria used SODs with copper and zinc cofactors (CuZnSOD) during the Archaean. By the Paleoproterozoic, they became genetically capable of using iron, nickel, and manganese as cofactors (FeSOD, NiSOD, and MnSOD respectively). The evolution of NiSOD is particularly intriguing because it corresponds with cyanobacteria’s invasion of the open ocean. Our analyses of metalloenzymes dealing with reactive oxygen species (ROS) now demonstrate that marine geochemical records alone may not predict patterns of metal usage by phototrophs from freshwater and terrestrial habitats.

scholarly journals Causation of Oxidative Stress and Defense Response of a Yeast Cell Model after Treatment with Orthodontic Alloys Consisting of Metal Ions

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Vito Kovač ◽  
Matic Bergant ◽  
Janez Ščančar ◽  
Jasmina Primožič ◽  
Polona Jamnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Protein Damage ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Chromium Alloy

Misaligned teeth have a tremendous impact on oral and dental health, and the most efficient method of correcting the problem is orthodontic treatment with orthodontic appliances. The study was conducted to investigate the metal composition of selected orthodontic alloys, the release of metal ions, and the oxidative consequences that the metal ions may cause in the cell. Different sets of archwires, stainless steel brackets, and molar bands were incubated in artificial saliva for 90 days. The composition of each orthodontic material and quantification of the concentration of metal ions released were evaluated. Metal ion mixtures were prepared to determine the occurrence of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme defense system, and oxidative damage to proteins. The beta titanium alloy released the fewest metal ions and did not cause oxidative stress or protein damage. The metal ions from stainless steel and the cobalt-chromium alloy can cause oxidative stress and protein damage only at high concentrations. All metal ions from orthodontic alloys alter the activity of antioxidant enzymes in some way. The determined amounts of metal ions released from orthodontic appliances in a simulated oral environment are still below the maximum tolerated dose, and the concentrations of released metal ions are not capable of inducing oxidative stress, although some changes in antioxidant enzyme activity were observed at these concentrations.

scholarly journals Mitochondrially targeted fluorescent redox sensors

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 20160105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kylie Yang ◽  
Jacek L. Kolanowski ◽  
Elizabeth J. New
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Chemical Biology ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Mitochondrial Localization ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Lipophilic Cation ◽  
Redox Sensors

The balance of oxidants and antioxidants within the cell is crucial for maintaining health, and regulating physiological processes such as signalling. Consequently, imbalances between oxidants and antioxidants are now understood to lead to oxidative stress, a physiological feature that underlies many diseases. These processes have spurred the field of chemical biology to develop a plethora of sensors, both small-molecule and fluorescent protein-based, for the detection of specific oxidizing species and general redox balances within cells. The mitochondrion, in particular, is the site of many vital redox reactions. There is therefore a need to target redox sensors to this particular organelle. It has been well established that targeting mitochondria can be achieved by the use of a lipophilic cation-targeting group, or by utilizing natural peptidic mitochondrial localization sequences. Here, we review how these two approaches have been used by a number of researchers to develop mitochondrially localized fluorescent redox sensors that are already proving useful in providing insights into the roles of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria.

The Redox Potential of a Heme Cofactor in Nitrosomonas europaea Cytochrome c Peroxidase: A Polarizable QM/MM Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Anotonovna Karnaukh ◽  
Ksenia B Bravaya
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Redox Potential ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Cytochrome C Peroxidase ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Heme Cofactor ◽  
Excess Reactive Oxygen Species

Redox reactions are crucial to biological processes that protect organisms against oxidative stress. Metalloenzymes, such as peroxidases which reduce excess reactive oxygen species into water, play a key role in...

Higher expression of ferritin protectsChlamydia trachomatisinfected HeLa 229 cells from reactive oxygen species mediated cell death

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 835-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harsh Vardhan ◽  
Apurb Rashmi Bhengraj ◽  
Rajneesh Jha ◽  
Pragya Srivastava ◽  
Hem Chandra Jha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Acute Response ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Apoptotic Activity

Apoptosis plays an important role in modulating the pathogenesis of a variety of infectious diseases. Chlamydial infection protects cells against different forms of apoptosis: extrinsic, intrinsic, and granzyme B mediated. Redox reactions are central to the life and death decision of cells and pathogens and an intimate relationship exists between oxidative stress and iron metabolism. The link between redox status and ferritin was largely unexplored in chlamydia-infected cells. In the present study, we showed that Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection induced FHC protein in HeLa cells. FHC induction by CT-infected cells stably expressing FHC blunted ROS production compared with mock infected cells, and the infected cells were relatively resistant to apoptosis induced by H2O2. We also demonstrated that endogenous FHC overexpression correlates well with the stabilization of the mitochondrial membrane potential in CT-infected cells. Increased expression of FHC is independent of iron supplementation (FAC) and depletion (DFO) in CT-infected cells. These data suggest that FHC up-regulation is an acute response of HeLa cells against CT infection and that FHC exerts anti-apoptotic activity against oxidative stress.

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