scholarly journals Recent Progress in Discovering the Role of Carotenoids and Their Metabolites in Prostatic Physiology and Pathology with a Focus on Prostate Cancer—A Review—Part I: Molecular Mechanisms of Carotenoid Action

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 585
Author(s):  
Joanna Dulińska-Litewka ◽  
Yoav Sharoni ◽  
Przemysław Hałubiec ◽  
Agnieszka Łazarczyk ◽  
Oskar Szafrański ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Intercellular Signaling ◽  
Cell Growth And Differentiation ◽  
Prostatic Diseases ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Area Data

Among the vast variety of plant-derived phytochemicals, the group of carotenoids has continuously been investigated in order to optimize their potential application in the area of dietary intervention and medicine. One organ which has been especially targeted in many of these studies and clinical trials is the human prostate. Without doubt, carotenoids (and their endogenous derivatives—retinoids and other apo-carotenoids) are involved in intra- and intercellular signaling, cell growth and differentiation of prostate tissue. Due to the accumulation of new data on the role of different carotenoids such as lycopene (LC) and β-carotene (BC) in prostatic physiology and pathology, the present review aims to cover the past ten years of research in this area. Data from experimental studies are presented in the first part of the review, while epidemiological studies are disclosed and discussed in the second part. The objective of this compilation is to emphasize the present state of knowledge regarding the most potent molecular targets of carotenoids and their main metabolites, as well as to propose promising carotenoid agents for the prevention and treatment of prostatic diseases.

scholarly journals Recent Progress in Discovering the Role of Carotenoids and Metabolites in Prostatic Physiology and Pathology—A Review—Part II: Carotenoids in the Human Studies

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Dulińska-Litewka ◽  
Przemysław Hałubiec ◽  
Agnieszka Łazarczyk ◽  
Oskar Szafrański ◽  
Yoav Sharoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Intercellular Signaling ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cell Growth And Differentiation ◽  
Prostatic Diseases ◽  
Β Carotene

Among the vast variety of plant-derived phytochemicals, the group of carotenoids has continuously been investigated in order to optimize their potential application in the area of dietary intervention related to chronic diseases. One organ that has been especially targeted in many of these studies and clinical trials is the human prostate. Without doubt, carotenoids (and their endogenous derivatives—retinoids and apo-carotenoids) are involved in a plethora of intra- and intercellular signaling, cell growth, and differentiation of prostate tissue. Due to the accumulation of new data on the role of different carotenoids, such as lycopene (LYC) and β-carotene (BC), in prostatic physiology and pathology, the present review aimed to cover the past ten years of research in this regard. Data from experimental studies are presented in the first part of the review, while epidemiological studies are disclosed in this second part. The objective of this compilation was to emphasize the present state of knowledge about the most potent molecular targets of carotenoids, as well as to propose promising carotenoid agents for the prevention and possible treatment of prostatic diseases.

Exposure to environmental chemicals and type 1 diabetes: an update

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah G Howard
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Environmental Chemical ◽  
Timing Of Exposure

This narrative review summarises recently published epidemiological and in vivo experimental studies on exposure to environmental chemicals and their potential role in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). These studies focus on a variety of environmental chemical exposures, including to air pollution, arsenic, some persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, bisphenol A and phthalates. Of the 15 epidemiological studies identified, 14 include measurements of exposures during childhood, 2 include prenatal exposures and 1 includes adults over age 21. Together, they illustrate that the role of chemicals in T1DM may be complex and may depend on a variety of factors, such as exposure level, timing of exposure, nutritional status and chemical metabolism. While the evidence that these exposures may increase the risk of T1DM is still preliminary, it is critical to investigate this possibility further as a means of preventing T1DM.

scholarly journals The Fetal Origins of the Metabolic Syndrome: Can We Intervene?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelle Ma ◽  
Daniel B. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Fetal Origins ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Neonatal Life

Epidemiological studies have suggested that metabolic programming begins during fetal life and adverse eventsin uteroare a critical factor in the etiology of chronic diseases and overall health. While the underlying molecular mechanisms linking impaired fetal development to these adult diseases are being elucidated, little is known about how we can intervene early in life to diminish the incidence and severity of these long-term diseases. This paper highlights the latest clinical and pharmaceutical studies addressing how dietary intervention in fetal and neonatal life may be able to prevent aspects of the metabolic syndrome associated with IUGR pregnancies.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Protective Effect of a Combination of Curcumin and Selenium-L-Methionine on Radiation Induced Dual Oxidase Upregulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Amini ◽  
Saeed Rezapoor ◽  
Dheyauldeen Shabeeb ◽  
Ahmed Eleojo Musa ◽  
Masoud Najafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Atomic Bomb ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Left Breast ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Radiation Induced

Background: Epidemiological studies have shown an increased incidence of heart diseases among survivors of Chernobyl disaster as well as Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb explosion. Similar results were observed for lung and left breast cancer patients. Experimental studies have proposed the chronic upregulation of some pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines. Recent studies have shown that upregulation of pro-oxidant enzymes play a key role in the development of late effects of ionizing radiation such as fibrosis. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-13 (IL-13) are two important cytokines that have shown ability to induce production of free radicals through dual oxidases (Duox) i.e. Duox1 and Duox2. In this study, we aimed to detect the expression of IL-4 receptor-a1 (IL-4Ra1), IL-13 receptor-a2 (IL-13Ra2), Duox1 and Duox2 genes following irradiation of rat’s heart. In addition, we evaluated the possible role of the combination of curcumin and selenium-L-methionine on the regulation of these genes. Methods: Twenty rats were divided into 4 groups as follows; G1: control; G2: treatment with the combination of curcumin and selenium-L-methionine; G3: radiation; G4: radiation plus treatment with the combination of curcumin and selenium-L-methionine. Rats were sacrificed 10 weeks after irradiation for detecting the expression of IL-4Ra1, IL-13Ra2, Duox1 and Duox2. Results: Results showed that exposure to ionizing radiation caused upregulation of IL-4Ra1 by more than 4-fold as well as Duox1 and Duox2 by more than 5-fold. However, results showed no detectable expression for IL-13Ra2. Treatment with the combination of curcumin and selenium-L-methionine could attenuate the upregulation of all genes. Conclusion: This study has shown that exposing rat’s heart tissues to radiation leads to chronic upregulation of IL-4Ra1, Duox1 and Duox2 as well as pro-oxidant enzymes. Treatment with the combination of curcumin and selenium-L-methionine showed ability to attenuate the upregulation of these genes.

scholarly journals Role of pregnancy and female sex steroids on aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture: a systematic review of the literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. E8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milli Desai ◽  
Arvin R. Wali ◽  
Harjus S. Birk ◽  
David R. Santiago-Dieppa ◽  
Alexander A. Khalessi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysm ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysms ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
In Pregnancy

OBJECTIVEWomen have been shown to have a higher risk of cerebral aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture than men. The authors present a review of the recently published neurosurgical literature that studies the role of pregnancy and female sex steroids, to provide a conceptual framework with which to understand the various risk factors associated with cerebral aneurysms in women at different stages in their lives.METHODSThe PubMed database was searched for “(“intracranial” OR “cerebral”) AND “aneurysm” AND (“pregnancy” OR “estrogen” OR “progesterone”)” between January 1980 and February 2019. A total of 392 articles were initially identified, and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 papers were selected for review and analysis. These papers were then divided into two categories: 1) epidemiological studies about the formation, growth, rupture, and management of cerebral aneurysms in pregnancy; and 2) investigations on female sex steroids and cerebral aneurysms (animal studies and epidemiological studies).RESULTSThe 20 articles presented in this study include 7 epidemiological articles on pregnancy and cerebral aneurysms, 3 articles reporting case series of cerebral aneurysms treated by endovascular therapies in pregnancy, 3 epidemiological articles reporting the relationship between female sex steroids and cerebral aneurysms through retrospective case-control studies, and 7 experimental studies using animal and/or cell models to understand the relationship between female sex steroids and cerebral aneurysms. The studies in this review report similar risk of aneurysm rupture in pregnant women compared to the general population. Most ruptured aneurysms in pregnancy occur during the 3rd trimester, and most pregnant women who present with cerebral aneurysm have caesarean section deliveries. Endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms in pregnancy is shown to provide a new and safe form of therapy for these cases. Epidemiological studies of postmenopausal women show that estrogen hormone therapy and later age at menopause are associated with a lower risk of cerebral aneurysm than in matched controls. Experimental studies in animal models corroborate this epidemiological finding; estrogen deficiency causes endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, which may predispose to the formation and rupture of cerebral aneurysms, while exogenous estrogen treatment in this population may lower this risk.CONCLUSIONSThe aim of this work is to equip the neurosurgical and obstetrical/gynecological readership with the tools to better understand, critique, and apply findings from research on sex differences in cerebral aneurysms.

scholarly journals Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Stroke Burden

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5549
Author(s):  
Yuji Ueno ◽  
Nobukazu Miyamoto ◽  
Kazuo Yamashiro ◽  
Ryota Tanaka ◽  
Nobutaka Hattori
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Stroke is a major leading cause of death and disability worldwide. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid have potent anti-inflammatory effects, reduce platelet aggregation, and regress atherosclerotic plaques. Since the discovery that the Greenland Eskimo population, whose diet is high in marine n-3 PUFAs, have a lower incidence of coronary heart disease than Western populations, numerous epidemiological studies to explore the associations of dietary intakes of fish and n-3 PUFAs with cardiovascular diseases, and large-scale clinical trials to identify the benefits of treatment with n-3 PUFAs have been conducted. In most of these studies the incidence and mortality of stroke were also evaluated mainly as secondary endpoints. Thus, a systematic literature review regarding the association of dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs with stroke in the epidemiological studies and the treatment effects of n-3 PUFAs in the clinical trials was conducted. Moreover, recent experimental studies were also reviewed to explore the molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of n-3 PUFAs after stroke.

scholarly journals The Benefits and Risks of Certain Dietary Carotenoids that Exhibit both Anti- and Pro-Oxidative Mechanisms—A Comprehensive Review

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Homer S. Black ◽  
Fritz Boehm ◽  
Ruth Edge ◽  
T. George Truscott
Keyword(s):  
Singlet Oxygen ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Singlet Oxygen Quenching ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Β Carotene

Carotenoid pigments, particularly β-carotene and lycopene, are consumed in human foodstuffs and play a vital role in maintaining health. β-carotene is known to quench singlet oxygen and can have strong antioxidant activity. As such, it was proposed that β-carotene might reduce the risk of cancer. Epidemiological studies found inverse relationships between cancer risk and β-carotene intake or blood levels. However, clinical trials failed to support those findings and β-carotene supplementation actually increased lung cancer incidence in male smokers. Early experimental animal studies found dietary β-carotene inhibited UV-induced skin cancers. Later studies found that β-carotene supplementation exacerbated UV-carcinogenic expression. The discrepancies of these results were related to the type of diet the animals consumed. Lycopene has been associated with reduced risk of lethal stage prostate cancer. Other carotenoids, e.g., lutein and zeaxanthin, play a vital role in visual health. Numerous studies of molecular mechanisms to explain the carotenoids’ mode of action have centered on singlet oxygen, as well as radical reactions. In cellular systems, singlet oxygen quenching by carotenoids has been reported but is more complex than in organic solvents. In dietary β-carotene supplement studies, damaging pro-oxidant reactivity can also arise. Reasons for this switch are likely due to the properties of the carotenoid radicals themselves. Understanding singlet oxygen reactions and the anti-/pro-oxidant roles of carotenoids are of importance to photosynthesis, vision and cancer.

scholarly journals Insulin resistance and cancer: the role of insulin and IGFs

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sefirin Djiogue ◽  
Armel Hervé Nwabo Kamdje ◽  
Lorella Vecchio ◽  
Maulilio John Kipanyula ◽  
Mohammed Farahna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
High Energy

Insulin, IGF1, and IGF2 are the most studied insulin-like peptides (ILPs). These are evolutionary conserved factors well known as key regulators of energy metabolism and growth, with crucial roles in insulin resistance-related metabolic disorders such as obesity, diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as associated immune deregulations. A growing body of evidence suggests that insulin and IGF1 receptors mediate their effects on regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, glucose transport, and energy metabolism by signaling downstream through insulin receptor substrate molecules and thus play a pivotal role in cell fate determination. Despite the emerging evidence from epidemiological studies on the possible relationship between insulin resistance and cancer, our understanding on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that might account for this relationship remains incompletely understood. The involvement of IGFs in carcinogenesis is attributed to their role in linking high energy intake, increased cell proliferation, and suppression of apoptosis to cancer risks, which has been proposed as the key mechanism bridging insulin resistance and cancer. The present review summarizes and discusses evidence highlighting recent advances in our understanding on the role of ILPs as the link between insulin resistance and cancer and between immune deregulation and cancer in obesity, as well as those areas where there remains a paucity of data. It is anticipated that issues discussed in this paper will also recover new therapeutic targets that can assist in diagnostic screening and novel approaches to controlling tumor development.

scholarly journals C-Reactive Protein and Coronary Heart Disease: All Said—Is Not It?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederik Strang ◽  
Heribert Schunkert
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
The Relationship

C-reactive protein (CRP) and coronary heart disease (CHD) have been the subject of intensive investigations over the last decades. Epidemiological studies have shown an association between moderately elevated CRP levels and incident CHD whereas genetic studies have shown that polymorphisms associated with elevated CRP levels do not increase the risk of ischemic vascular disease, suggesting that CRP might be a bystander rather than a causal factor in the progress of atherosclerosis. Beside all those epidemiological and genetic studies, the experimental investigations also try to reveal the role of CRP in the progress of atherosclerosis. This review will highlight the complex results of genomic, epidemiological, and experimental studies on CRP and will show why further studies investigating the relationship between CRP and atherosclerosis might be needed.

scholarly journals Microcirculation and Hemorheology: points of interaction

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Muravyov ◽  
P. V. Mikhailov ◽  
I. A. Tikhomirova
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Parameter ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthesis ◽  
Respiratory Gases ◽  
Stimulation Of

Transport of respiratory gases and the entire spectrum of substances for the metabolism of cells is carried out by coordinated work of circulation and blood. The review considers the main theoretical and experimental studies on microcirculation and hemorheology with an emphasis on the mechanisms of their interrelation and on the influence of individual hemorheological characteristics on the regulation of microvascular tissue perfusion. The analysis of the leading microrheological characteristics of erythrocytes - deformability is performed, the signal molecular mechanisms associated with the change of this cell parameter are shown. Data on the role of erythrocytes in the regulation of arteriolar tonus and functional density of capillaries are given. The mechanism of this regulation by exocytosis with erythrocytes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis by endothelial cells is discussed. The review performed a comprehensive analysis of the participation of major hemorheological characteristics in the regulation of microvascular perfusion, including the role of the optimal viscosity of whole blood and the viscosity of plasma for effective tissue perfusion and oxygenation.

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