scholarly journals Small Intestine Ultrasound Findings on Horses Following Exploratory Laparotomy, Can We Predict Postoperative Reflux?

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1106
Author(s):  
Gabriel Cuevas-Ramos ◽  
Lara Domenech ◽  
Marta Prades
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
Exploratory Laparotomy ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Postoperative Reflux ◽  
Intestinal Pathology ◽  
Ultrasound Findings ◽  
Small Intestinal

Postoperative reflux (POR) is a well-recognized complication after colic surgery in horses, particularly when presenting small intestinal pathology. Even though much has been written about the pathophysiology and management of POR, additional clinical studies are needed to better understand and anticipate this complication. The aim of the study was to provide clinical evidence of ultrasound findings in the postoperative period (three days). The study is based on transcutaneous abdominal ultrasounds of the caudoventral abdomen during the postoperative period (three days), in 58 horses, presented for an exploratory laparotomy, and compared to 20 horses that underwent general anesthesia for an elective surgical procedure. Small intestine (SI) images and videos were analyzed for loop number, loop diameter, wall thickness, motility, and echogenic type of loop contents. Ultrasound findings of horses that had a large colon pathology were similar to those of the control group. Interestingly, horses that presented an SI pathology had significantly thicker SI walls, increased loop diameter, slower motility, and hypoechoic contents, particularly in horses that had undergone small intestinal resection and anastomosis. Although the number of horses that developed POR in our study was too small for statistical analysis, they all had the aforementioned ultrasonographic changes. Abdominal ultrasound, during the postoperative period (three days), was a useful method to identify horses with abnormal small intestinal parameters. Further investigation as to whether these parameters can be used to predict POR in a larger population is warranted.

scholarly journals Analysis of therapeutic results and complications after colic surgery in 434 horses

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 12-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mezerova ◽  
Z. Zert ◽  
R. Kabes ◽  
L. Ottova
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Paralytic Ileus ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
Colon Surgery ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Intestinal Surgery ◽  
Small Intestinal

Out of the total number of 434 horses that underwent colic surgery, small intestine was operated in 195 (44.9%) patients, caecum in 10 (2.3%) horses, large colon surgery was performed in 196 (45.2%) cases and small colon surgery in 14 (3.2%) horses. In 12 patients (2.8%) two different parts of the gastrointestinal tract were affected simultaneously, one horse suffered from peritonitis, torsion of the uterus developed in two mares and three animals had negative surgical findings. Of 434 horses, 371 (85.5%) survived. After small intestinal surgery, 159 patients (81.5%) recovered from anaesthesia and were discharged home as well as seven horses (70%) after caecal surgery, 175 horses (89.3%) after large colon surgery and 14 horses (100%) following small colon surgery. 75 out of 103 horses (72.8%) were discharged home after the small intestinal resection and 89 of 98 horses (90.8%) with small intestinal problems where no resection was needed. In total, 43 of the patients that underwent one surgery did not survive the immediate postoperative period. The most frequent lethal complications in horses following the small intestinal surgery included peritonitis (five horses) and paralytic ileus (four horses) and in horses with large colon problems it was typhlocolitis (six cases). Relaparotomy was indicated in 41 of 434 horses (9.4%) that recovered from colic surgery. 21 out of the 41 (51.2%) relaparotomised colic patients were released from the clinic. All successfully repeated surgeries were carried out to overcome primary small intestine ileus problems, and in 14 of these cases (66.7%) resection and anastomosis were performed. The most common finding, diagnosed in 9 of 21 reoperated horses, was paralytic ileus. Of 20 relaparotomised horses that did not survive, three animals were lost after the introduction of anaesthesia, nine horses were euthanised after the abdominal cavity revision, one horse did not recover after the surgical procedure and seven horses did not survive the postoperative period. In 15 of 20 dead horses, the cause of the first surgical intervention was small intestinal ileus, in other four horses there was a large colon problem and in the last patient, it was a stomach disease. In 13 of 15 (86.7%) horses with small intestinal problems and in three of four (75%) patients with large colon disease, either resection or bypass was performed. In the remaining four non-surviving horses of 20 relaparotomised ones, peritonitis and/or adhesion formation was diagnosed at the second surgery, in three horses anastomosis complications were the main problem. Peritonitis or paralytic ileus led to death or euthanasia in four of seven horses that recovered after relaparotomy.

Intestinal strangulation after elective ovariohysterectomy

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
SY Kuan ◽  
K Ticehurst ◽  
KL Hoffmann ◽  
D Crosby ◽  
VR Barrs
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
Exploratory Laparotomy ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Midline Incision ◽  
Good Clinical Outcome ◽  
Intestinal Strangulation

A 6-month-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was presented with an acute onset of vomiting and marked lethargy. The cat had undergone elective ovariohysterectomy via a small midline incision 2 weeks prior to presentation. Intestinal strangulation through a mesenteric rent was diagnosed via abdominal ultrasound and exploratory laparotomy. Intestinal resection and anastamosis resulted in a good clinical outcome despite excision of 60% of the small intestine.

scholarly journals Biodistribution of the radiophamarceutical sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) after massive small bowel resection in rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 430-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dâmaso de Araújo Chacon ◽  
Irami Araújo-Filho ◽  
Arthur Villarim-Neto ◽  
Amália Cínthia Meneses Rêgo ◽  
Ítalo Medeiros Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Short Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
Small Bowel Resection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Bowel ◽  
Massive Resection ◽  
Mucosal Thickness ◽  
Misleading Interpretation

PURPOSE: To evaluate the biodistribution of sodium pertecnetate (Na99mTcO4) in organs and tissues, the morphometry of remnant intestinal mucosa and ponderal evolution in rats subjected to massive resection of the small intestine. METHODS: Twenty-one Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of 7 animals each. The short bowel (SB) group was subjected to massive resection of the small intestine; the control group (C) rats were not operated on, and soft intestinal handling was performed in sham rats. The animals were weighed weekly. On the 30th postoperative day, 0.l mL of Na99mTcO4, with mean activity of 0.66 MBq was injected intravenously into the orbital plexus. After 30 minutes, the rats were killed with an overdose of anesthetic, and fragments of the liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, thyroid, lung, heart, kidney, bladder, muscle, femur and brain were harvested. The biopsies were washed with 0.9% NaCl.,The radioactivity was counted using Gama Counter WizardTM 1470, PerkinElmer. The percentage of radioactivity per gram of tissue (%ATI/g) was calculated. Biopsies of the remaining jejunum were analysed by HE staining to obtain mucosal thickness. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test for multiple comparisons were used, considering p<0.05 as significant. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in %ATI/g of the Na99mTcO4 in the organs of the groups studied (p>0.05). An increase in the weight of the SB rats was observed after the second postoperative week. The jejunal mucosal thickness of the SB rats was significantly greater than that of C and sham rats (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In rats with experimentally-produced short bowel syndrome, an adaptive response by the intestinal mucosa reduced weight loss. The biodistribution of Na99mTcO4 was not affected by massive intestinal resection, suggesting that short bowel syndrome is not the cause of misleading interpretation, if an examination using this radiopharmaceutical is indicated.

Serum cobalamin concentrations and small intestinal ultrasound changes in 75 cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease: a retrospective study

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C Jugan ◽  
John R August
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Small Intestinal

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate ultrasonographic changes in the small intestine of cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease and low or low–normal serum cobalamin concentrations. Methods Records for client-owned cats presenting to the small animal hospital with signs of gastrointestinal disease and in which serum cobalamin concentrations were measured from 2000–2013 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were cobalamin concentrations <500 ng/l, abdominal ultrasound within 1 month of cobalamin testing and definitive diagnosis. Results Of 751 serum cobalamin measurements, hypocobalaminemia or low–normal cobalamin was identified in 270 cats, abdominal ultrasound was performed in 207 of those cats and a diagnosis was available for 75 of them. Small intestinal ultrasound changes were detected in 49/75 (65%) cats. Abnormalities included thickening, loss of wall layer definition, echogenicity alterations and discrete masses. Serum cobalamin concentrations <500 ng/l were observed with diagnoses of inflammatory disease, neoplasia, infectious disease and normal histopathology. Cobalamin concentration was significantly lower in cats with lymphoma or inflammatory bowel disease compared with other gastrointestinal neoplasia ( P = 0.031). No difference was found between cobalamin concentration and the presence of ultrasound abnormalities, specific ultrasound changes or albumin concentration. Conclusions and relevance One-third of symptomatic cats with hypocobalaminemia or low–normal cobalamin concentrations may have an ultrasonographically normal small intestine. For the majority of cats in this study, histopathologic abnormalities were observed in the small intestine, regardless of ultrasound changes. These findings suggest gastrointestinal disease should not be excluded based on low–normal cobalamin concentrations, even with a concurrent normal ultrasound examination. Additional studies are needed in cats with low–normal serum cobalamin concentrations, as a definitive diagnosis was not pursued consistently in those cats. However, data from this study suggest that careful monitoring, histopathologic evaluation and future cobalamin supplementation may be warranted.

CHOICE OF SURGERY TACTICS IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH RISK OF ANASTOMOTIC LEAK DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
M. Ye. Tymchenko
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
Surgery Complications ◽  
Intestinal Anastomoses ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Intestinal Stoma ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Surgical Tactics

Intestinal resection is one of the most common surgeries performed on urgent indications, the most difficult is the decision in favor of the formation of primary anastomosis in the case of primary infection of abdominal cavity, multiple defects of the intestinal wall, as well as the general serious condition of a patient. In order to improve the methods of diagnosis and prevention of post−surgery complications, as well as personification of surgical tactics of treatment in the patients undergoing anastomotic surgeries in intestine, the results of treatment of 96 patients were analyzed. The level of serum cryoglobulins was determined by the method of A. E. Kalovidoris with modifications. The results of surgical treatment were evaluated according to the classification of D. Dindo et al. (2004). The use of cryoglobulin levels before surgery can significantly affect surgical tactics: at a low degree it is possible to perform resection of a segment of small intestine with the formation of primary small intestinal anastomoses; at average − it is possible to perform small−intestinal anastomoses with unloading intestinal stoma or with the location of the anastomosis extraperitoneally (if possible) and decompression of the anastomosis with an incubation probe; at high − it is expedient to supplement performance of an anastomosis with a variant of an enterostomy or "delayed" anastomoses, at a severe general condition of patients it is expedient to form final small intestinal stoma. Determining the level of cryoglobulinemia as a marker of the prognosis of failure of the sutures of intestinal anastomoses and the use of differentiated surgical tactics depending on the level of this index contributes to a significant improvement in direct results of surgical treatment of the patients undergoing resection of small intestine segments. The proposed tactics virtually eliminate the implementation of multi−stage surgical interventions and helps to reduce the duration of treatment of patients, reduce the level of post−surgery complications and mortality. Key words: cryoglobulinemia, surgical treatment, small intestine, anastomoses.

scholarly journals Na+/glucose co-transporter abundance and activity in the small intestine of lambs: enhancement by abomasal infusion of casein

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer J. Mabjeesh ◽  
Dafna Guy ◽  
David Sklan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Group A ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Infusion Period

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of abomasal casein infusion on glucose uptake and abundance of the Na+/glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) 1 in the ovine small intestine. Lambs (body weight 35 (SEM 1·0) kg) were surgically fitted with abomasal infusion catheters and were fed diets containing equal portions of wheat hay and cracked maize. Lambs were infused with either 500 g water/d or with 500 g water containing 35 g casein/d. The infusion period lasted 10 d, after which lambs were killed, exsanguinated and eviscerated. Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were prepared using mucosa from different small intestinal regions. Intake and total tract digestibility of nutrients were similar between treatments and averaged 1134, 1142 and 486 g/d and 67, 70, and 94 % for DM, organic matter and non-structural carbohydrates respectively. Crude protein (N×6·25) digestibility was 15 % greater in the casein-infused than control lambs. Glucose uptake to BBMV ranged from 101 to 337 pmol/mg protein per s along the small intestine and was greatest in the mid-section of the small intestine. In the mid-jejunum, glucose uptake was greater (P<0·07) in lambs infused with casein and averaged 120 pmol/mg protein per s compared with 68 pmol/mg protein per s in the control group. SGLT1 affinity was similar between treatments and averaged 104 μM in the different segments of the small intestine of lambs. However, lambs infused with casein exhibited similar values along the small intestine and affinity averaged 106 μm, while in the control group a greater affinity (85 μm) was measured in the mid-jejunum. SGLT1 protein abundance was correlated with glucose uptake in the BBMV in the casein-treated lambs, but not in the control group. These results suggest that glucose uptake along the small intestine of lambs is influenced by casein or its derivatives in the small intestine via SGLT1 affinity and activity at the brush border membrane, and that SGLT1 activity may be regulated by post-translational events affected by amino acids and peptides.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF THE SMALL INTESTINE IN ACUTE STRANGULATIVE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN THE STAGE OF DECOMPOSITION IN CHILDREN

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Solovev ◽  
I. V. Vasin ◽  
O. А. Kul’chitskij
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Intestinal Necrosis ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Intestinal Strangulation ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Adhesive Obstruction

Purpose. The purpose was to determine the depth and prevalence of pathomorphological changes in the small intestine of children at the distance from the visible border of necrosis with decompensated acute strangulated intestinal obstruction (ASIO) to determine the minimum possible length of intestinal resection.Material and methods. Morphological studies of a resected fragment of the small intestine were performed in 24 children aged 3 days to 18 years who had undergone a surgery for ASIO with intestinal necrosis. Strangulated adhesive obstruction was found in 17 children, five children had congenital intestine torsion and two children faced small intestinal strangulation in the congenital mesenteric defect. The postsurgical material was studied morphologically using histological stains with the distance of 3 cm between the section.Results. The depth, prevalence of the morphological changes in the small intestinal wall, intensity and length of morphological changes in children with decompensated ASIO were determined.Conclusion. A differentiated approach to the selection of resection scope in the proximal and distal directions from the visible border of ASIO-related necrosis is necessary. The distances are twice shorter in children as compared to adults. Refusal from extensive resections will enable to reduce the rate of short bowel syndrome in children.

scholarly journals The effect of flufenamic acid on gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity and transit time in dogs

Gut ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Farrugia ◽  
S Nitecki ◽  
G J Harty ◽  
M Camilleri ◽  
J H Szurszewski
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Spike Activity ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Gastrointestinal Transit ◽  
Flufenamic Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Small Intestinal Transit ◽  
Small Intestinal

Background—Flufenamic acid, a fenamate, has been shown to alter markedly the membrane potential of small intestinal smooth muscle and increase intracellular calcium in single cells.Aims—To determine the effects of flufenamic acid on myoelectrical motor activity and gastrointestinal transit in the intact animal.Methods—Myoelectrical motor activity was recorded via seromuscular platinum electrodes sutured at regular intervals in the stomach and throughout the small intestine. Fasted and fed gastrointestinal transit was assessed using technetium-99m (99mTc) as the radioactive marker linked to 1 mm amberlite pellets or added to the meal.Results—Flufenamic acid (600 mg, intravenously) induced intense spike activity in the small intestine. The mean duration of irregular spike activity was 250 (7) minutes. Spike activity was more pronounced in the lower small intestine. Flufenamic acid also accelerated initial gastric emptying and markedly shortened transit time in the small intestine. In the fasted state the 50% transit time in the small intestine was 54 (8) minutes with infusion of flufenamic acid compared with 105 (10) minutes in the control group; in the fed state 99mTc first reached the colon at 220 (10) minutes compared with 270 (12) minutes in the control group.Conclusions—Flufenamic acid had marked effects on both myoelectrical motor complex activity and small intestinal transit in the dog. The observed effects suggest that flufenamic acid may be of potential use as a prokinetic agent.

Management of a linear foreign body gastrointestinal obstruction in a miniature pig

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. e000791
Author(s):  
Anna Ehrle ◽  
Amy Gillespie ◽  
Luis M Rubio-Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Hospital Care ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
Exploratory Laparotomy ◽  
Uneventful Recovery ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Miniature Pig ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Gastrointestinal Obstruction ◽  
Small Intestinal

A four-year-old miniature pot-bellied pig was presented for treatment of suspected foreign body ingestion. Exploratory laparotomy identified a linear foreign body obstructing the pylorus, duodenum and proximal jejunum. In order to avoid small intestinal resection, combined gastrotomy and enterotomy of the proximal jejunum was performed to evacuate the foreign body. Necrotic areas at the enteromesenteric junction were oversewn. The foreign material was found to be part of a duvet the owners had provided as bedding for the pig. The pig made an uneventful recovery and was discharged from hospital care four days after surgery.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary leucine and phenylalanine on gastrointestinal development and small intestinal enzyme activities in milk-fed holstein dairy calves

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangchun Cao ◽  
Shimin Liu ◽  
Xinjian Yang ◽  
Long Guo ◽  
Chuanjiang Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Amino Acid Group ◽  
Small Intestinal

Abstract This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of leucine and phenylalanine on the development of the gastrointestinal tract and the intestinal digestive enzyme activity in male Holstein dairy calves. Twenty calves with a body weight of 38 ± 3 kg at 1 day of age were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a leucine group (1.435 g·l−1), a phenylalanine group (0.725 g·l−1), and a mixed amino acid group (1.435 g·l−1 leucine plus 0.725 g·l−1 phenylalanine). The supplementation of leucine decreased the short-circuit current (Isc) of the rumen and duodenum (P<0.01); phenylalanine did not show any influence on the Isc of rumen and duodenum (P>0.05), and also counteracted the Isc reduction caused by leucine. Leucine increased the trypsin activity at the 20% relative site of the small intestine (P<0.05). There was no difference in the activity of α-amylase and of lactase in the small intestinal chyme among four treatments (P>0.05). The trypsin activity in the anterior segment of the small intestine was higher than other segments, whereas the α-amylase activity in the posterior segment of the small intestine was higher than other segments. Leucine can reduce Isc of the rumen and duodenum, improve the development of the gastrointestinal tract, and enhance trypsin activity; phenylalanine could inhibit the effect of leucine in promoting intestinal development.

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