scholarly journals Effects of dietary leucine and phenylalanine on gastrointestinal development and small intestinal enzyme activities in milk-fed holstein dairy calves

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangchun Cao ◽  
Shimin Liu ◽  
Xinjian Yang ◽  
Long Guo ◽  
Chuanjiang Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Amino Acid Group ◽  
Small Intestinal

Abstract This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of leucine and phenylalanine on the development of the gastrointestinal tract and the intestinal digestive enzyme activity in male Holstein dairy calves. Twenty calves with a body weight of 38 ± 3 kg at 1 day of age were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a leucine group (1.435 g·l−1), a phenylalanine group (0.725 g·l−1), and a mixed amino acid group (1.435 g·l−1 leucine plus 0.725 g·l−1 phenylalanine). The supplementation of leucine decreased the short-circuit current (Isc) of the rumen and duodenum (P<0.01); phenylalanine did not show any influence on the Isc of rumen and duodenum (P>0.05), and also counteracted the Isc reduction caused by leucine. Leucine increased the trypsin activity at the 20% relative site of the small intestine (P<0.05). There was no difference in the activity of α-amylase and of lactase in the small intestinal chyme among four treatments (P>0.05). The trypsin activity in the anterior segment of the small intestine was higher than other segments, whereas the α-amylase activity in the posterior segment of the small intestine was higher than other segments. Leucine can reduce Isc of the rumen and duodenum, improve the development of the gastrointestinal tract, and enhance trypsin activity; phenylalanine could inhibit the effect of leucine in promoting intestinal development.

scholarly journals Stunted childhood growth is associated with decompartmentalization of the gastrointestinal tract and overgrowth of oropharyngeal taxa

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (36) ◽  
pp. E8489-E8498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Vonaesch ◽  
Evan Morien ◽  
Lova Andrianonimiadana ◽  
Hugues Sanke ◽  
Jean-Robert Mbecko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Growth Delay ◽  
Current View ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Small Intestinal

Linear growth delay (stunting) affects roughly 155 million children under the age of 5 years worldwide. Treatment has been limited by a lack of understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Stunting is most likely associated with changes in the microbial community of the small intestine, a compartment vital for digestion and nutrient absorption. Efforts to better understand the pathophysiology have been hampered by difficulty of access to small intestinal fluids. Here, we describe the microbial community found in the upper gastrointestinal tract of stunted children aged 2–5 y living in sub-Saharan Africa. We studied 46 duodenal and 57 gastric samples from stunted children, as well as 404 fecal samples from stunted and nonstunted children living in Bangui, Central African Republic, and in Antananarivo, Madagascar, using 16S Illumina Amplicon sequencing and semiquantitative culture methods. The vast majority of the stunted children showed small intestinal bacterial overgrowth dominated by bacteria that normally reside in the oropharyngeal cavity. There was an overrepresentation of oral bacteria in fecal samples of stunted children, opening the way for developing noninvasive diagnostic markers. In addition, Escherichia coli/Shigella sp. and Campylobacter sp. were found to be more prevalent in stunted children, while Clostridia, well-known butyrate producers, were reduced. Our data suggest that stunting is associated with a microbiome “decompartmentalization” of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by an increased presence of oropharyngeal bacteria from the stomach to the colon, hence challenging the current view of stunting arising solely as a consequence of small intestine overstimulation through recurrent infections by enteric pathogens.

In vitro Gastrointestinal Models for Prebiotic Carbohydrates: A Critical Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (32) ◽  
pp. 3478-3483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswaldo Hernandez-Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Brush Border ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Existing Data

Background: In the last decade, various consortia and companies have created standardized digestion protocols and gastrointestinal simulators, such as the protocol proposed by the INFOGEST Consortium, the simulator SHIME, the simulator simgi®, the TIM, etc. Most of them claim to simulate the entire human gastrointestinal tract. However, few results have been reported on the use of these systems with potential prebiotic carbohydrates. Methods: This critical review addresses the existing data on the analysis of prebiotic carbohydrates by different in vitro gastrointestinal simulators, the lack of parameters that could affect the results, and recommendations for their enhancement. Results: According to the reviewed data, there is a lack of a realistic approximation of the small intestinal conditions, mainly because of the absence of hydrolytic conditions, such as the presence of small intestinal brush border carbohydrases that can affect the digestibility of different carbohydrates, including prebiotics. Conclusion: There is a necessity to standardize and enhance the small intestine simulators to study the in vitro digestibility of carbohydrates.

scholarly journals Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to a Small Intestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor in a Young Adult

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 668-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mami Yamamoto ◽  
Kentaroh Yamamoto ◽  
Hirotaka Taketomi ◽  
Fumio Yamamoto ◽  
Hiroshi Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor ◽  
Stromal Tumor ◽  
Intestinal Tumors ◽  
Small Bowel Tumors ◽  
Vascular Abnormalities ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

The source of most cases of gastrointestinal bleeding is the upper gastrointestinal tract. Since bleeding from the small intestine is very rare and difficult to diagnose, time is required to identify the source. Among small intestine bleeds, vascular abnormalities account for 70–80%, followed by small intestine tumors that account for 5–10%. The reported peak age of the onset of small intestinal tumors is about 50 years. Furthermore, rare small bowel tumors account for only 1–2% of all gastrointestinal tumors. We describe a 29-year-old man who presented with obscure anemia due to gastrointestinal bleeding and underwent laparotomy. Surgical findings revealed a well-circumscribed lesion measuring 45 × 40 mm in the jejunum that initially appeared similar to diverticulosis with an abscess. However, the postoperative pathological diagnosis was a gastrointestinal stromal tumor with extramural growth.

scholarly journals Na+/glucose co-transporter abundance and activity in the small intestine of lambs: enhancement by abomasal infusion of casein

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer J. Mabjeesh ◽  
Dafna Guy ◽  
David Sklan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Group A ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Infusion Period

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of abomasal casein infusion on glucose uptake and abundance of the Na+/glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) 1 in the ovine small intestine. Lambs (body weight 35 (SEM 1·0) kg) were surgically fitted with abomasal infusion catheters and were fed diets containing equal portions of wheat hay and cracked maize. Lambs were infused with either 500 g water/d or with 500 g water containing 35 g casein/d. The infusion period lasted 10 d, after which lambs were killed, exsanguinated and eviscerated. Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were prepared using mucosa from different small intestinal regions. Intake and total tract digestibility of nutrients were similar between treatments and averaged 1134, 1142 and 486 g/d and 67, 70, and 94 % for DM, organic matter and non-structural carbohydrates respectively. Crude protein (N×6·25) digestibility was 15 % greater in the casein-infused than control lambs. Glucose uptake to BBMV ranged from 101 to 337 pmol/mg protein per s along the small intestine and was greatest in the mid-section of the small intestine. In the mid-jejunum, glucose uptake was greater (P<0·07) in lambs infused with casein and averaged 120 pmol/mg protein per s compared with 68 pmol/mg protein per s in the control group. SGLT1 affinity was similar between treatments and averaged 104 μM in the different segments of the small intestine of lambs. However, lambs infused with casein exhibited similar values along the small intestine and affinity averaged 106 μm, while in the control group a greater affinity (85 μm) was measured in the mid-jejunum. SGLT1 protein abundance was correlated with glucose uptake in the BBMV in the casein-treated lambs, but not in the control group. These results suggest that glucose uptake along the small intestine of lambs is influenced by casein or its derivatives in the small intestine via SGLT1 affinity and activity at the brush border membrane, and that SGLT1 activity may be regulated by post-translational events affected by amino acids and peptides.

scholarly journals Chlamydia Deficient in Plasmid-Encoded pGP3 Is Prevented from Spreading to Large Intestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Huo ◽  
Conghui He ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Tianjun Jia ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Oral Inoculation ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Gastric Barrier ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Do So ◽  
Live Organism

ABSTRACT The cryptic plasmid pCM is critical for chlamydial colonization in the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, orally inoculated plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. was still able to colonize the gut. Surprisingly, orally inoculated Chlamydia sp. deficient in only plasmid-encoded pGP3 was no longer able to colonize the gut. A comparison of live organism recoveries from individual gastrointestinal tissues revealed that pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. survived significantly better than plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. in small intestinal tissues. However, the small intestinal pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. failed to reach the large intestine, explaining the lack of live pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. in rectal swabs following an oral inoculation. Interestingly, pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. was able to colonize the colon following an intracolon inoculation, suggesting that pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. might be prevented from spreading from the small intestine to the large intestine. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that following an intrajejunal inoculation that bypasses the gastric barrier, pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. still failed to reach the large intestine, although similarly inoculated plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. was able to do so. Interestingly, when both types of organisms were intrajejunally coinoculated into the same mouse small intestine, plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. was no longer able to spread to the large intestine, suggesting that pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. might be able to activate an intestinal resistance for regulating Chlamydia sp. spreading. Thus, the current study has not only provided evidence for reconciling a previously identified conflicting phenotype but also revealed a potential intestinal resistance to chlamydial spreading. Efforts are under way to further define the mechanism of the putative intestinal resistance.

scholarly journals Comparison of Digestive Enzyme Activities and Expression of Small Intestinal Transporter Genes in Jinhua and Landrace Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuting Liu ◽  
Wentao Lyu ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Kaikai Lv ◽  
Fen Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Ileal Mucosa ◽  
Digestive Enzyme Activities ◽  
Small Intestinal

Digestive enzyme activity is involved in the regulation of growth performance because digestive enzymes function to improve the feed efficiency by digestion and in turn to modulate the process of nutrient metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences of the digestive enzyme activities and expression of nutrient transporters in the intestinal tract between Jinhua and Landrace pigs and to explore the potential breed-specificity in digestion and absorption. The pancreas segments and the digesta and mucosa of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected from 10 Jinhua pigs and Landrace pigs, respectively. The activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase were measured and the expression levels of PepT1, GLUT2, SGLT1, FABP1, FABP2, and FABP4 were examined. Results showed that the trypsin activity in the pancreas of Jinhua pigs was higher than that in Landrace pigs, but was lower in the small intestine, except for in the jejunal mucosa. The chymotrypsin activity in the small intestine of Jinhua pigs was higher than that in Landrace pigs, except for in jejunal mucosa and contents. Compared with Landrace pigs, the amylase and maltase activity in the small intestine of Jinhua pigs was lower, except for in ileal mucosa. The sucrase activity in the small intestine of Jinhua pigs was also lower than Landrace pigs, except for in jejunal mucosa. Furthermore, the lipase activity in the small intestine of Jinhua pigs was higher than that in Landrace pigs. The mRNA levels of PepT1 and GLUT2 in duodenal, jejunal and ileal mucosa showed no difference between Jinhua and Landrace pigs, whereas SGLT1 in ileal mucosa was lower in Jinhua pigs. The mRNA levels of FABP1, FABP2 and FABP4 in the small intestinal mucosa of Jinhua pigs were higher than in Landrace pigs. These findings indicate that there is a certain difference in the digestibility and absorption of nutrients in small intestine of Jinhua and Landrace pigs, partially resulting in their differences in growth development and fat deposition.

scholarly journals Expression of proposed methionine transporters along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs and their regulation by dietary methionine sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Romanet ◽  
Jörg R. Aschenbach ◽  
Robert Pieper ◽  
Jürgen Zentek ◽  
John K. Htoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Small Intestinal

Abstract Background Given the key role of methionine (Met) in biological processes like protein translation, methylation, and antioxidant defense, inadequate Met supply can limit performance. This study investigated the effect of different dietary Met sources on the expression profile of various Met transporters along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Methods A total of 27 pigs received a diet supplemented with 0.21% DL-Met, 0.21% L-Met, or 0.31% DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA). Changes in mRNA expression of B0AT1, ATB0,+, rBAT, ASCT2, IMINO, LAT4, y+LAT1, LAT2, and SNAT2 were evaluated in the oral mucosa, cardia, fundus, pylorus, duodenum, proximal jejunum, middle jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon, complemented by protein expression analysis of B0AT1, ASCT2, LAT2, and LAT4. Results Expression of all investigated transcripts differed significantly along the GIT. B0AT1, rBAT, y+LAT1, LAT2, and LAT4 showed strongest mRNA expression in small intestinal segments. ASCT2, IMINO, and SNAT2 were similarly expressed along the small and large intestines but expression differed in the oral mucosa and stomach. ATB0,+ showed highest mRNA expression in large intestinal tissues, cardia, and pylorus. In pigs fed DL-Met, mRNA expression of ASCT2 was higher than in pigs fed DL-HMTBA in small intestinal tissues and mRNA expression of IMINO was lower than in pigs fed L-Met in large intestinal tissues. Dietary DL-HMTBA induced a stronger mRNA expression of basolateral uptake systems either in the small (LAT2) or large (y+LAT1) intestine. Protein expression of B0AT1 was higher in the middle jejunum and ileum in pigs fed DL-Met when compared with the other Met supplements. LAT4 expression was higher in pigs fed DL-HMTBA when compared with DL-Met (small intestine) and L-Met (small intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach). Conclusion A high expression of several Met transporters in small intestinal segments underlines the primary role of these segments in amino acid absorption; however, some Met transporters show high transcript and protein levels also in large intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach. A diet containing DL-Met has potential to increase apical Met transport in the small intestine, whereas a diet containing DL-HMTBA has potential to increase basolateral Met transport in the small intestine and, partly, other gastrointestinal tissues.

Hemangioma of the small intestine in a child

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-131
Author(s):  
P. N. Grebnev ◽  
Ya. M. Mustafin ◽  
D. V. Osipov
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Intestinal Bleeding ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Small Intestinal

Small intestinal hemangiomas in surgical patients with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract occur in only 0.009% of cases. Intestinal bleeding is often the first and only sign of a disease that is asymptomatic for a long time. This pathology is also extremely difficult to diagnose.

Congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract

2010 ◽  
pp. 2395-2404
Author(s):  
V.M. Wright ◽  
J.A. Walker-Smith ◽  
I.R. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Imperforate Anus ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Oesophageal Atresia ◽  
Abdominal Wall Defects ◽  
Intestinal Lymphangiectasia ◽  
Colonic Atresia ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Hirschprung's Disease

Congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract usually manifest shortly after birth, but on occasion symptoms may be delayed for months or even years. Any part of the gut can be affected, with problems including oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula, anterior abdominal wall defects, congenital pyloric stenosis, atresia and stenosis of the small intestine, duplication of the gastrointestinal tract, small-intestinal malrotation with or without volvulus, small-intestinal lymphangiectasia, Meckel’s diverticulum, meconium ileus, congenital short intestine, colonic atresia, Hirschprung’s disease, and imperforate anus....

scholarly journals The effect of flufenamic acid on gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity and transit time in dogs

Gut ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Farrugia ◽  
S Nitecki ◽  
G J Harty ◽  
M Camilleri ◽  
J H Szurszewski
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Spike Activity ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Gastrointestinal Transit ◽  
Flufenamic Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Small Intestinal Transit ◽  
Small Intestinal

Background—Flufenamic acid, a fenamate, has been shown to alter markedly the membrane potential of small intestinal smooth muscle and increase intracellular calcium in single cells.Aims—To determine the effects of flufenamic acid on myoelectrical motor activity and gastrointestinal transit in the intact animal.Methods—Myoelectrical motor activity was recorded via seromuscular platinum electrodes sutured at regular intervals in the stomach and throughout the small intestine. Fasted and fed gastrointestinal transit was assessed using technetium-99m (99mTc) as the radioactive marker linked to 1 mm amberlite pellets or added to the meal.Results—Flufenamic acid (600 mg, intravenously) induced intense spike activity in the small intestine. The mean duration of irregular spike activity was 250 (7) minutes. Spike activity was more pronounced in the lower small intestine. Flufenamic acid also accelerated initial gastric emptying and markedly shortened transit time in the small intestine. In the fasted state the 50% transit time in the small intestine was 54 (8) minutes with infusion of flufenamic acid compared with 105 (10) minutes in the control group; in the fed state 99mTc first reached the colon at 220 (10) minutes compared with 270 (12) minutes in the control group.Conclusions—Flufenamic acid had marked effects on both myoelectrical motor complex activity and small intestinal transit in the dog. The observed effects suggest that flufenamic acid may be of potential use as a prokinetic agent.

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