scholarly journals Modelling and Validation of Computer Vision Techniques to Assess Heart Rate, Eye Temperature, Ear-Base Temperature and Respiration Rate in Cattle

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jorquera-Chavez ◽  
Sigfredo Fuentes ◽  
Frank R. Dunshea ◽  
Robyn D. Warner ◽  
Tomas Poblete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Eye Temperature

Precision livestock farming has emerged with the aim of providing detailed information to detect and reduce problems related to animal management. This study aimed to develop and validate computer vision techniques to track required features of cattle face and to remotely assess eye temperature, ear-base temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate in cattle. Ten dairy cows were recorded during six handling procedures across two consecutive days using thermal infrared cameras and RGB (red, green, blue) video cameras. Simultaneously, core body temperature, respiration rate and heart rate were measured using more conventional ‘invasive’ methods to be compared with the data obtained with the proposed algorithms. The feature tracking algorithm, developed to improve image processing, showed an accuracy between 92% and 95% when tracking different areas of the face of cows. The results of this study also show correlation coefficients up to 0.99 between temperature measures obtained invasively and those obtained remotely, with the highest values achieved when the analysis was performed within individual cows. In the case of respiration rate, a positive correlation (r = 0.87) was found between visual observations and the analysis of non-radiometric infrared videos. Low to high correlation coefficients were found between the heart rates (0.09–0.99) obtained from attached monitors and from the proposed method. Furthermore, camera location and the area analysed appear to have a relevant impact on the performance of the proposed techniques. This study shows positive outcomes from the proposed computer vision techniques when measuring physiological parameters. Further research is needed to automate and improve these techniques to measure physiological changes in farm animals considering their individual characteristics.

EFFECTS OF LOW FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON FARM ANIMALS: I. INFLUENCE OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE ON THE RESPIRATION RATE, HEART RATE, AND RECTAL TEMPERATURE OF LACTATING HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COWS

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. MacDonald ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Holstein Friesian

This report presents data on the effect of low fluctuating ambient air temperatures on the rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows.Daily minimum ambient air temperature (DMAAT) inside the uninsulated University of Saskatchewan loose-housing shed ranged from −5° F. to 38° F. As ambient temperature decreased, rectal temperature and heart rate increased, while respiration rate decreased. Levels of significance were 10, 9, and 1 per cent for regressions of rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate, respectively, on DMAAT. Levels of significance were 7, 10, and 1 per cent for regressions of rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate, respectively, on degree hours per day (d-h/day). Degree hours per day is a measurement unit developed by the authors and is based on time and difference in degrees from 50° F.Change in rectal temperature and heart rate were not significantly (P = >.05) correlated with either change in d-h/day or change in DMAAT. Change in respiration rate was significantly (P = <.02) and negatively correlated with change in d-h/day and significantly (P = <.06) and positively correlated with change in DMAAT.Heart rate, rectal temperature, and respiration rate were not significantly correlated with each other. However, change in respiration rate was positively correlated with change in rectal temperature (P = <.03).While the influence of low temperatures resulted in small changes in these physiological characteristics compared to those experienced elsewhere in high temperature zones, it cannot be concluded that lactating cows were entirely free of thermal stress at temperatures as low as 0° F.

EFFECTS OF LOW FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON FARM ANIMALS: V. INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON LACTATING DAIRY COWS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
C. M. Williams ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Fluctuating Temperatures

The respiration rate, heart rate, milk composition, and milk production of Holstein–Friesian cows were measured during the winter in a loose-housing type barn which resulted in conditions of moderate relative humidity (72–79%) and low fluctuating ambient air temperatures (−3°F and above). These results are compared with the results from a similar study carried out the previous winter when humidities in the barn ranged from 90 to 100%. This study confirmed the conclusions of the previous year that changes in respiration rate are closely related to changes in air temperatures and that heart rate and rectal temperatures are unaffected by low fluctuating temperatures. Milk production did not decrease with decreasing air temperatures in this study as reported previously with higher humidity readings. A negative correlation between percentage butterfat and relative humidity was observed.

scholarly journals Remotely Sensed Imagery for Early Detection of Respiratory Disease in Pigs: A Pilot Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jorquera-Chavez ◽  
Sigfredo Fuentes ◽  
Frank R. Dunshea ◽  
Robyn D. Warner ◽  
Tomas Poblete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Computer Vision Technology ◽  
Thermal Infrared Imagery ◽  
Clinical Illness ◽  
The Impact

Respiratory diseases are a major problem in the pig industry worldwide. Due to the impact of these diseases, the early identification of infected herds is essential. Computer vision technology, using RGB (red, green and blue) and thermal infrared imagery, can assist the early detection of changes in animal physiology related to these and other diseases. This pilot study aimed to identify whether these techniques are a useful tool to detect early changes of eye and ear-base temperature, heart rate and respiration rate in pigs that were challenged with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Clinical observations and imagery were analysed, comparing data obtained from animals that showed some signs of illness with data from animals that showed no signs of ill health. Highly significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between sick and healthy pigs in heart rate, eye and ear temperature, with higher heart rate and higher temperatures in sick pigs. The largest change in temperature and heart rate remotely measured was observed around 4–6 h before signs of clinical illness were observed by the skilled technicians. These data suggest that computer vision techniques could be a useful tool to detect indicators of disease before the symptoms can be observed by stock people, assisting the early detection and control of respiratory diseases in pigs, promoting further research to study the capability and possible uses of this technology for on farm monitoring and management.

scholarly journals Pathophysiology of Fever and Application of Infrared Thermography (IRT) in the Detection of Sick Domestic Animals: Recent Advances

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2316
Author(s):  
Daniel Mota-Rojas ◽  
Dehua Wang ◽  
Cristiane Gonçalves Titto ◽  
Jocelyn Gómez-Prado ◽  
Verónica Carvajal-de la Fuente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Stable Temperature ◽  
Core Body

Body-temperature elevations are multifactorial in origin and classified as hyperthermia as a rise in temperature due to alterations in the thermoregulation mechanism; the body loses the ability to control or regulate body temperature. In contrast, fever is a controlled state, since the body adjusts its stable temperature range to increase body temperature without losing the thermoregulation capacity. Fever refers to an acute phase response that confers a survival benefit on the body, raising core body temperature during infection or systemic inflammation processes to reduce the survival and proliferation of infectious pathogens by altering temperature, restriction of essential nutrients, and the activation of an immune reaction. However, once the infection resolves, the febrile response must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive tissue damage. During fever, neurological, endocrine, immunological, and metabolic changes occur that cause an increase in the stable temperature range, which allows the core body temperature to be considerably increased to stop the invasion of the offending agent and restrict the damage to the organism. There are different metabolic mechanisms of thermoregulation in the febrile response at the central and peripheral levels and cellular events. In response to cold or heat, the brain triggers thermoregulatory responses to coping with changes in body temperature, including autonomic effectors, such as thermogenesis, vasodilation, sweating, and behavioral mechanisms, that trigger flexible, goal-oriented actions, such as seeking heat or cold, nest building, and postural extension. Infrared thermography (IRT) has proven to be a reliable method for the early detection of pathologies affecting animal health and welfare that represent economic losses for farmers. However, the standardization of protocols for IRT use is still needed. Together with the complete understanding of the physiological and behavioral responses involved in the febrile process, it is possible to have timely solutions to serious problem situations. For this reason, the present review aims to analyze the new findings in pathophysiological mechanisms of the febrile process, the heat-loss mechanisms in an animal with fever, thermoregulation, the adverse effects of fever, and recent scientific findings related to different pathologies in farm animals through the use of IRT.

scholarly journals Precision Technologies to Address Dairy Cattle Welfare: Focus on Lameness, Mastitis and Body Condition

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2253
Author(s):  
Severiano R. Silva ◽  
José P. Araujo ◽  
Cristina Guedes ◽  
Flávio Silva ◽  
Mariana Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Farm Animal Welfare ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Technological Support ◽  
Technological Tools ◽  
Cow Welfare ◽  
Time Assessment

Specific animal-based indicators that can be used to predict animal welfare have been the core of protocols for assessing the welfare of farm animals, such as those produced by the Welfare Quality project. At the same time, the contribution of technological tools for the accurate and real-time assessment of farm animal welfare is also evident. The solutions based on technological tools fit into the precision livestock farming (PLF) concept, which has improved productivity, economic sustainability, and animal welfare in dairy farms. PLF has been adopted recently; nevertheless, the need for technological support on farms is getting more and more attention and has translated into significant scientific contributions in various fields of the dairy industry, but with an emphasis on the health and welfare of the cows. This review aims to present the recent advances of PLF in dairy cow welfare, particularly in the assessment of lameness, mastitis, and body condition, which are among the most relevant animal-based indications for the welfare of cows. Finally, a discussion is presented on the possibility of integrating the information obtained by PLF into a welfare assessment framework.

scholarly journals Estimation of cardiovascular drift through ear temperature during prolonged steady-state cycling: a study protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000907
Author(s):  
Giovanni Polsinelli ◽  
Angelo Rodio ◽  
Bruno Federico
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Study Protocol ◽  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Cardiovascular Drift ◽  
Core Body ◽  
Steady State Cycling

IntroductionThe measurement of heart rate is commonly used to estimate exercise intensity. However, during endurance performance, the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption may be compromised by cardiovascular drift. This physiological phenomenon mainly consists of a time-dependent increase in heart rate and decrease in systolic volume and may lead to overestimate absolute exercise intensity in prediction models based on heart rate. Previous research has established that cardiovascular drift is correlated to the increase in core body temperature during prolonged exercise. Therefore, monitoring body temperature during exercise may allow to quantify the increase in heart rate attributable to cardiovascular drift and to improve the estimate of absolute exercise intensity. Monitoring core body temperature during exercise may be invasive or inappropriate, but the external auditory canal is an easily accessible alternative site for temperature measurement.Methods and analysisThis study aims to assess the degree of correlation between trends in heart rate and in ear temperature during 120 min of steady-state cycling with intensity of 59% of heart rate reserve in a thermally neutral indoor environment. Ear temperature will be monitored both at the external auditory canal level with a contact probe and at the tympanic level with a professional infrared thermometer.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol was approved by an independent ethics committee. The results will be submitted for publication in academic journals and disseminated to stakeholders through summary documents and information meetings.

scholarly journals A Trigonometric Projection Method for Overcoming High Intensity Heart Rate Caused Waveform Deformation in Electrocardiogram Biometrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsu-Wang Shen ◽  
Shan-Chun Chang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Biometric Technology ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Electrocardiogram Signal ◽  
Mean Square Difference ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg

Abstract Purpose Although electrocardiogram (ECG) has been proven as a biometric for human identification, applying biometric technology remains challenging with diverse heart rate circumstances in which high intensity heart rate caused waveform deformation may not be known in advance when ECG templates are registered. Methods A calibration method that calculates the ratio of the length of an unidentified electrocardiogram signal to the length of an electrocardiogram template is proposed in this paper. Next, the R peak is used as an axis anchor point of a trigonometric projection (TP) to attain the displacement value. Finally, the unidentified ECG signal is calibrated according to the generated trigonometric value, which corresponds to the trigonometric projection degree of the ratio and the attained displacement measurement. Results The results reveal that the proposed method provides superior overall performance compared with that of the conventional downsampling method, based on the percentage root mean square difference (PRD), correlation coefficients, and mean square error (MSE). Conclusion The curve fitting equation directly maps from the heart rate levels to the TP degree without prior registration information. The proposed ECG calibration method offers a more robust system against heart rate interference when conducting ECG identification.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology and Reproductive Management of Farm Animals: Challenges and Advances

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1932
Author(s):  
Nesrein M. Hashem ◽  
Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Livestock Farming Systems ◽  
Reproductive Disease ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Reproductive efficiency of farm animals has central consequences on productivity and profitability of livestock farming systems. Optimal reproductive management is based on applying different strategies, including biological, hormonal, nutritional strategies, as well as reproductive disease control. These strategies should not only guarantee sufficient reproductive outcomes but should also comply with practical and ethical aspects. For example, the efficiency of the biological- and hormonal-based reproductive strategies is mainly related to several biological factors and physiological status of animals, and of nutritional strategies, additional factors, such as digestion and absorption, can contribute. In addition, the management of reproductive-related diseases is challenged by the concerns regarding the intensive use of antibiotics and the development of antimicrobial resistant strains. The emergence of nanotechnology applications in livestock farming systems may present innovative and new solutions for overcoming reproductive management challenges. Many drugs (hormones and antibiotics), biological molecules, and nutrients can acquire novel physicochemical properties using nanotechnology; the main ones are improved bioavailability, higher cellular uptake, controlled sustained release, and lower toxicity compared with ordinary forms. In this review, we illustrate advances in the most common reproductive management strategies by applying nanotechnology, considering the current challenges of each strategy.

Maximum Eye Temperature in the Assessment of Training in Racehorses: Correlations With Salivary Cortisol Concentration, Rectal Temperature, and Heart Rate

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Soroko ◽  
Kevin Howell ◽  
Anna Zwyrzykowska ◽  
Krzysztof Dudek ◽  
Paulina Zielińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Eye Temperature

Stress level in wild harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) during satellite tagging measured by respiration, heart rate and cortisol

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.G. Eskesen ◽  
J. Teilmann ◽  
B.M. Geertsen ◽  
G. Desportes ◽  
F. Riget ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Phocoena Phocoena ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Stressed Animal ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Satellite Tagging

During satellite tagging of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), heart rate, respiration rate and cortisol value were measured to evaluate stress effects during handling and tagging. Respiration rates were obtained using video recordings, heart rates were recorded and serum cortisol levels were analysed from blood samples. Differences in heart rates, respiration rates and cortisol levels before and during the tagging events were investigated. An overall significant decrease of 31.5% in respiration rate was found during the tagging event period, while mature porpoises respired significantly more often than immature individuals. Though significant differences in heart rates were found for some individuals, no general significant change for all animals was detected. We found no correlation between cortisol concentration and either heart rate or respiration rate, nor did we find any relationships between cortisol and month of year, sex and body length. As high individual variations occurred in response to tagging of harbour porpoises, it is not possible to give general advice based on the factors investigated, on how to reduce stress during handling. However, pouring water over the animal and lowering it into the water seem to stabilize a stressed animal. Therefore, general precaution and individual judgement based on experience is essential when handling wild harbour porpoises.

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