EFFECTS OF LOW FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON FARM ANIMALS: I. INFLUENCE OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE ON THE RESPIRATION RATE, HEART RATE, AND RECTAL TEMPERATURE OF LACTATING HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COWS

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. MacDonald ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Holstein Friesian

This report presents data on the effect of low fluctuating ambient air temperatures on the rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows.Daily minimum ambient air temperature (DMAAT) inside the uninsulated University of Saskatchewan loose-housing shed ranged from −5° F. to 38° F. As ambient temperature decreased, rectal temperature and heart rate increased, while respiration rate decreased. Levels of significance were 10, 9, and 1 per cent for regressions of rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate, respectively, on DMAAT. Levels of significance were 7, 10, and 1 per cent for regressions of rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate, respectively, on degree hours per day (d-h/day). Degree hours per day is a measurement unit developed by the authors and is based on time and difference in degrees from 50° F.Change in rectal temperature and heart rate were not significantly (P = >.05) correlated with either change in d-h/day or change in DMAAT. Change in respiration rate was significantly (P = <.02) and negatively correlated with change in d-h/day and significantly (P = <.06) and positively correlated with change in DMAAT.Heart rate, rectal temperature, and respiration rate were not significantly correlated with each other. However, change in respiration rate was positively correlated with change in rectal temperature (P = <.03).While the influence of low temperatures resulted in small changes in these physiological characteristics compared to those experienced elsewhere in high temperature zones, it cannot be concluded that lactating cows were entirely free of thermal stress at temperatures as low as 0° F.

EFFECTS OF LOW FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON FARM ANIMALS: V. INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON LACTATING DAIRY COWS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
C. M. Williams ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Fluctuating Temperatures

The respiration rate, heart rate, milk composition, and milk production of Holstein–Friesian cows were measured during the winter in a loose-housing type barn which resulted in conditions of moderate relative humidity (72–79%) and low fluctuating ambient air temperatures (−3°F and above). These results are compared with the results from a similar study carried out the previous winter when humidities in the barn ranged from 90 to 100%. This study confirmed the conclusions of the previous year that changes in respiration rate are closely related to changes in air temperatures and that heart rate and rectal temperatures are unaffected by low fluctuating temperatures. Milk production did not decrease with decreasing air temperatures in this study as reported previously with higher humidity readings. A negative correlation between percentage butterfat and relative humidity was observed.

EFFECTS OF LOW FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON FARM ANIMALS.: III. INFLUENCE OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE ON FEED INTAKE OF LACTATING HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COWS

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. MacDonald ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Cent Level ◽  
Friesian Cows

This report presents effects of low temperatures on the feed consumption and efficiency of milk production of six mature, lactating, Holstein-Friesian cows that were confined in stanchions for three fortnightly experimental periods during which ambient temperatures measured in degree-hours per day (d-h/day) ranged from 110 to 1152 and daily minimum ambient air temperature (DMAAT) varied from 0° to 38°F. Applying results obtained, it was calculated that as temperatures decreased, i.e., d-h/day increased from 100 to 1200 and DMAAT decreased from 40° to 0°F, average daily intakes of total dry matter, hay, and gross and digestible Calories increased approximately 6.4 lb., 5.3 lb., 13 Therms and 9 Therms, respectively. Each of these increases was statistically significant at the 1 per cent level. Reductions in temperature also decreased gross and net caloric efficiencies of milk production approximately 10 and 8.5 per cent, respectively. These decreases were significant at the 2 per cent level. No correlation was evident between crude protein utilization and temperature.Results indicated that thermal stress was not overcome adequately by supplementary hay intake alone and that appetite stimulation by low temperatures had a carry-over effect continuing at least 24 hours. For continued efficient milk production during winters where low ambient temperatures are prevalent these results suggest it is necessary to provide some form of building insulation, ambient heat and/or provide a high energy supplement to otherwise adequate production rations.

Rail Temperature Approximation and Heat Slow Order Best Practices

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radim Bruzek ◽  
Michael Trosino ◽  
Leopold Kreisel ◽  
Leith Al-Nazer
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Temperature Offset ◽  
Environmental Prediction

The railroad industry uses slow orders, sometimes referred to as speed restrictions, in areas where an elevated rail temperature is expected in order to minimize the risk and consequence of derailment caused by track buckling due to excessive rail temperature. Traditionally, rail temperature has been approximated by adding a constant offset, most often 30°F, to a peak ambient air temperature. When this approximated maximum rail temperature exceeds a given risk threshold, slow orders are usually issued for a predefined period of the day. This “one size fits all” approach, however, is not effective and suitable in all situations. On very warm days, the difference between rail temperature and ambient air temperature can exceed railroad-employed offsets and remain elevated for extended periods of time. A given temperature offset may be well suited for certain regions and track buckling risk-related rail temperature thresholds but less accurate for others. Almost 160,000 hours of rail temperature measurements collected in 2012 across the eastern United States by two Class I railroads and predicted ambient air temperatures based on the National Weather Service’s National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) data were analyzed using detection theory in order to establish optimal values of offsets between air and rail temperatures as well as times when slow orders should be in place based on geographical location and the track buckling risk rail temperature threshold. This paper presents the results of the analysis and describes an improved procedure to manage heat-related slow orders based on ambient air temperatures.

Season and ambient air temperature influence the distribution of mites (Proctophyllodes stylifer) across the wings of blue tits (Parus caeruleus)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 1397-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
P R Wiles ◽  
J Cameron ◽  
J M Behnke ◽  
I R Hartley ◽  
F S Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Parus Caeruleus ◽  
Wing Feather ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Blue Tits

Changes in the distribution of the wing-feather mite Proctophyllodes stylifer (Buckholz 1869) on the flight feathers of blue tits (Parus caeruleus) were studied throughout the seasons and in relation to ambient air temperature at three combinations of study sites (Lancashire, West Midlands, and South Midlands). We tested the hypotheses that the distribution of mites is influenced in part by season and ambient air temperature. In the winter months mites clustered predominantly on the tertiary feathers, whereas in late spring, summer, and autumn, mite-infestation scores were higher on the proximal primary and secondary feathers. Three approaches were employed to determine whether this seasonal redistribution of mites arose as a response to changes in microclimate, probably ambient air temperature, rather than to season per se. Firstly, meteorological data for the Lancashire study sites, and our own monitoring of the precise air temperature at the time of handling and inspection at the West Midlands study sites, enabled us to establish a link between distribution pattern and ambient temperature. Secondly, limited observations on the distribution of mites on birds recaptured when ambient air temperatures differed by 5°C or more between first and second nettings, one temperature being below 10°C and the other above, supported the idea that the change in distribution was associated with air temperature. Finally, the results of a small experiment in which heavily infested birds caught on a day when air temperatures ranged from 9 to 11°C were taken indoors and temporarily subjected to a higher ambient air temperature (20 min) prior to re-inspection and release also confirmed that mite movement was associated with the temperature of their environment. We conclude that the seasonal changes in distribution were driven by microclimatic changes, in part by temperature.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREAM WATER TEMPERATURE AND AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL A. CLUIS
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Stochastic Fluctuations ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Cyclic Variations

The water temperature of streams and rivers is required for various practical purposes and is frequently obtained by calculating the heat budget. This method is tedious and yields rather inaccurate values of the water temperature. This paper presents an alternative approach using cheap and simple means to measure air temperatures, which are believed to be a major factor controlling the water temperature. It is demonstrated that a useful separation can be made between the seasonal cyclic variations and the daily stochastic fluctuations of these temperatures.

scholarly journals RESPONS FISIOLOGIS DAN KETAHANAN PANAS KAMBING BOERAWA DAN PERANAKAN ETTAWA PADA MODIFIKASI IKLIM MIKRO KANDANG MELALUI PENGKABUTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Arif Qisthon ◽  
Madi Hartono
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Goat Breed ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Hot Environments ◽  
Microclimate Conditions

This research aimed to study the effect of microclimate modification of pensby misting and the goats breeds (Boer and Ettawa crossbreeds) on physiological responses to adapt to the hot  environments. The study was conducted from August-September 2018 at the UPTD Goat Breeding Center, Lampung Plantation and Livestock Service Office located in Negeri Sakti, Pesawaran Regency. The study used a split plot design in completely randomized design. Two treatments were applied in this study, namely modification of the pen consisting of pens without misting and pens with misting and the goat breed namely Boerawa and Ettawa crossbreed (PE). Twelve female goats were used in this study, each of six Boerawa and PE respectively. The parameters observed were microclimate conditions, namely air temperature,relative humidity, and Temperature Humidity Index (THI) and physiological responses consisted of respiration rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, and Heat Tolerance Coefficient (HTC). The results showed that there was no effect of the interaction between the treatment of misting and the breeds of goat on respiration rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, and HTC. Misting can improve air temperature, THI, respiration rate and HTC, on the other hand, does not affect the heart rate and rectal temperature. Goat breed has no effect on all physiological responses. Thus, modification of the microclimate by misting effectively maintains body temperature under normal conditions and increases the adaptability of goats to hot environments. Keywords: Physiological Responses, Microclimate Conditions, Microclimate Modification, Misting

scholarly journals Photosynthesis of Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) Seedling at Different Air Temperatures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidil Azhar ◽  
Daigo Makihara ◽  
Hitoshi Naito ◽  
Hiroshi Ehara
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Sago Palm ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Metroxylon Sagu

Photosynthetic activities of the sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) were studied to find out its sensitivity to changes in ambient air temperature. The minimum ambient air temperature designed for the experiment was 25&ndash;29⁰C, while the higher end was 29&ndash;33⁰C. Several photosynthetic parameters were studied to support our analysis in sago photosynthetic activity, including diurnal leaf gas exchange, assimilation rate vs. CO2 concentration, leaf greenness, leaf chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic rate vs. irradiance. We found that sago palm photosynthetic activity tends to be more sensitive to minimum than to maximum ambient air temperature. The plants exposed to higher air temperatures had dark green leaf color associated with higher rates of diurnal photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and rubisco limited photosynthetic activity. They also exhibited higher trend in optimum irradiance absorption level. Consequently, maximum light energy dissipation occurred at higher temperatures.

Treatment of a Municipal Leachate Under Multi-Variable Conditions

1982 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
P.T. Wong ◽  
D.S. Mavinic
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature

Abstract The treatability of a municipal leachate (BOD5 = 8090 mg/L) was investigated, by aerobic biostabilization, at a nutrient loading of BOD5:N:P of 100:3.2:1.1. The first stage effluents were subsequently polished by lime-magnesium coagulation. The ranges of ambient air temperature and sludge age studied were 5° to 25°C and 5 to 20 days, respectively. In the biostabilization phase, a BOD5:N:P loading of 100:3.2:1.1 was found to be “adequate” for treatment. Organic and metal removals in the first stage units were excellent. Under all conditions investigated, except for the two units close to washout conditions (5-day sludge age units at 5° and 10°C), BOD5 and COD removals of at least 99.4 and 96.4 percent, respectively, were achieved. Similarly, removal rates for most of the metals monitored were greater than 90 percent. In general, the removal of residual contaminants was not enhanced significantly by the addition of magnesium in the lime-magnesium polishing step.

scholarly journals Ambient Air Temperature Assisted Crystallization for Inorganic CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3398
Author(s):  
Yi Long ◽  
Kun Liu ◽  
Yongli Zhang ◽  
Wenzhe Li
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Air Atmosphere

Inorganic cesium lead halide perovskites, as alternative light absorbers for organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells, have attracted more and more attention due to their superb thermal stability for photovoltaic applications. However, the humid air instability of CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells (PSCs) hinders their further development. The optoelectronic properties of CsPbI2Br films are closely related to the quality of films, so preparing high-quality perovskite films is crucial for fabricating high-performance PSCs. For the first time, we demonstrate that the regulation of ambient temperature of the dry air in the glovebox is able to control the growth of CsPbI2Br crystals and further optimize the morphology of CsPbI2Br film. Through controlling the ambient air temperature assisted crystallization, high-quality CsPbI2Br films are obtained, with advantages such as larger crystalline grains, negligible crystal boundaries, absence of pinholes, lower defect density, and faster carrier mobility. Accordingly, the PSCs based on as-prepared CsPbI2Br film achieve a power conversion efficiency of 15.5% (the maximum stabilized power output of 15.02%). Moreover, the optimized CsPbI2Br films show excellent robustness against moisture and oxygen and maintain the photovoltaic dark phase after 3 h aging in an air atmosphere at room temperature and 35% relative humidity (R.H.). In comparison, the pristine films are completely converted to the yellow phase in 1.5 h.

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