scholarly journals The Development of a Hoof Conformation Assessment for Use in Dairy Goats

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deeming ◽  
Beausoleil ◽  
Stafford ◽  
Webster ◽  
Staincliffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Kappa ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Concordance Correlation ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Dorsal Aspect ◽  
Left Front

The assessment of hoof conformation is important due to its recognized relationship with the biomechanical functionality of the hoof. Hoof conformation can be assessed using objective measures or subjective scores. However, to date, there are limited data using either method in dairy goats. Therefore, the aims were to (1) develop a reliable method of assessing hoof conformation in dairy goats, and (2) compare two aspects of a subjective assessment against corresponding objective measures as a means of validation. A total of 1035 goats contributed photographs across 16 commercial dairy goat farms. Photographs were taken of the left front and left hind hoof in the lateral and dorsal aspect at five assessments across the goats′ first two lactations. Hoof conformation was assessed using five subjective scores (toe length, heel shape, fetlock shape, claw splay, and claw shape) and two objective measures (toe length ratio and claw splay distance). Following the training of two observers, high levels of inter and intra-reliability were achieved for both the subjective scores (>0.8 weighted kappa) and objective measures (>0.8 Lin′s concordance correlation coefficient). Two aspects of the subjectively assessed ordinal scores were compared with the objective measures with high levels of accuracy (>0.8). This suggests that the subjective scores may be a suitable alternative to more time-consuming objective measures when assessment is completed using photographs.

scholarly journals Subjective Versus Quantitative Methods of Assessing Breast Density

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wijdan Alomaim ◽  
Desiree O’Leary ◽  
John Ryan ◽  
Louise Rainford ◽  
Michael Evanoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Density ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Weighted Kappa ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
National Breast ◽  
Busy Clinical Setting

In order to find a consistent, simple and time-efficient method of assessing mammographic breast density (MBD), different methods of assessing density comparing subjective, quantitative, semi-subjective and semi-quantitative methods were investigated. Subjective MBD of anonymized mammographic cases (n = 250) from a national breast-screening programme was rated by 49 radiologists from two countries (UK and USA) who were voluntarily recruited. Quantitatively, three measurement methods, namely VOLPARA, Hand Delineation (HD) and ImageJ (IJ) were used to calculate breast density using the same set of cases, however, for VOLPARA only mammographic cases (n = 122) with full raw digital data were included. The agreement level between methods was analysed using weighted kappa test. Agreement between UK and USA radiologists and VOLPARA varied from moderate (κw = 0.589) to substantial (κw = 0.639), respectively. The levels of agreement between USA, UK radiologists, VOLPARA with IJ were substantial (κw = 0.752, 0.768, 0.603), and with HD the levels of agreement varied from moderate to substantial (κw = 0.632, 0.680, 0.597), respectively. This study found that there is variability between subjective and objective MBD assessment methods, internationally. These results will add to the evidence base, emphasising the need for consistent, simple and time-efficient MBD assessment methods. Additionally, the quickest method to assess density is the subjective assessment, followed by VOLPARA, which is compatible with a busy clinical setting. Moreover, the use of a more limited two-scale system improves agreement levels and could help minimise any potential country bias.

Reasons for keeping dairy goats in Tanzania, and possible goals for a sustainable breeding program

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. C. Nziku ◽  
G. C. Kifaro ◽  
L. O. Eik ◽  
T. Steine ◽  
T. Ådnøy
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
Animal Identification ◽  
Breeding Goals ◽  
And Performance

This research aimed at describing reasons for keeping dairy goats in Tanzania, and possible goals for a sustainable breeding program. Three districts, each representing a unique dairy goat breed population, were selected for the study. The Saanen, Toggenburg and Norwegian were the main dairy goat breeds in Arumeru, Babati, and Mvomero districts, respectively. A total of 125 dairy goat farmers were interviewed. A holistic approach of both quantitative and qualitative research methods was used to study the perceptions of farmers. More milk yield, sale of breeding stock and manure were the highest ranked reasons for keeping dairy goats. The reasons were coherent to the production systems. The three most preferred traits for improvement were milk yield, adaptability and twinning ability. These preferences were absolutely important in the context of the referred production system. Selection of replacement stock, animal identification and performance recording were the main challenges emphasised by farmers. The present study views these challenges as a result of knowledge gaps in animal breeding that require solutions. Based on result findings it is suggested that the milk yield and survival traits should be the primary dairy goat breeding goals. Generally, there are possibilities for developing sustainable dairy goat breeding programs in the surveyed areas given relevant breeding goals are incorporated. The design of simple and manageable dairy goat breeding schemes is necessary.

scholarly journals Spatialization of climate, physical and socioeconomic factors that affect the dairy goat production in Brazil and their impact on animal breeding decisions

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1073-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando B. Lopes ◽  
Marcelo C. da Silva ◽  
Eliane S. Miyagi ◽  
Maria C.S. Fioravanti ◽  
Olivardo Facó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Animal Breeding ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Environmental Diversity ◽  
Political Realities ◽  
Technical Guidance

Brazil has high climate, soil and environmental diversity, as well as distinct socioeconomic and political realities, what results in differences among the political administrative regions of the country. The objective of this study was to determine spatial distribution of the physical, climatic and socioeconomic aspects that best characterize the production of dairy goats in Brazil. Production indices of milk per goat, goat production, milk production, as well as temperature range, mean temperature, precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index, relative humidity, altitude, agricultural farms; farms with native pasture, farms with good quality pasture, farms with water resources, farms that receive technical guidance, family farming properties, non-familiar farms and the human development index were evaluated. The multivariate analyses were carried out to spatialize climatic, physical and socioeconomic variables and so differenciate the Brazilian States and Regions. The highest yields of milk and goat production were observed in the Northeast. The Southeast Region had the second highest production of milk, followed by the South, Midwest and North. Multivariate analysis revealed distinctions between clusters of political-administrative regions of Brazil. The climatic variables were most important to discriminate between regions of Brazil. Therefore, it is necessary to implement animal breeding programs to meet the needs of each region.

scholarly journals Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Produksi Susu Kambing Perah Peranakan Etawa (PE) di Desa Limpok Kecamatan Darussalam Kabupaten Aceh Besar

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
Rini Afrida ◽  
Edy Marsudi ◽  
Ismayani Ismayani
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Livestock Farm ◽  
Simultaneous Test ◽  
Object Of Study

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI SUSU KAMBING PERAH PERANAKAN ETAWA (PE) DI DESA LIMPOK KECAMATAN DARUSSALAM KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR (STUDI KASUS DI UD. ATJEH LIVESTOCK FARM) OLEH Rini Afrida / Agribisnis Universitas Syiah Kuala  ABSTRAK Susu kambing perah merupakan komoditas yang cukup penting di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk  Menganalisis pengaruh jumlah pemberian pakan hijauan dan  ampas tahu terhadap  produksi susu kambing perah di UD. Atjeh Livestock Farm yang berada  di Desa Limpok Kecamatan Darussalam Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode studi kasus dengan objek penelitian seluruh kambing perah peranakan etawa (PE) yang memproduksi susu di UD. Atjeh Livestock Farm. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Model Cobb Douglas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel jumlah pakan hijauan dan ampas tahu mempunyai pengaruh nyata baik secara  serempak  maupun parsial terhadap produksi   susu, dimana diperoleh nilai dari uji serempak untuk   Fhit = 138.415 sedangkan untuk Ftabel = 3.98, karena nilai Fhit = 138.415   Ftabel = 3.98, maka kesimpulan yang dapat diambil adalah menolak H0. Artinya variabel hijauan  dan ampas tahu secara bersama – sama mempunyai pengaruh nyata terhadap produksi susu kambing perah, sedangkan dari uji parsial diperoleh nilai variabel hijauan untuk thitung = 4,016 sedangkan ttabelnya = 2,17881, karena nilai thitung= 4,016   ttabel = 2,17881, maka kesimpulan yang dapat diambil adalah menolak H0. Begitu juga untuk  variabel ampas tahu  diperoleh nilai untuk thitung =  2,255 sedangkan ttabelnya = 2,17881, karena nilai thitung = 2,255   ttabel = 2,17881, maka kesimpulan yang dapat diambil adalah menolak H0. Artinya  variabel hijauan maupun ampas tahu mempunyai pengaruh nyata terhadap produksi susu kambing perah.ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION OF GOAT MILK DAIRY CROSSBREED ETAWA (PE) IN THE LIMPOK VILLAGE SUB-DISTRICTS OF DARUSSALAM ACEH BESAR REGENCY(A Case Study in UD. Atjeh Livestock Farm)ABSTRACT Dairy goat milk is a commodity that is quite important in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the influence of the number of feeding forage and pulp out of the milk production of dairy goats in UD. Atjeh Livestock Farm that are in the Limpok village sub-district of Darussalam Aceh Besar regency. The method used is the case study method with the object of study throughout the dairy goat hybrid etawa (PE), which produces milk in UD. Atjeh Livestock Farm. The analytical method used in this study is a model Cobb Douglas. The results showed that the variable amount of green feed and tofu has a real influence both simultaneously and partially to the production of milk, which gained the value of simultaneous test for Fcount = 138.415 whereas for Ftable = 3.98, because the value Fcount = 138.415   Ftable = 3.98, the conclusions that can be drawn is to reject H 0. This means that the variable forages and pulp out together have a significant effect on the milk production of dairy goats, whereas the values obtained from the partial test variable forage for tcount = 4,016 whereas ttable = 2,17881, because the value of tcount= 4,016   ttable = 2,17881, the conclusions that can be drawn is to reject H 0. Likewise for variable pulp out obtained value for tcount =  2,255 whereas ttable  = 2,17881, because the value of tcount = 2,255   ttable = 2,17881, the conclusions that can be drawn is to reject H 0. This means that the variable forage or pulp out has a significant effect on the milk production of dairy goats.  

scholarly journals Botanical and mineral composition of dominant wild forages for feeding of dairy goats in Payakumbuh Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 888 (1) ◽  
pp. 012063
Author(s):  
Khalil ◽  
Imana Martaguri
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Field Edge ◽  
Random Block Design ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract The objectives of this study were (i) to identify the diversity of forages that are usually consumed or fed to the dairy goats, (ii) to assess the mineral composition of dominant forages concerning the soil mineral status of growing areas. Eight dairy goat farms surveyed and collected forage samples to define the diversity and dominant forages used to feed the goat. Samples of three dominant forages (Asystasia gangetica, Axonopus compressus, and Panicum maximum) and soils were then collected in five different areas where the farmers usually derived the forages (banana plantation, idle lands, riverbanks, roadside, and rice field edge). Plant samples were collected by using a plate meter used for the calculation of botanical composition. Fresh samples were then chopped, dried, and then ground in meal form before analysis for dry matter (DM), and minerals of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, and S. The same minerals were analyzed for soil samples. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a completely randomized design of 5x3 consisting of 3 plant species and five growing areas as replications. Data were statistically analyzed using correlation and variance analysis in Random Block Design (RBD). Results showed of the total about 45 types of plants commonly consumed by goats, there were three dominant species, i.e., P. maximum (38.60%), A. gangetica (24.23%), and A. compressus (17.23%). The Ca content of forages highly correlated with the Ca in the soils, while magnesium in the forage was negatively correlated with the magnesium in the soil. It was concluded that the dominant forages were found a good source of Ca and Mg but deficient phosphorus.

Effect of mid-line or low-line milking systems on lipolysis and milk composition in dairy goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (6) ◽  
pp. 848-854
Author(s):  
M. C. Beltrán ◽  
A. Manzur ◽  
M. Rodríguez ◽  
J. R. Díaz ◽  
C. Peris
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Milk Storage ◽  
Enzymatic Coagulation

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to investigate how milking in mid-line (ML) affects the lipolysis level and milk composition in goat livestock, in comparison with low-line (LL) milking. The first experiment took place, in triplicate, on an experimental farm. For each replicate, a crossover design (62 goats, two treatments, ML and LL, in two periods each lasting 4 days) was used. Milk samples were taken daily at 0 and 24 h after milking. In the first experimental replicate, some enzymatic coagulation cheeses were made, which were assessed by a panel of tasters at 50 and 100 days of maturation. In the second experiment, the lipolysis level and composition of tank milk from 55 commercial dairy goat farms (25 ML and 30 LL) were analysed, in milk samples taken in three different weeks. The results of the first experiment showed that ML milking increased free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in raw goat's milk significantly (0.71 v. 0.40 mmol/l, respectively). However, in the milk samples taken from commercial farms the FFA concentration remained unaffected by the milking pipeline height (0.59 v. 0.58 mmol/l for ML and LL, respectively). No significant differences were found in the milk composition, nor in the sensory characteristics in the cured cheeses, which suggests that factors other than the milkline height are able to influence the level of lipolysis under commercial conditions. Therefore, ML milking should not be discouraged, provided that the correct functioning and management of the milking operation and milk storage on the farm is guaranteed.

Effects of subacute ruminal acidosis on colon epithelial morphological structure, permeability and expression of key tight junction proteins in a dairy goat model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengya wang ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Min Gao ◽  
Liwen Song ◽  
Ming Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Colonic Epithelium ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis

Abstract Background: The hindgut epithelial barrier plays an important role in maintaining absorption and immune homeosrasis in ruminants. However, there is little information available on changes of colon epithelial barrier structure and function following grain-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of SARA on colon epithelial morphological structure, permeability and gene expression involved in epithelial barrier function using dairy goats as a ruminant model. Methods: Twelve mid-lactating Sannan dairy goats (62.13 ± 4.76 kg) were randomly divided into either control (n = 6) or SARA treatment (n = 6). Control goats were fed a mixed diet (non-fiber carbohydrates/neutral detergent fiber (NFC/NDF) =1.15) for 60 days, SARA induction goats were given 4 mixed diets with NFC to NDF ratios of 1.15, 1.49, 2.12 and 2.66 to induce development of SARA. The duration of each diet was 15 d including 12 d for adaption and 3 d for sampling. Continuous ruminal pH recordings were utilized to diagnose the severity of SARA. Additionally, Plasma and colonic tissue were collected to evaluate the epithelial tissue morphological structure, permeability and expression of tight junction (TJ) protein using histological techniques, Ussing chamber, real-time PCR and western blotting. Results: Profound disruption in the colonic epithelium was mainly manifested as the electron density of TJ decreased, intercellular space widened and mitochondria swelled in SARA dairy goats. Epithelial Isc, Gt and the mucosal-to-serosal flux of FD4 ( P < 0.05) were increased, PD was decreased in SARA dairy goats compared with the control. SARA increased the plasma LPS ( P < 0.001), D-lactic acid contents ( P = 0.025) and DAO activity ( P = 0.003). Increased gene and protein expression of claudin-1 and occludin ( P < 0.05) were observed in colonic epithelium of SARA goats. Conclusion: Overall, the data of present study demonstrate that SARA can impair the barrier function of the colonic epithelium in dairy goats, which is associated with severe epithelial structural damage and increased permeability and changes in the expression of TJ proteins.

scholarly journals Incidence, possible risk factors and therapies for pseudopregnancy on Dutch dairy goat farms: a cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (25) ◽  
pp. 770-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Van den Brom ◽  
Rianne Klerx ◽  
Piet Vellema ◽  
Karianne Lievaart-Peterson ◽  
Jan Willem Hesselink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Induction Treatment ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Measures

Pseudopregnancy is a frequently diagnosed reproductive disorder in (dairy) goats. This cross-sectional study evaluates the incidence, possible risk factors and therapies for pseudopregnancy on Dutch dairy goat farms. Two questionnaires, one for farmers and one for veterinarians, were designed and included questions about general farm demographics, breeding management, hormonal oestrous induction, treatment, measures for reduction and stress moments in dairy goats in the period June 1, 2016–May 31, 2017. In total, 43 farmers (21.5 per cent response rate) and 27 veterinarians (22.5 per cent response rate) completed the questionnaire. The annual incidence of pseudopregnancy varied between 1 and 54 per cent per farm, with a mean annual incidence of 17 per cent (95 per cent CI 0.14 to 0.21). In this study, we found a significant association between incidence of pseudopregnancy and a higher percentage of goats with an extended lactation (p<0.0001) and between incidence of pseudopregnancy and the number of ultrasound examinations per year (p<0.0001). The recommended therapy in literature consists of two administrations of prostaglandins. This was only correctly applied by 10 per cent of the farms. On 52 per cent of the farms, an overdose was used comparing to the recommended dose in literature.

scholarly journals Physical-chemical characteristics and fatty acids composition in dairy goat milk in response to roughage diet

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 903-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Shizuo Torii ◽  
Júlio César Damasceno ◽  
Luciano da Rocha Ribeiro ◽  
Eduardo Shiguero Sakaguti ◽  
Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics (density, pH, acidity, fat, protein, lactose and total of solids contents) and milk fatty acids composition (C: 4 to C: 20) in response to roughage sources (alfalfa hay T1; oat hay T2 and maize silage T3). Nine Saanen lactating goats were used, in a triple Youden square design (3 animals x 2 periods). There was no treatment effects in the physical-chemical variables in the univariate analyses; by multivariate analyses three distinct patterns of fatty acids could be defined: milk with greater quantity of short chain fatty acids and acids C17:1omega7 e C18:2omega6 (T1); milk with equivalent amounts of short, medium and long chain fatty acids (T2); and milk with greater amounts of acids C16:1omega7, C17:0, C18:1omega9 and C20:0 (T3). These results indicated that the roughage sources used in the diet of lactating dairy goats affected the fatty acids composition, without altering the milk physical-chemical characteristics. The acids more sensitive to the treatment effects were: C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1omega7, C18:0 and C18:3omega6.

Subjective versus objective nutritional assessment study in women with gynecological cancer: a prospective cohort trial

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-223
Author(s):  
K. Alladi ◽  
J. T. Santoso ◽  
T. Cannada ◽  
B. O'FARREL ◽  
R. L. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Nutritional Index ◽  
Kappa Statistic ◽  
Weighted Kappa ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Ordinal Scale ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Gynecological Oncology

ObjectiveNutritional evaluation of cancer patients may lead to treatment intervention that reduces morbidity and mortality. This evaluation can be done subjectively or objectively. We studied the correlation between subjective and objective nutritional assessment in gynecological oncology patients.MethodsSixty-seven consecutive patients admitted to the gynecological oncology service were prospectively evaluated by laboratory criteria using a standardized formula. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) consists of tests measuring albumin, transferrin, triceps skin fold, and skin sensitivity reaction to common antigens. The patients were also subjectively evaluated using a standardized questionnaire and physical examination, known as the subjective global assessment, by two clinicians who were blinded from the PNI results. Both scores were categorized as normal, mild malnutrition, or severe malnutrition. Reproducibility of the subjective testers and consistency between the subjective and the objective evaluations were assessed with a weighted kappa statistic.ResultsCancer distribution consisted of 39 (58%) cervical, 16 (24%) endometrial, 11 (16%) ovarian, and one (2%) vulvar carcinomas. There was a high level of agreement between the two subjective raters (weighted kappa = 0.797; 95% CI 0.67–0.92). Furthermore, there were no cases in which the ratings differed by two points on the three-point ordered scale of nutritional status. Agreement between the two evaluation methods was only fair to moderate (weighted kappa = 0.435; 95% CI 0.28–0.59). Agreement was exact in 38 of 67 patients (57%). There were eight patients (12%) where the difference in ratings differed by two points on the ordinal scale, all with the subjective scored as normal, but the objective rated as severe malnourishment.ConclusionIn assessing nutritional status of gynecological patients, subjective assessment differs with objective/laboratory measurement.

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