scholarly journals The Blood and Muscle Expression Pattern of the Equine TCAP Gene during the Race Track Training of Arabian Horses

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Stefaniuk-Szmukier ◽  
Tomasz Szmatoła ◽  
Joanna Łątka ◽  
Bogusława Długosz ◽  
Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Muscle Plasticity ◽  
Race Track ◽  
Contractile Forces

Horse musculature has been shaped through evolution by environmental and human factors, which has resulted in several extraordinary adaptations to physical effort. Skeletal muscle plasticity results from the response to mechanical stimulation causing hypertrophy, where sarcomeres increase the muscle’s cross-sectional area under the influence of contractile forces. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of transcript abundance of the telethonin (TCAP) gene, which is a part of the sarcomere macromolecular mechanosensory complex in the gluteus medius muscle, and the whole blood of Arabian horses during flat race training. The analysis, performed by quantitative PCR, showed an increase of TCAP transcripts in skeletal muscle. However, in whole blood, the transcript abundance decreased after the first stage of training and further increased after the second phase. The obtained results indicate a lack of similarity of TCAP gene expression in both tissues.

Human and Rat Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Spinal Cord Injury

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris M. Gregory ◽  
Krista Vandenborne ◽  
Michael J. Castro ◽  
G. Alton Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscle Plasticity ◽  
Cord Injury

Results of studies of rodent skeletal muscle plasticity are often extrapolated to humans. However, responses to "disuse" may be species specific, in part because of different inherent properties of anatomically similar muscles. Thus, this study quantified human and rat m. vastus lateralis (VL) fiber adaptations to 11 weeks of spinal cord injury (SCI). The m. VL was taken from 8 young (54 d) male Charles River rats after T-9 laminectomy (n = 4) or sham surgery (n = 4). In addition, the m. VL was biopsied in 7 able-bodied and in 7 SCI humans (31.3 ± 4.7 years, mean ± SE). Samples were sectioned and fibers were analyzed for type (I, IIa, IIb/x), cross-sectional area (CSA), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), α-glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), and actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (qATPase) activities. Rat fibers had 1.5- to 2-fold greater SDH and GPDH activities while their fibers were 60% the size of those in humans. The most striking differences, however, were the absence of slow fibers in the rat and its four-fold greater proportion of IIb/x fibers (80% vs. 16% of the CSA) compared to humans. SCI decreased SDH activity more in rats whereas atrophy and IIa to IIb/x fiber shift occurred to a greater extent in humans. It is suggested that the rat is a reasonable model for studying the predominant response to SCI, atrophy. However, its high proportion of IIb/x fibers limits evaluation of the mechanical consequences of shifting to "faster" contractile machinery after SCI. Key words: enzyme, fiber type, disuse, biopsy

scholarly journals Histochemical and Morphometric Evaluation of Skeletal Muscle from Horses with Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (Tying-up)

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. McEwen ◽  
T. J. Hulland
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gluteus Medius Muscle ◽  
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Type Ii Fibers

Thirteen horses with histories of exertional rhabdomyolysis were exercised for 20 minutes to induce clinical signs of lameness, elevated serum creatine kinase (CK), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and skeletal muscle morphologic lesions. The clinical signs exhibited by affected horses included trembling, sweating, increased rate of respiration, and restricted limb movement. Serum CK reached maximal activity between 4 and 8 hours after the exercise period and serum AST activity peaked between 24 and 48 hours. Histologically, the skeletal muscle lesions in muscle biopsies 24 hours after the exercise period consisted of segmental muscle fiber degeneration. Damaged muscle fibers were repaired by myoblastic regeneration. Horses with moderate (>1,500 U/liter) to severe (>5,000 U/liter) elevations of serum CK activity accompanied by clinical signs of muscle soreness induced by exercise, had visible muscle fiber degeneration microscopically. Frozen sections of biopsies of the gluteus medius muscle from affected ( n = 13) and control ( n = 11) groups of horses were processed to demonstrate myofibrillar ATPase activity. These sections were then used to determine fiber types, area percentages, and mean cross sectional fiber sizes. The mean type I, type II, and intermediate fiber sizes were significantly larger in the affected group than in the control group. In the gluteus medius muscles of the affected group, there was a significantly greater percentage of intermediate fibers and a significantly greater percentage of area occupied by intermediate fibers than in the control group. In the muscle samples with acute lesions of exertional rhabdomyolysis, type II fibers were selectively but not exclusively affected. In one horse which was subsequently necropsied 24 hours after the exercise period, lesions were present in several postural muscles, the masseter muscle and the heart. We conclude that the gluteus medius muscle fibers of affected horses are larger in cross sectional area than those of control horses and that there is preferential degeneration of type II fibers in acute lesions of exertional rhabdomyolysis.

scholarly journals The historical context and scientific legacy of John O. Holloszy

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Hagberg ◽  
Edward F. Coyle ◽  
Kenneth M. Baldwin ◽  
Gregory D. Cartee ◽  
Luigi Fontana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Exercise Physiology ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Scientific Legacy ◽  
Muscle Plasticity ◽  
The Impact

John O. Holloszy, as perhaps the world’s preeminent exercise biochemist/physiologist, published >400 papers over his 50+ year career, and they have been cited >41,000 times. In 1965 Holloszy showed for the first time that exercise training in rodents resulted in a doubling of skeletal muscle mitochondria, ushering in a very active era of skeletal muscle plasticity research. He subsequently went on to describe the consequences of and the mechanisms underlying these adaptations. Holloszy was first to show that muscle contractions increase muscle glucose transport independent of insulin, and he studied the mechanisms underlying this response throughout his career. He published important papers assessing the impact of training on glucose and insulin metabolism in healthy and diseased humans. Holloszy was at the forefront of rodent studies of caloric restriction and longevity in the 1980s, following these studies with important cross-sectional and longitudinal caloric restriction studies in humans. Holloszy was influential in the discipline of cardiovascular physiology, showing that older healthy and diseased populations could still elicit beneficial cardiovascular adaptations with exercise training. Holloszy and his group made important contributions to exercise physiology on the effects of training on numerous metabolic, hormonal, and cardiovascular adaptations. Holloszy’s outstanding productivity was made possible by his mentoring of ~100 postdoctoral fellows and substantial NIH grant funding over his entire career. Many of these fellows have also played critical roles in the exercise physiology/biochemistry discipline. Thus it is clear that exercise biochemistry and physiology will be influenced by John Holloszy for numerous years to come.

scholarly journals Analysis of blood transfusion request and utilization pattern at teaching hospital in Eastern Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1374-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Upadhyaya Kafle ◽  
Krishna Kumar Jha ◽  
Mrinalini Singh ◽  
Shilpi Shaukin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Utilization Pattern ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gynecology And Obstetrics

Background: Blood transfusion unit collection, storage and dispatching on Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital began from 19 June 2016 via blood bank. After which, many blood distribution were made accessible via this service. This study analyzes the blood transfusion request and utilization pattern and also to monitor for managing the bloodstocks meeting present and future demand in hospital. Materials and Methods: This is descriptive cross-sectional study conducted for all the requests of whole blood dispatched from 19th June, 2016 to 04th July, 2018. Whole blood requisitions from various departments were reviewed regarding the number of requisition, total blood unit replaced, blood group and socio-demographic profile of patients.Results: Of 648 transfusion units dispatched, 131 and 324 patients were male and female respectively, B positive blood group were most common, followed by A positive, O positive, AB positive, A negative, O negative and AB negative respectively. The largest numbers of requisitions were from Gynecology and Obstetric department in the hospital of 258 requisitions followed by internal medicine, surgery department, postoperative ward and orthopaedic department. Majority of the requisitions were for 20-29 years age group from the local district Morang. The total blood units replaced were 75, of which 29 and 46 of male and female respectively. Conclusions: B Positive was the predominant requested blood group with Gynecology and Obstetrics department making the most requests, among 20-29 years age group from Morang district. The total replaced blood units were less in number with some requisition forms even lacked essential details.

scholarly journals Neurotization Improves Contractile Forces of Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2813-2821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas Dhawan ◽  
Ian F. Lytle ◽  
Douglas E. Dow ◽  
Yen-Chih Huang ◽  
David L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Contractile Forces

scholarly journals Physiology of a Microgravity Environment Invited Review: Microgravity and skeletal muscle

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 823-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Fitts ◽  
Danny R. Riley ◽  
Jeffrey J. Widrick
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Thin Filament ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Maximal Velocity ◽  
Cross Sectional

Spaceflight (SF) has been shown to cause skeletal muscle atrophy; a loss in force and power; and, in the first few weeks, a preferential atrophy of extensors over flexors. The atrophy primarily results from a reduced protein synthesis that is likely triggered by the removal of the antigravity load. Contractile proteins are lost out of proportion to other cellular proteins, and the actin thin filament is lost disproportionately to the myosin thick filament. The decline in contractile protein explains the decrease in force per cross-sectional area, whereas the thin-filament loss may explain the observed postflight increase in the maximal velocity of shortening in the type I and IIa fiber types. Importantly, the microgravity-induced decline in peak power is partially offset by the increased fiber velocity. Muscle velocity is further increased by the microgravity-induced expression of fast-type myosin isozymes in slow fibers (hybrid I/II fibers) and by the increased expression of fast type II fiber types. SF increases the susceptibility of skeletal muscle to damage, with the actual damage elicited during postflight reloading. Evidence in rats indicates that SF increases fatigability and reduces the capacity for fat oxidation in skeletal muscles. Future studies will be required to establish the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the SF-induced muscle atrophy and functional loss and to develop effective exercise countermeasures.

scholarly journals Body composition and energy intake — skeletal muscle mass is the strongest predictor of food intake in obese adolescents: The HEARTY trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jameason D. Cameron ◽  
Ronald J. Sigal ◽  
Glen P. Kenny ◽  
Angela S. Alberga ◽  
Denis Prud’homme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Obese Adolescents

There has been renewed interest in examining the relationship between specific components of energy expenditure and the overall influence on energy intake (EI). The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to determine the strongest metabolic and anthropometric predictors of EI. It was hypothesized that resting metabolic rate (RMR) and skeletal muscle mass would be the strongest predictors of EI in a sample of overweight and obese adolescents. 304 post-pubertal adolescents (91 boys, 213 girls) aged 16.1 (±1.4) years with body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex OR at or above the 85th percentile plus an additional diabetes risk factor were measured for body weight, RMR (kcal/day) by indirect calorimetry, body composition by magnetic resonance imaging (fat free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass, fat mass (FM), and percentage body fat), and EI (kcal/day) using 3 day food records. Body weight, RMR, FFM, skeletal muscle mass, and FM were all significantly correlated with EI (p < 0.005). After adjusting the model for age, sex, height, and physical activity, only FFM (β = 21.9, p = 0.007) and skeletal muscle mass (β = 25.8, p = 0.02) remained as significant predictors of EI. FFM and skeletal muscle mass also predicted dietary protein and fat intake (p < 0.05), but not carbohydrate intake. In conclusion, with skeletal muscle mass being the best predictor of EI, our results support the hypothesis that the magnitude of the body’s lean tissue is related to absolute levels of EI in a sample of inactive adolescents with obesity.

Development of empirically based customer-derived positioning taxonomy for consumer electronics sector in the Indian emerging market

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Saqib ◽  
Mir Shahid Satar
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Market ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Measurement Scales ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Market Positioning ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Customer Perceptions ◽  
Visual Aesthetics ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeAn Indian emerging market positioning taxonomy has been developed in response to the literature review's findings that existing positioning typologies/taxonomies are based on managerial perspectives rather than consumer/customer perceptions and are only developed for advanced countries.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs a three-step process for developing and validating a scale in order to conduct its research. In the first phase, items are generated and selected based on a literature review, focus groups and expert opinion. Exploratory factor analysis is used to fine-tune the scale in the second phase. Phase 3 uses CFA to establish convergent, discriminant and nomological validity through the use of CFA.FindingsA consumer-based taxonomy of positioning strategies were developed as a result of the research. Six distinct positioning strategies emerged that was named (1) Value for Money, (2) Functional (3) Premiumisation, (4) Promotional Campaign, (5) Brand Name (6) Visual Aesthetics.Research limitations/implicationsDeveloping and validating measurement scales will be made easier with the help of this paper. Target populations, industry and geography selection and a cross-sectional time horizon are just a few of the study's drawbacks.Practical implicationsThe study's practical implications include six factors/strategies that managers, advertising executives and marketing experts of consumer electronics companies in the Indian emerging market could use to position their products, resulting in the overall success of their organisations.Originality/valueThis study adds to the marketing literature by providing a solid theoretical foundation and a validated instrument for operationalising positioning strategies.

The expression profile of genes involved in osteoclastogenesis detected in whole blood of Arabian horses during 3 years of competing at race track

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Stefaniuk-Szmukier ◽  
Katarzyna Ropka-Molik ◽  
Katarzyna Piórkowska ◽  
Monika Bugno-Poniewierska
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profile ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Race Track

scholarly journals Sequential alterations in the diameters of capillaries in rabbit skeletal muscle following deep transverse friction - a morphometric study

2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Gregory ◽  
M. N. Deane ◽  
M. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Biceps Femoris Muscle ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Cross

Objective: The precise mechanisms by which massage promotes repair in injured soft tissue are unknown. Various authorshave attributed the beneficial effects of massage to vasodilation and increased skin and muscle blood flow. The aim of this study was to determine whether deep transverse friction massage (DTF) causes capillary vasodilation in untraumatised skeletal muscle. Setting: Academic institution.Interventions: Twelve New Zealand white rabbits were anaesthetised and the left biceps femoris muscle received 10 minutes of DTF. Following treatment, wedge biopsies were taken from the musclewithin 10 minutes of treatment (R1 - 4), 24 hours (R5 - 8) and 6 days(R9 - 12) after treatment. To serve as controls, similar biopsies weretaken from the right biceps femoris of animals. The samples were fixed, dehydrated and embedded in epoxy resin.Transverse sections (1µm) of muscle were cut, stained with 1% aqueous alkaline toluidine blue and examined with a light microscope using a 40X objective. Images containing capillaries were captured using an image analyser with SIS software and the cross sectional diameters of at least 60 capillaries were measured from each specimen. Main Outcome Measures: Changes in capillary diameter. Results: The mean capillary diameters in control muscle averaged 4.76 µm. DTF caused a significant immediate increase of 17.3% in cross sectional area (p<0.001), which was not significantly increased by 10.0% after 24 hours (p>0.05). Six days after treatment the cross-sectional area of the treated muscle was 7.6% smaller than the controls. Conclusions: This confirms the contention that DTF stimulates muscle blood flow immediately after treatment and this may account for its beneficial effects in certain conditions. 

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