scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Dietary Protein Restriction on Intestinal Morphology, Digestive Enzymes, Gut Hormones, and Colonic Microbiota in Pigs

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Defu Yu ◽  
Weiyun Zhu ◽  
Suqin Hang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Protein Restriction ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gut Hormone

Using protein-restriction diets becomes a potential strategy to save the dietary protein resources. However, the mechanism of low-protein diets influencing pigs’ growth performance is still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effect of protein-restriction diets on gastrointestinal physiology and gut microbiota in pigs. Eighteen weaned piglets were randomly allocated to three groups with different dietary protein levels. After a 16-week trial, the results showed that feeding a low-protein diet to pigs impaired the epithelial morphology of duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05) and reduced the concentration of many plasma hormones (p < 0.05), such as ghrelin, somatostatin, glucose-dependent insulin-tropic polypeptide, leptin, and gastrin. The relative abundance of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus in colon and microbiota metabolites was also decreased by extreme protein-restriction diets (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that long-term ingestion of a protein-restricted diet could impair intestinal morphology, suppress gut hormone secretion, and change the microbial community and fermentation metabolites in pigs, while the moderately low-protein diet had a minimal effect on gut function and did not impair growth performance.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Histidine on Growth Performance, Serum Amino Acids, and Intestinal Morphology and Microbiota Communities in Low Protein Diet-Fed Piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Meng Kang ◽  
Jie Yin ◽  
Jie Ma ◽  
Xin Wu ◽  
Ke Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Blood Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Low Protein

Previous study showed that low protein diet-fed pigs are characterized by lower histidine concentration in the serum and muscle, suggesting that histidine may involve in protein-restricted response. Thus, the current study mainly investigated the effects of dietary histidine on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters and amino acids, intestinal morphology, and microbiota communities in low protein diet-challenged-piglets. The results showed that protein restriction inhibited growth performance, blood biochemical parameters and amino acids, and gut microbiota but had little effect on intestinal morphology. Dietary supplementation with histidine markedly enhanced serum histidine level and restored tryptophan concentration in low protein diet-fed piglets, while growth performance and intestinal morphology were not markedly altered in histidine-treated piglets. In addition, histidine exposure failed to affect bacterial diversity (observed species, Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, ACE, and phylogenetic diversity), but histidine-treated piglets exhibited higher abundances of Butyrivibrio and Bacteroides compared with the control and protein-restricted piglets. In conclusion, dietary histidine in low protein diet enhanced histidine concentration and affected gut microbiota (Butyrivibrio and Bacteroides) but failed to improve growth performance and intestinal morphology.

Effect of Dietary Protein Restriction on Renal Purines and Purine-Metabolizing Enzymes in Adriamycin Nephrosis in Rats: A Mechanism for Protection against Acute Proteinuria Involving Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition

1990 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 647-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Marco Ghiggeri ◽  
Fabrizio Ginevri ◽  
Giovanni Cercignani ◽  
Roberta Oleggini ◽  
Alessando Garberi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase ◽  
Protein Restriction ◽  
Purine Nucleoside ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Dietary Protein Restriction ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Normal Protein Diet

1. A low protein diet prevents the development of proteinuria and glomerular damage in adriamycin experimental nephrosis without affecting renal haemodynamics. In this study the hypothesis was tested as to whether protein restriction is able to modulate the purine metabolic cycle and related enzymes such as xanthine oxidase, one of the putative effectors of adriamycin nephrotoxicity. 2. Renal activities of xanthine oxidase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase were markedly depressed in adriamycin-treated rats fed a 9% casein (low protein) diet compared with the group fed a 22% casein (normal protein) diet both 1 day after adriamycin administration and at the time of appearance of heavy proteinuria (day 15), whereas the activity of renal adenosine deaminase was unchanged. 3. The concentrations of the metabolic substrates of xanthine oxidase, i.e. hypoxanthine and xanthine, were constantly lower in renal homogenates of rats fed a low protein diet compared with those on a normal protein diet. In urine, uric acid, the product of hypoxanthine-xanthine transformation, was lower 1 day after adriamycin injection in protein-restricted rats compared with the group on a normal protein diet which showed a marked increase in its excretion. At the same time, the urinary efflux of adenosine 5′-monophosphate, which is the precursor nucleotide of the above-mentioned nucleosides and bases, was very high in rats fed a low protein diet, whereas it was absent in the group on a normal protein diet. 4. The progressive increment in proteinuria of glomerular origin (i.e. increased excretion of albumin and transferrin) typical of adriamycin-treated rats fed a normal protein diet was inhibited in the protein-restricted animals, which were normoproteinuric on day 10 and were only slightly proteinuric on day 15. 5. Like protein restriction, the pharmacological suppression of renal xanthine oxidase by dietary tungstate and the scavenging by dimethylthiourea of the putative free radical deriving from the action of xanthine oxidase, were associated with a similar (quantitative and qualitative) inhibition of glomerular proteinurea. 6. These data demonstrate that dietary protein restriction is associated with a block in purine metabolism within the kidney due to a marked reduction in the activities of two main enzymes of the cycle, i.e. purine nucleoside phosphorylase and xanthine oxidase, the latter being a putative effector of adriamycin nephrotoxicity. The partial reduction of proteinuria induced by a low protein diet is quantitatively and qualitatively comparable with the reduction induced by the specific block of renal xanthine oxidase or by the scavenging of OH · deriving from hypoxanthine and xanthine transformation. The crucial factor(s) determining protection against proteinuria in adriamycin nephrosis may be decreased xanthine oxidase activity in the kidney and inhibition of the O2 · and OH · production via the xanthine oxidase system.

scholarly journals PSIV-6 Effect of a Phytogenic Water Additive on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Gene Expression of Amino Acids Transporters in Nursery Pigs Fed with Low Protein Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 281-282
Author(s):  
Cedrick N Shili ◽  
Mohammad Habibi ◽  
Julia Sutton ◽  
Jessie Barnes ◽  
Jacob Burchkonda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Blood Calcium ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Standard Protein

Abstract Moderately low protein (MLP) diets can help decrease nutrient excretion from the swine production. However, MLP diets negatively impact growth performance. We hypothesized that supplementing MLP diets with phytogenics may reduce the negative effects of these diets on growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a phytogenic water additive (PWA; Herbanimal®) on growth performance, blood metabolite and gene expression of amino acids transporters in pigs fed with MLP diets. Forty-eight weaned barrows were allotted to six dietary treatments (n = 8) for 4 weeks: &gt;CON-NS: standard protein diet-no PWA; CON-LS: standard protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); CON-HS: standard protein diet-high PWA dose (8 ml/L); LP-NS: low protein diet-no PWA; LP-LS: low protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); LP-HS: low protein diet- high PWA dose (8 ml/L). Feed intake and body weight were recorded daily and weekly, respectively. At week 4, blood and tissue samples were collected and analyzed for metabolites using a chemistry analyzer and amino acid transporters using qPCR, respectively. The data were analyzed by univariate GLM (SPSS®) and the means were separated using paired Student’s t-test corrected by Benjamini-Hochberg. Pigs fed CON-HS improved the average daily gain and serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations compared to CON-NS. Pigs fed LP-LS had higher serum phosphorus and blood urea nitrogen compared to the pigs fed with LP-NS. The mRNA abundance of SLC7A11 in the jejunum was lower in CON-LS and CON-HS compared to CON-NS. Additionally, mRNA abundance of SLC6A19 in the jejunum of pigs fed with LP-LS was higher compared to LP-NS and lower in CON-HS relative to pigs fed with CON-LS. In conclusion, PWA improved the growth performance of pigs fed standard protein diets but not low protein diets. Further, the PWA improved the concentrations of blood calcium and phosphorous in pigs fed MLP diets. Funding: Agrivida and Animal Health and Production and Animal Products: Improved Nutritional Performance, Growth, and Lactation of Animals from the USDA-NIFA.

scholarly journals Does a Supplemental Low-Protein Diet Decrease Mortality and Adverse Events After Commencing Dialysis? A Nationwide Cohort Study

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chieh-Li Yen ◽  
Kun-Hua Tu ◽  
Ming-Shyan Lin ◽  
Su-Wei Chang ◽  
Pei-Chun Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

Background: A beneficial effect of a ketoanalogue-supplemented low-protein diet (sLPD) in postponing dialysis has been demonstrated in numerous previous studies. However, evidence regarding its effect on long-term survival is limited. Our study assessed the long-term outcomes of patients on an sLPD after commencing dialysis. Methods: This retrospective study examined patients with new-onset end-stage renal disease with permanent dialysis between 2001 and 2013, extracted from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients who received more than 3 months of sLPD treatment in the year preceding the start of dialysis were extracted. The outcomes studied were all-cause mortality, infection rate, and major cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs). Results: After propensity score matching, the sLPD group (n = 2607) showed a lower risk of all-cause mortality (23.1% vs. 27.6%, hazard ratio (HR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70–0.84), MACCEs (19.2% vs. 21.5%, HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.78–0.94), and infection-related death (9.9% vs. 12.5%, HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.67–0.87) than the non-sLPD group did. Conclusion: We found that sLPD treatment might be safe without long-term negative consequences after dialysis treatment.

scholarly journals Survival on dialysis among chronic renal failure patients treated with a supplemented low-protein diet before dialysis.

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1379-1385
Author(s):  
J Coresh ◽  
M Walser ◽  
S Hill
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Chronic Renal Failure ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Protein Restriction ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein

Concerns have been raised about the possibility of protein restriction resulting in malnutrition and poor subsequent survival on dialysis. However, no studies have examined patients treated with protein restriction to determine their subsequent survival on dialysis. This study prospectively monitored 67 patients with established chronic renal failure (mean initial serum creatinine of 4.3 mg/dL) who were treated with a very low-protein diet (0.3 g/kg per day) supplemented with either essential amino acids or a ketoacid-amino acid mixture and observed closely for clinical complications. Forty-four patients required dialysis. Once dialysis was started, dietary treatment was no longer prescribed. The cumulative mortality rate during the first 2 yr after starting dialysis was 7% (95% confidence interval, 0 to 16%). During this period, only two deaths occurred compared with 11.5 deaths expected on the basis of national mortality rates adjusted for age, sex, race, and cause of renal disease (P = 0.002). However, the protective effect was limited to the first 2 yr on dialysis. Thereafter, mortality rates increased, resulting in a total of 10 deaths during 96.4 person-years of follow-up, which was not significantly lower than the 14.9 deaths expected (P = 0.25). Extrapolation of sequential serum creatinine measurements made before dietary treatment suggests that the improved survival cannot be due to the early initiation of dialysis. Although the lack of an internal control group and data on dialysis lends uncertainty, the large difference in mortality rate between these patients and the nationwide experience indicates that protein restriction and close clinical monitoring predialysis does not worsen and may substantially improve survival during the first 2 yr on dialysis. These findings point out the importance of studying predialysis treatments as a means for lowering mortality on dialysis.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Fresh and Fermented Banana Stem in Low Protein Diet on Nutrient Digestibility, Productive Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Crossbred Pig ((Thai native x Meishan) x Duroc)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Chaiwat Arjin ◽  
◽  
Chanmany Souphannavong ◽  
Apinya Sartsook ◽  
Mintra Seel-audom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Banana Stem

Banana stem is a common feed component for raising pigs in mountainous Southeast Asia. However, its nutritive value and digestibility are low. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of unfermented and fermented banana stems on crossbred pigs concerning nutrient digestibility, productive performance, and intestinal morphology. Initially, an in vitro ileal digestibility test was performed for the following feedstuffs: fresh banana stem (BS), fermented banana stem (FBS), concentrate (C), fresh banana stem + concentrate (BSC), and fermented banana stem + concentrate (FBSC). For the 120-day experiment, 16 crossbred pigs were divided into two groups and fed with BSC and FBSC. They were placed in individual cages and subsequently moved to metabolic cages for seven days to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Finally, all pigs were slaughtered and their small intestines were analyzed for intestinal morphology. The results show that pure fresh and fermented banana stems had low digestibility. However, their digestibility increased by 50% when mixed with concentrate. Crossbred pigs fed BSC and FBSC did not exhibit significant differences in their performance, but the intestinal morphology of the FBSC group had improved intestinal morphology, especially the villi height. In conclusion, both fresh and fermented banana stems can be recommended in a low protein diet as feed for crossbred pigs in an improved production system. This is relevant for raising pigs in mountainous areas, as it has the potential to reduce feed cost and maintain production performance.

Green tea extract intake during lactation modified cardiac macrophage infiltration and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in weanling rats from undernourished mother during gestation and lactation

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Matsumoto ◽  
S. Kataoka ◽  
Y. Mukai ◽  
M. Sato ◽  
S. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Protein Restriction ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Macrophage Infiltration ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Tea Extract ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

Maternal dietary restriction is often associated with cardiovascular disease in offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of green tea extract (GTE) intake during lactation on macrophage infiltration, and activation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and serine-threonine kinase Akt (Akt) in the hearts of weanlings exposed to maternal dietary protein restriction. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed control (C) or low-protein diets (LP) throughout gestation. Following delivery, the dams received a control or a GTE-containing control diet during lactation: control diet during gestation and lactation (CC), low-protein diet during gestation and lactation (LPC), low-protein diet during gestation and 0.12% GTE-containing low-protein diet during lactation (LPL), and low-protein diet during gestation and 0.24% GTE-containing low-protein diet during lactation (LPH). The female offspring were sacrificed at day 22. Biochemical parameters in the plasma, macrophage infiltration, degree of fibrosis and expression levels of AMPK and Akt were examined. The plasma insulin level increased in LPH compared with LPC. Percentage of the fibrotic areas and the number of macrophages in LPC were higher than those in CC. Conversely, the fibrotic areas and the macrophage number in LPH were smaller (21 and 56%, respectively) than those in LPC. The levels of phosphorylated AMPK in LPL and LPH, and Akt in LPH were greater than those in LPC. In conclusion, maternal protein restriction may induce macrophage infiltration and the decrease of insulin levels. However, GTE intake during lactation may suppress macrophage infiltration and restore insulin secretion function via upregulation of AMPK and insulin signaling in weanlings.

scholarly journals Insulin-like growth factor-I, but not growth hormone, is dependent on a high protein intake to increase nitrogen balance in the rat

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Sanchez-Gomez ◽  
Kjell Malmlöf ◽  
Wilson Mejia ◽  
Antonio Bermudez ◽  
Maria Teresa Ochoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Igf I

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of dietary protein level on the protein anabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Female growing rats were fed on either a high- or a low-protein diet with crude protein contents of 222 and 83 g/kg respectively. The diets contained the same amount of metabolizable energy (15·1 MJ/kg) and were given during a 14 d period. During the same time, three groups of rats (n 8) on each diet received subcutaneous infusions of either saline, recombinant human GH (rhGH) or recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I). rhGH and rhIGF-I were given in doses of 360 and 500 μg/d respectively. The low-protein diet alone reduced significantly (P < 0·05) IGF-I concentrations in serum and in tissue taken from the gastrocnemius muscle as well as IGF-I mRNA from the same muscle. The responses to rhGH and rhIGF-I in terms of muscle IGF-I and its mRNA were variable. However, when rhIGF-I was infused into rats on the high-protein diet, significantly elevated levels of IGF-I in muscle tissues could be observed. This was associated with a significantly (P < 0·05) increased N balance, whereas rhGH significantly (P < 0·05) enhanced the N balance in rats on the low-protein diet. Thus, it can be concluded that the level of dietary protein ingested regulates not only the effect of IGF-I on whole-body N economy but also the regulation of IGF-I gene expression in muscles. The exact mechanism by which GH exerts its protein anabolic effect, however, remains to be elucidated.

Effects of Long-Term Low Protein Diet on Albumin Metabolism in Chronic Uremia

Nephron ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 409-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bianchi ◽  
G. Mariani ◽  
A. Pilo ◽  
M.G. Toni
Keyword(s):  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Chronic Uremia
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