scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of a Nested PCR for Improved Diagnosis and Genetic Analysis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) for Future Use in Nascent PPR Eradication Programme

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3170
Author(s):  
Mana Mahapatra ◽  
Martin Mayora Neto ◽  
Asha Khunti ◽  
Felix Njeumi ◽  
Satya Parida
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Nucleocapsid Gene ◽  
Field Samples

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants caused by PPR virus (PPRV). PPR is endemic in Asia, the Middle East and across large areas of Africa and is currently targeted for global eradication by 2030. The virus exists as four different lineages that are usually limited to specific geographical areas. However, recent reports of spread of PPRV, in particular of lineage IV viruses to infection-free countries and previously PPR endemic areas are noteworthy. A rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis and reports on its epidemiological linkage for virus spread play a major role in the effective control and eradication of the disease. Currently, molecular assays, including conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) are usually used for diagnosis of PPR while the sequencing of part of the nucleocapsid gene is usually carried out for the viral lineage identification. However, it is difficult to diagnose and sequence the genetic material if the animal excreted a low level of virus at the initial stage of infection or if the PPRV is degraded during the long-distance transportation of samples to the reference laboratories. This study describes the development of a novel nested RT-PCR assay for the detection of the PPRV nucleic acid by targeting the N-protein gene, compares the performance of the assay with the existing conventional RT-PCR and also provides good-quality DNA suitable for sequencing in order to identify circulating lineages. The assay was evaluated using cell culture propagated PPRVs, field samples from clinically infected animals and samples from experimentally infected animals encompassing all four lineages (I–IV) of PPRV. This assay provides a solution with an easy, accurate, rapid and cost-effective PPR diagnostic and partial genome sequencing for use in resource-limited settings.

scholarly journals Rapid Detection of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) Nucleic Acid Using a Novel Low-Cost Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) Assay for Future Use in Nascent PPR Eradication Programme

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahapatra ◽  
Howson ◽  
Fowler ◽  
Batten ◽  
Flannery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Lamp Assay ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Isothermal Amplification ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a disease of small ruminants caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), and is endemic in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Effective control combines the application of early warning systems, accurate laboratory diagnosis and reporting, animal movement restrictions, suitable vaccination and surveillance programs, and the coordination of all these measures by efficient veterinary services. Molecular assays, including conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) have improved the sensitivity and rapidity of diagnosing PPR. However, currently these assays are only performed within laboratory settings; therefore, the development of field diagnostics for PPR would improve the fast implementation of control policies, particularly when PPR has been targeted to be eradicated by 2030. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays are simple to use, rapid, and have sensitivity and specificity within the range of RT-qPCR; and can be performed in the field using disposable consumables and portable equipment. This study describes the development of a novel RT-LAMP assay for the detection of PPRV nucleic acid by targeting the N-protein gene. The RT-LAMP assay was evaluated using cell culture propagated PPRVs, field samples from clinically infected animals and samples from experimentally infected animals encompassing all four lineages (I-IV) of PPRV. The test displayed 100% concordance with RT-qPCR when considering an RT-qPCR cut-off value of CT >40. Further, the RT-LAMP assay was evaluated using experimental and outbreak samples without prior RNA extraction making it more time and cost-effective. This assay provides a solution for a pen-side, rapid and inexpensive PPR diagnostic for use in the field in nascent PPR eradication programme.

scholarly journals Review of Peste des Petits Ruminants Occurrence and Spread in Tanzania

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1698
Author(s):  
Daniel Pius Mdetele ◽  
Erick Komba ◽  
Misago Dimson Seth ◽  
Gerald Misinzo ◽  
Richard Kock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important transboundary animal disease of domestic small ruminants, camels, and wild artiodactyls. The disease has significant socio-economic impact on communities that depend on livestock for their livelihood and is a threat to endangered susceptible wild species. The aim of this review was to describe the introduction of PPR to Tanzania and its subsequent spread to different parts of the country. On-line databases were searched for peer-reviewed and grey literature, formal and informal reports were obtained from Tanzanian Zonal Veterinary Investigation Centres and Laboratories, and Veterinary Officers involved with PPR surveillance were contacted. PPR virus (PPRV) was confirmed in northern Tanzania in 2008, although serological data from samples collected in the region in 1998 and 2004, and evidence that the virus was already circulating in Uganda in 2003, suggests that PPRV might have been present earlier than this. It is likely that the virus which became established in Tanzania was introduced from Kenya between 2006–7 through the cross-border movement of small ruminants for trade or grazing resources, and then spread to eastern, central, and southern Tanzania from 2008 to 2010 through movement of small ruminants by pastoralists and traders. There was no evidence of PPRV sero-conversion in wildlife based on sera collected up to 2012, suggesting that they did not play a vectoring or bridging role in the establishment of PPRV in Tanzania. PPRV lineages II, III and IV have been detected, indicating that there have been several virus introductions. PPRV is now considered to be endemic in sheep and goats in Tanzania, but there has been no evidence of PPR clinical disease in wildlife species in Tanzania, although serum samples collected in 2014 from several wild ruminant species were PPRV sero-positive. Similarly, no PPR disease has been observed in cattle and camels. In these atypical hosts, serological evidence indicates exposure to PPRV infection, most likely through spillover from infected sheep and goats. Some of the challenges for PPRV eradication in Tanzania include movements of small ruminants, including transboundary movements, and the capacity of veterinary services for disease surveillance and vaccination. Using wildlife and atypical domestic hosts for PPR surveillance is a useful indicator of endemism and the ongoing circulation of PPRV in livestock, especially during the implementation of vaccination to control or eliminate the disease in sheep and goats. PPR disease has a major socio-economic impact in Tanzania, which justifies the investment in a comprehensive PPRV eradication programme.

Recent advances in the laboratory diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (05) ◽  
pp. 226-231
Author(s):  
WIESŁAW NIEDBALSKI ◽  
ANDRZEJ FITZNER ◽  
KRZYSZTOF BULENGER ◽  
ANDRZEJ KĘSY
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Agar Gel

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and economically important, viral disease of small ruminants caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), which belongs to the genus Morbilivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR control is achieved mostly through vaccination and/or slaughter of susceptible animals coupled with clinical or laboratory-based diagnosis. Since clinical signs of PPR are not disease-specific and clinical diagnostics is not reliable, it should be confirmed by laboratory testing. Laboratory confirmation of clinical suspicions is made by detection of PPRV in blood, swabs or post-mortem tissues through classical virus isolation (VI), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID)/agar gel precipitation test (AGPT), counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), immunoperoxidase test (IPT) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. However, these conventional methods have been superseded by more rapid, sensitive and accurate molecular diagnostic techniques based on the amplification of parts of either nucleocapsid (N) or fusion (F) protein gene, such as RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) and Oxford nanopore MinION technology. Although these molecular diagnostic assays are accurate, rapid and sensitive, they have to be performed in laboratory settings, and samples must be transported under appropriate conditions from the field to the laboratory, which can delay the confirmation of PPRV infection. The recently developed immunochromatographic lateral flow device (IC-LFD) assay can be used in the field (“pen-side”) without the need for expensive equipment, so a well-established laboratory is not required. The control and eventual eradication of PPR is now one of the top priorities for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). In 2015, the international community agreed on a global strategy for PPR eradication, setting 2030 as a target date for elimination of the disease

scholarly journals Prevalence of peste des petits ruminants in the arid zone in the Republic of Niger

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Souaibou Farougou ◽  
Mariama Gagara ◽  
Guy A. Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Republic

The study aimed to determine the prevalence of peste des petits ruminants in the arid zone (Niamey, Tillabéry and Tahoua) of the Republic of Niger. A serological survey was conducted and 519 serum samples were collected from 253 unvaccinated sheep and 266 unvaccinated goats. The sample included 340 female animals (168 sheep and 172 goats) and 160 kids and lambs (78 lambs and 82 kids). A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay yielded an overall seroprevalence of 45.0%. The prevalence in sheep was 42.0% compared with 47.9% in goats. The seroprevalence observed amongst small ruminants in Tahoua (49.8%) and Tillabéry (46.6%) was significantly higher (p = 0.001) than that observed in animals from Niamey (25.1%). It was also higher (p = 0.04) in sheep younger than two years (51.8%) than in adults (37.6%). Conversely, the seroprevalence showed no significant difference between male animals (35.8% in sheep; 50.1% in goats) and female animals (45.1% in sheep; 46.4% in goats). The prevalence of the disease observed amongst the sheep and goat populations confirms the continued danger of this disease in the areas studied. It is therefore necessary to develop strategies such as improving livestock services, providing effective vaccines and implementing a vaccination programme for an effective control of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and molecular characterization of re-emerged virulent strains of Peste des Petits Ruminants virus among sheep in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima A. Saeed ◽  
Mohammed M.Gumaa ◽  
Sana A.Abdelaziz ◽  
Khalid A. Enan ◽  
Selma K. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Partial Sequence ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Lineage Iv ◽  
Eastern Sudan

Abstract Background Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a severe contagious viral disease, which mainly affects small ruminants. PPR is caused by a Morbillivirus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. In this study 12 suspected PPR outbreaks among sheep and goats were investigated in four localities in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan, during 2015—2017. The causative agent was confirmed by a Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (sELISA), and a Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) targeting a partial sequence of nucleocapsid protein gene (N- gene) and a partial sequence of fusion protein gene (F- gene). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were carried out on six N- gene based RT-PCR products selected from two outbreaks occurred on border and inner localities of Kassala State to determine the circulating lineages of PPRV strains. Identity percentages were determined between isolates in this study and previous Sudanese, and other (African and Asian) isolates which clustered along with them. Results Out of 30 samples, 22 (73.3%) were positive using sandwich ELISA. From 22 s ELISA positive samples, 17 (77.3%) were positive by Ngene based RT-PCR and only 7(43.8%) out of 16 positive samples by N gene based RT-PCR were positive using Fgene based RT-PCR. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed involvement of the lineage IV of PPRV in outbreaks among small ruminants in Kassala State and high identity percentage between our isolates and previous Sudanese and other (African and Asian) isolates. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that genetic relationship between PPRV strains circulating in sheep in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan, and PPRV strains characterized as lineage IV in neighboring African countries such as Eretria,Ethiopia, Egypt, and other Asian countries

scholarly journals Eradication of peste des petits ruminants: Application of new research to guide and facilitate the global elimination of the disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (03) ◽  
pp. 6380-2020
Author(s):  
WIESŁAW NIEDBALSKI
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eradication Programme

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild small ruminants caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), which belongs to the genus Morbilivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. The PPRV causes disease in goats and sheep, as well as in wild ruminants, such as gazelle, deer, antelope, Nubian ibex, gemsbok and others. PPR was first recorded in early 1942 in Ivory Coast, West Africa, and spread to around 70 countries in Africa, the Middle East and Asia – regions that are home to over 80% of the world’s sheep and goats. Until 2018, PPR had never been detected in Europe. On 24th June 2018, however, the Bulgarian authorities reported cases of PPR in sheep in the village of Voden, Bolyarovo municipality of Yambol region, on the border with the Thrace region of Turkey. It was the first occurrence of PPR in Bulgaria and in the European Union (EU). The control and eventual eradication of PPR is now one of the top priorities for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). In 2015, the international community agreed on a global strategy for PPR eradication, setting 2030 as a target date for elimination of the disease. The aim of this paper was to highlight future research that could be performed to guide and facilitate the PPR eradication programme. Such research includes studies on PPR transmission and epidemiology, as well as the development and application of new-generation PPR vaccines capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Moreover, there is a need for research to improve and adapt existing diagnostic techniques as well as to develop novel PPRV recognition methods, such as a lateral flow device for in-field use, that accelerate decisions about the implementation of control measures.

scholarly journals Séroprévalence de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift chez les ruminants domestiques dans la région de Tahoua/Niger

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3023-3031
Author(s):  
Marietou Adamou Hama ◽  
Abdoulkarim Issa Ibrahim ◽  
Abdou Alassane ◽  
Haladou Gagara ◽  
Rianatou Bada Alambedji
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Regional Project

L’épizoo-épidémie de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift (FVR), survenue suite à une pluviométrie marquée par de fortes précipitations dans la région de Tahoua frontalière au département d’Ingal qui accueille l’événement de la cure salée chaque année, a engendré de nombreuses pertes en vies humaines. Au niveau du secteur animal, l’impact économique et sanitaire est également considérable, compte-tenu des lourdes pertes engendrées dans le cheptel. Ces pertes sont une forte mortalité chez les jeunes, des taux d’avortements élevés chez les femelles gravides et une baisse de la productivité des élevages touchés. Afin d’évaluer la séroprévalence de la FVR chez les ruminants de la région, des échantillons de sérums prélevés lors du seromonitoring des campagnes de vaccination contre la peste des petits ruminants et la péripneumonie contagieuse des bovidés financé par le Projet Régional d’Appui au Pastoralisme au Sahel (PRAPS) en février 2017, ont été analysés pour la détection d’anticorps du virus de la FVR au moyen du test ELISA de compétition. Les séroprévalences obtenues chez les espèces étudiées sont assez élevées chez les bovins (30,62%) et les caprins (18,40%), suivies de celle des ovins qui est de 14,90%.Les résultats sérologiques répartis dans les communes montrent que les bovins de Ibohaman et Tassara sont significativement les plus affectés avec une prévalence de 50,00% chacune (P=0,00224). Par contre, chez les petits ruminants, les communes de Tchintabaraden et Abalak ont  significativement les prévalences les plus élevées tant chez les ovins (22,07% et 40,90%) que chez les caprins (8,69% et 37,21%).Toutefois, il n’y a pas de différence significative entre les prévalences d’infection des ovins et caprins pour chaque commune. Les résultats révèlent que la prévalence est plus élevée chez les mâles que chez les femelles (32,35±11,11 contre 18,49±3,43), mais la différence n’est pas significative. En somme, la mise en place d’une stratégie privilégiant l’approche « One Health » est nécessaire pour une lutte efficace contre la FVR, mais aussi la nécessité d’études entomologiques complémentairesMots clés: Sérologie, c-ELISA, Fièvre de la vallée de Rift, Bovins, Ovins, Caprins. English Title: Rift valley fever seroprevalence in domestic ruminants in Tahoua region/NigerThe epizoo-epidemic outbreak of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) that occurred  following a heavy rainfall in the region of Tahoua, along the border of  Ingal’s department that hosts every year, the salt cure event has caused considerable human deaths. Considerable economic and health losses were reported in livestock sector. These losses include high mortality in young animals, high abortion rates in pregnant females and decrease productivity in affected farms. To assess the seroprevalence of RVF of ruminants from that region, sera samples collected in February 2017, for the   Seromonitoring of vaccination campaigns against Peste des Petits  Ruminants (PPR) and Contagious Bovine Peri Pneumonia (CBPP),  Supported by the Regional Project for Pastoralism in the Sahel (PRAPS), were tested for antibodies against RVF virus using the competitive ELISA test. The seroprevalence of RVF in the studied species, reveal a high  prevalence in cattle (30.62%) and goats (18.40%) followed by sheep  (14.90%).Cattle, from Ibohaman and Tassara are significantly affected with a prevalence of 50.00% each (P=0.00224) compared to other districts. Small ruminants from the districts of Tchintabaraden and Abalak have significantly the highest prevalence both in sheep (22.07% and 40.90%) and goats (8.69% and 37.21%). However, there is no significant difference between the prevalence of infection of sheep and goats in each district. Seroprevalence is higher in males than females (32.35±11.11) versus  (18.49±3.43), with no significant difference between the two species. Based on the above results, for effective control of RVF it, is necessary to  implement a one heath approach in the country couple with additional  entomological investigations.Keywords: Serology, c-ELISA, Rift Valley Fever, Cattle, Sheep, Goats.

Standardization and application of immunofluorescence and immuno- peroxidase tests for detection of bluetongue virus antigen

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalyani Putty ◽  
Yashitha Priya ◽  
Sunil. R. Patil ◽  
Y. Narsimha Reddy ◽  
Y. Vishnuvardhan Reddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Molecular Assays ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Mode Of Detection

India is enzootic for bluetongue (BT), a predominant disease of small ruminants. The most important task in the control of disease is rapid and sensitive detection of virus. The present study was undertaken to standardize immunofluorescence (IFT) and immunoperoxidase tests (IPT) employing BTV serogroup specific VP7 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), polyclonal homologous, and polyclonal heterologous antisera against specific serotypes of BTV for detection of BTV antigen. Serial tenfold dilutions of BTV-9 were tested for limit of detection (LoD) of IFT, IPT, and molecular assays by using MAbs against VP7, homologous anti-BTV-9 serum, and heterologous anti-BTV-16 serum. LoD of IFT was found to be 101 TCID50/mL using MAbs against VP7, anti BTV-9 serum, and anti BTV-16 serum. LoD of IPT was found to be 101 TCID50/mL, 102 TCID50/mL, and 102 TCID50/mL using MAbs against VP7, anti BTV-9 serum and anti BTV-16 serum, respectively. LoD of RT-PCR was 101 TCID50/mL and that of real time PCR was 100 TCID50/mL. This standardized assay was then applied for BTV detection in BTV suspected field samples collected from BT outbreaks followed by confirmation with virus isolation and NS3 group specific PCR. The current study shows that IFT and IPT are specific tests for group specific BTV identification. For IFT, monoclonal and polyclonal (homologous and heterologous) source of antibodies had similar sensitivity in the ability of BTV detection; whereas the most sensitive mode of detection by IPT was with MAbs.

scholarly journals The Antioxidant Status and Biochemical Parameters in Kid Goats Naturally Infected with Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Ersoy Baydar ◽  
Abdurrauf Yuce ◽  
Metin Gurcay ◽  
Omer Kizil
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Rt Pcr

Background: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants. The disease is high economical importance because of the high mortality rate. Oxidative stress is an active field of research in small ruminant medicine and has been implicated in numerous disease processes including sepsis, mastitis, acidosis, enteritis, pneumonia, respiratory, and joint diseases. Compared to human medicine, only a limited number of conditions have been investigated in regard to the effects of oxidative stress in small ruminants. The aim of this study was to determined and compared the oxidative status and some biochemical parameters in kid goats with PPR.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was performed on 15 healthy hair of kid goats (control group) and 15 kids naturally infected with Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR). Competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) was used for serological detection of PPRV specific antibodies, and a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed for the detection of PPR virus. Concentrations of plasma biochemical parameters were analysed by a clinical chemistry analyser, and blood biochemical indices determined, including total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate amino transferase (AST), γ- glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL). The plasma CAT activity, plasma GSHPx activity and plasma lipid peroxidation level was measured according to the specific methods. Besides, vitamin C values were colorimetrically determined using a phosphotungustic method acid method and vitamin E values were determined spectrophotometrically method. Plasma MDA concentrations were markedly increased in the group of kid goats with PPR (P < 0.001) whereas GSHPx (P < 0.01), and CAT (P < 0.01) activities were significantly depressed as well as concentrations of vitamins E (P < 0.05) and vitamin C (P < 0.001). Significant differences between groups were showed relative to plasma total protein (P < 0.05), albumin (P < 0.05), ALP (P < 0.05), AST (P < 0.01), GGT (P < 0.05), LDH (P < 0.05), glucose (P < 0.001), VLDL (P < 0.05), LDL (P < 0.01), and HDL (P < 0.05)Discussion: The clinical and postmortem findings of PPRV infection may be sufficient for the diagnosis in the endemic areas, yet labaratory confirmation is essential for definitive diagnosis because of the clinical similarity of PPR to rinderpest. In this study used both C-ELISA and RT-PCR in the diagnosis of suspected disease. The decrease level of VLDL, LDL, and HDL in the kids with PPR were consistent findings with liver damage, and the cause of decrease could be inadequate synthesis of cholesterol that main structure of lipoproteins due to liver dysfunction. Plasma MDA concentrations were found to be increased in the kid goats with PPR compared to the control group, while decreases of GSHPx and CAT activities were observed. Because of GSHPx and CAT are involved in the conversion of radicals into less effective metabolites, these changes coupled to the increase of MDA concentrations, suggest that an excessive ROS production occurred during PPR infection. This study has highlighted the occurrence of an oxidative stress with important differences in antioxidant status as reflected by assessment of some enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in kids infected by PPRV. In conclusion, this study has highlighted the occurrence of an oxidative stress with important differences in antioxidant status as reflected by assessment of some enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in kids infected by PPRV. Furthermore, the liver was effected by PPRV infection.

scholarly journals Improved diagnostic strategy for foot-and-mouth disease in Bulgaria

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 155-165
Author(s):  
L. Polichronova ◽  
G. Georgiev ◽  
A. Teneva ◽  
S. Chakarova ◽  
I. Chenchev
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Diagnostic Strategy ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
And Control

Foot-and-mouth-disease is severe, highly contagious disease of cloven - hoofed animals that affects large animal livestock species and various wildlife species. Different countries has a different FMD status which require a disparate approach defining the diagnostic and control strategy. A variety of new diagnostic tests and procedures was developed to improve FMD laboratory diagnosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the contemporary diagnostic tools and the ability of our laboratory to detect FMD virus or viral genome in field samples and cell culture fluids using an Ag ELISA, TaqMan real-time RT-PCR and Virus isolation combined with chromatographic - LFD (lateral flow devises) tests. .

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