scholarly journals An Investigation into the Influence of Different Types of Nesting Materials upon the Welfare of Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1835
Author(s):  
Naomi Anderson ◽  
Bala Amarasekaran ◽  
David Riba
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

Ensuring the welfare of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) is crucial, in part because they can act as a conservation resource in the case of wild populations becoming extinct. One strategy often adopted to ensure animal welfare is environmental enrichment. In this study, we investigated the impact of different nesting materials (leaves and branches, long grass, cotton sheets, and shredded newspaper) upon the welfare of chimpanzees housed at Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary (Sierra Leone). Data was collected on 20 subjects (aged 4 to 15 years) between November 2019 and March 2020. Welfare was based on individuals’ relative frequency of affiliative, abnormal and agonistic behaviours, as well as their social and behavioural competence. We found that individuals’ welfare was higher when presented with nesting materials (compared to the control and post-treatment conditions), particularly when given shredded newspaper, regardless of whether the material was presented separately or in conjunction with another. In addition, welfare was highest: during the morning (vs evening); in groups of older individuals (vs younger); with females engaging in less agonistic behaviours compared to males; and males displaying relatively higher behavioural competence. Our results support previous research that captive chimpanzees be supplied with destructible nesting materials, and demonstrate that synthetic enrichments can indeed have a more positive impact upon welfare than their natural alternatives.

scholarly journals Management of Malaria in Children Younger Than 5 Years Old During Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in Sierra Leone: A Lesson Learned?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Buonsenso ◽  
Francesco Iodice ◽  
Bianca Cinicola ◽  
Francesca Raffaelli ◽  
Solia Sowa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Proactive Approach ◽  
The Impact

Growing evidences are showing the potential indirect effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the health systems of low-resource settings, where diseases such as Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Malaria represent major killers. Therefore, we performed a retrospective study aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on Malaria programs in a peripheral region of Sierra Leone, previously involved by the Ebola outbreak in 2015, when malaria care have been impaired since local health systems were overwhelmed by Ebola cases. During COVID-19 in Sierra Leone, we did not notice a significant drop in malaria diagnosis in children, suggesting that a proactive approach in the management of malaria in endemic countries during COVID-19 may have had a positive impact. A comprehensive approach that include also educational activities to sensitize the local population, was useful to guarantee successful malaria diagnosis and treatment, and prevents excess of malaria deaths due to potential disruption of the local health systems related to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

scholarly journals Biochemical and cellular properties of Gluconacetobacter xylinus cultures exposed to different modes of rotating magnetic field

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karol Fijałkowski ◽  
Radosław Drozd ◽  
Anna Żywicka ◽  
Adam F. Junka ◽  
Marian Kordas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Rotating Magnetic Field ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Gluconacetobacter Xylinus ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a rotating magnetic field (RMF) on cellular and biochemical properties of Gluconacetobacter xylinus during the process of cellulose synthesis by these bacteria. The application of the RMF during bacterial cellulose (BC) production intensified the biochemical processes in G. xylinus as compared to the RMF-unexposed cultures. Moreover, the RMF had a positive impact on the growth of cellulose-producing bacteria. Furthermore, the application of RMF did not increase the number of mutants unable to produce cellulose. In terms of BC production efficacy, the most favorable properties were found in the setting where RMF generator was switched off for the first 72 h of cultivation and switched on for the further 72 h. The results obtained can be used in subsequent studies concerning the optimization of BC production using different types of magnetic fields including RMF, especially.

Veterans Going to College: Evaluating the Impact of the Post-9/11 GI Bill on College Enrollment

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
College Enrollment ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Gi Bill ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Master's Degrees ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Enrollment Rates ◽  
Retrospective Nature ◽  
The Impact

In this study, I used American Community Survey (ACS) 2005–2015 data to examine the enrollment effect of the Post-9/11 GI Bill; the analysis resulted in three main findings: First, although the New GI Bill has increased overall college enrollment by about 3 percentage points on average, the effect was much larger immediately after the bill’s adoption and has waned in recent years, suggesting that part of the initial enrollment burst was due to the retrospective nature of the bill. Second, the New GI Bill has had a consistent and positive impact on college enrollment among veterans ranging from 20 to 60 years old. Because older individuals on average have lower enrollment rates than younger ones, it follows that the former are relatively more responsive to financial incentives. Third, I found consistent and positive enrollment effects across veterans of all levels of existing educational attainment, with the largest estimates observed among those already holding master’s degrees.

scholarly journals Long-Term Impact of Interprofessional Medical Mission Service Trips in Sierra Leone

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen Tran ◽  
Jennie Jarrett ◽  
Scott Gardner ◽  
James Fernando ◽  
Mark Milliron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Competence ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Intercultural Competence ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Local Staff ◽  
Mission Service ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mission Trips

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of capacity-building short-term mission service trips to Sierra Leone on local health education and perspectives.Methods: This was a prospective, mixed-methods study. During three mission trips between June 2017 and December 2019, health professional students taught multiple locally selected patient care-related topics. Local staff completed knowledge questionnaires and were surveyed or interviewed on mission service impact along with the cultural competence of missionaries. Mission team members completed the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) and surveys to determine their cultural competence.Results: After initial education, 90% passed the knowledge questionnaire with at least a 50% and the correct response rate was 57.9 vs. 66.7% after 6 months and 2.5 years, respectively (p = 0.40). Local staff ranked education/training as most valuable (84%) and highly desired (53%). Mean IES score and survey responses of both missionaries and local staff rated mission team cultural competence as average.Conclusions: Education-focused mission trips in Sierra Leone seem to have long-lasting benefits and a positive impact on local staff, though improved intercultural competence is needed.

scholarly journals The Impact of Physical Activities on Cognitive Performance among Healthy Older Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Blanka Klimova ◽  
Radka Dostalova
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Physical Activity Intervention ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Alternative Programs ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
The Impact

The population is aging in developed countries. This aging process results in many changes, both physical and mental. Over the years, there has been a gradual decline in the level of cognitive functions closely related to the ageing process, which is most often connected with ageing diseases such as dementia. So far, pharmacological treatment has not yet been able to cure this neurological disorder. Health policies around the world seek to find alternative programs and strategies to help a healthy population prevent cognitive decline and prolong active life. One such strategy appears to be physical activity. The aim of this review is to discuss the impact of physical activity on cognitive performance among healthy older individuals. The methodology of this study is based on a systematic electronic literature search of available studies found in three databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. The findings suggest that any physical activity in older age seems to have a positive impact on the improvement of cognitive function. Furthermore, it appears that dancing, due to its multiple mechanisms, might have the biggest effect on the enhancement of cognitive performance in healthy older individuals. However, controlled clinical trials of physical activity intervention in older adults are rare. Therefore, further research in this area (particularly on the amount of physical activity, its intensity and type) is needed.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurs and Territorial Diversity: Success and Failure in Andalusia 2007–2015

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 262
Author(s):  
Eugenio Cejudo García ◽  
José Antonio Cañete Pérez ◽  
Francisco Navarro Valverde ◽  
Noelia Ruiz Moya
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Project Success ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Application Procedure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Europe Today ◽  
The Impact

Rural Europe today cannot be understood without considering the impact of the EU’s Liaisons Entre Actions de Developpement de l’Economie Rurale (LEADER) rural development programme. Although in general it has had a positive impact, research has also revealed spatial and social disparities in the distribution of funds. Our primary source was the files for all the LEADER projects processed in Andalusia between 2007 and 2015. In addition to successfully executed projects, we also focused on “unfunded” projects, those in which, although promoters had initiated the application procedure, a grant was never ultimately obtained. Project failure must be studied so as to avoid biased findings. We then classified these projects within the different types of rural area and analysed the behaviour of the different promoters in these areas. Relevant findings include: project success or failure varies according to the different types of rural area, as does the behaviour of the different promoters; the degree of rurality can hinder project success; young and female entrepreneurs were more likely to fail; the type of promoter is strongly influenced by the distance to cities in that companies and Individual Entrepreneurs tend to invest in periurban spaces, while public sector promoters such as Local Councils are more prominent in remote rural areas.

scholarly journals HOMES OF HOPE: VISUALIZING SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Jatana Vathje ◽  
Marjan Eggermont ◽  
Robert Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Engaged Learning ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

A sense of professional social responsibilityis a key quality for engineers of the 21st century.Community Engaged Learning (CEL) is an excellent wayto develop social responsibility (SR) in students. But,there is a need to better understand how different typesCEL experiences impact SR development. Recently, apsychological framework and survey has been createdthat addresses how SR develops in engineers. We putthese SR tools to the test, along with some othermeasures, to see how a short-term international CELexperience impacted the students’ SR development.This study was of an exploratory nature to see how to bestwork with the new psychological framework and othermeasures of SR. All indicators showed that the short terminternational CEL had a positive impact on SRdevelopment and the SR tools proved to be useful ininterpreting and visualizing the impact on students. Ourfuture work aims to conduct many studies like this, to seeif we can understand how different types of CEL relate todevelopment of different areas of SR in students.

scholarly journals The Impact of Different Types of Tests in EFL Writing on the Teachers’ Classroom Practices

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Arina Shofiya
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Practices ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
High Stake ◽  
Efl Writing ◽  
National Education ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

To promote the quality of national education, a test, especially high-stake test, has received special concern from the government. Such kind of test brings serious consequence (impact) to some related parties like teachers, students, school systems, and society. This article is intended to highlight how different type of testing affects the teachers’ teaching practices in the classrooms. In Indonesian secondary schools, two types of tests, National Examination (NE) and School Examination (SE) are administered to measure students’ achievement in a particular level as well as to decide students’ graduation. The two tests are different at some points. First, the test for NE was developed and administered by the government through the Board of National Education Standard. Meanwhile, the preparation and administration of the test for SE were done by the English teachers at every school. Second, the test of NE was in the form of objective test, whereas, the test of SE is subjective in which the students should create writing products. Using descriptive qualitative research design, the current research investigated how four Indonesian secondary school teachers carried out the teaching of EFL Writing in their classroom as the impact of the two types of test. The findings of this research revealed that the administration of the different types of tests brings different impacts on the preparation and classrooms practices in which the teachers were more enthusiastic and serious to prepare for the SE rather than the NE. It can be concluded that a particular type of test which requires full involvement of the teachers either in the preparation or the administration like SE brings positive impact on their classroom practices.

scholarly journals Evaluating the effect of various institutions on foreign trade of selected countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Extra-A) ◽  
pp. 277-288
Author(s):  
Rahman Mirzaeian ◽  
Kiomars Sohaili ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Bagher Najafi ◽  
Jamal Fathollahi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Durability Test ◽  
Institutional Variables ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Market Stabilization ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

In this article, the effectiveness of various legal institutions, including market-creating institutions, market-regulating institutions, market-stabilizing institutions, and market-legitimizing institutions, the business has been accurately quantified based on scientific theories. To quantify the impact of institutional variables The required annual data related to these variables for the period 2014-2005 have been collected in selected countries. The data panel model has been used to estimate the effect of independent and control variables on the dependent variable of foreign trade. Before estimating the model, pre-estimation tests including the Durability test, etc., and F-Limer tests were performed to determine whether the model was integrated. The results of estimating the models regarding the effectiveness of different types of institutions show that; the impact of market regulators on trade in both groups of countries is positive and significant and the impact of market stabilization institutions on foreign trade has a positive impact only in the group of Asian countries, with the increase in the levels of this type of institutions, the share of trade in this group of countries increases.

scholarly journals Impact of Nanoscale Magnetite and Zero Valent Iron on the Batch-Wise Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste and Waste-Activated Sludge

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada Kassab ◽  
Dima Khater ◽  
Fadwa Odeh ◽  
Khaldoun Shatanawi ◽  
Maha Halalsheh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Iron Nanoparticles ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Production Yield ◽  
Iron Particles ◽  
Magnetite Fe3o4 ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nano Zero Valent Iron ◽  
The Impact

As a potential approach for enhanced energy generation from anaerobic digestion, iron-based conductive nanoparticles have been proposed to enhance the methane production yield and rate. In this study, the impact of two different types of iron nanoparticles, namely the nano-zero-valent-iron particles (NZVIs) and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) was investigated, using batch test under mesophilic conditions (35 °C). Magnetite NPs have been applied in doses of 25, 50 and 80 mg/L, corresponding to 13.1, 26.2 and 41.9 mg magnetite NPs/gTS of substrate, respectively. The results reveal that supplementing anaerobic batches with magnetite NPs at a dose of 25 mg/L induces an insignificant effect on hydrolysis and methane production. However, incubation with 50 and 80 mg/L magnetite NPs have instigated comparable positive impact with hydrolysis percentages reaching approximately 95% compared to 63% attained in control batches, in addition to a 50% enhancement in methane production yield. A biodegradability percentage of 94% was achieved with magnetite NP doses of 50 and 80 mg/L, compared to only 62.7% obtained with control incubation. NZVIs were applied in doses of 20, 40 and 60 mg/L, corresponding to 10.8, 21.5 and 32.2 mg NZVIs/gTS of substrate, respectively. The results have shown that supplementing anaerobic batches with NZVIs revealed insignificant impact, most probably due to the agglomeration of NZVI particles and consequently the reduction in available surface area, making the applied doses insufficient for measurable effect.

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