scholarly journals Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Thermoregulation in Mammals

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1733
Author(s):  
Daniel Mota-Rojas ◽  
Cristiane Gonçalves Titto ◽  
Agustín Orihuela ◽  
Julio Martínez-Burnes ◽  
Jocelyn Gómez-Prado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Microvascular Changes ◽  
Sporting Activities ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms

This review analyzes the main anatomical structures and neural pathways that allow the generation of autonomous and behavioral mechanisms that regulate body heat in mammals. The study of the hypothalamic neuromodulation of thermoregulation offers broad areas of opportunity with practical applications that are currently being strengthened by the availability of efficacious tools like infrared thermography (IRT). These areas could include the following: understanding the effect of climate change on behavior and productivity; analyzing the effects of exercise on animals involved in sporting activities; identifying the microvascular changes that occur in response to fear, pleasure, pain, and other situations that induce stress in animals; and examining thermoregulating behaviors. This research could contribute substantially to understanding the drastic modification of environments that have severe consequences for animals, such as loss of appetite, low productivity, neonatal hypothermia, and thermal shock, among others. Current knowledge of these physiological processes and complex anatomical structures, like the nervous systems and their close relation to mechanisms of thermoregulation, is still limited. The results of studies in fields like evolutionary neuroscience of thermoregulation show that we cannot yet objectively explain even processes that on the surface seem simple, including behavioral changes and the pathways and connections that trigger mechanisms like vasodilatation and panting. In addition, there is a need to clarify the connection between emotions and thermoregulation that increases the chances of survival of some organisms. An increasingly precise understanding of thermoregulation will allow us to design and apply practical methods in fields like animal science and clinical medicine without compromising levels of animal welfare. The results obtained should not only increase the chances of survival but also improve quality of life and animal production.

scholarly journals Bilirubin acts as a multipotent guardian of cardiovascular integrity: more than just a radical idea

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (3) ◽  
pp. H429-H447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Bulmer ◽  
Bhavisha Bakrania ◽  
Eugene F. Du Toit ◽  
Ai-Ching Boon ◽  
Paul J. Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Bilirubin Excretion ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases ◽  
Atherosclerotic Process

Bilirubin, a potentially toxic catabolite of heme and indicator of hepatobiliary insufficiency, exhibits potent cardiac and vascular protective properties. Individuals with Gilbert’s syndrome (GS) may experience hyperbilirubinemia in response to stressors including reduced hepatic bilirubin excretion/increased red blood cell breakdown, with individuals usually informed by their clinician that their condition is of little consequence. However, GS appears to protect from all-cause mortality, with progressively elevated total bilirubin associated with protection from ischemic heart and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Bilirubin may protect against these diseases and associated mortality by reducing circulating cholesterol, oxidative lipid/protein modifications, and blood pressure. In addition, bilirubin inhibits platelet activation and protects the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. These effects attenuate multiple stages of the atherosclerotic process in addition to protecting the heart during resultant ischemic stress, likely underpinning the profound reduction in cardiovascular mortality in hyperbilirubinemic GS. This review outlines our current knowledge of and uses for bilirubin in clinical medicine and summarizes recent progress in revealing the physiological importance of this poorly understood molecule. We believe that this review will be of significant interest to clinicians, medical researchers, and individuals who have GS.

scholarly journals Magnesium—Essentials for Anesthesiologists

2011 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 971-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Herroeder ◽  
Marianne E. Schönherr ◽  
Stefan G. De Hert ◽  
Markus W. Hollmann ◽  
David S. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Torsades De Pointes ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Current Review

Magnesium plays a fundamental role in many cellular functions, and thus there is increasing interest in its role in clinical medicine. Although numerous experimental studies indicate positive effects of magnesium in a variety of disease states, large clinical trials often give conflicting results. However, there is clear evidence for magnesium to benefit patients with eclampsia or torsades de pointes arrhythmias. In addition, magnesium seems to have antinociceptive and anesthetic as well as neuroprotective effects, yet well-designed large clinical trials are required to determine its actual efficacy in pain management or in the state of stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The current review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge and available evidence with respect to physiologic aspects of magnesium and proposed indications and recommendations for its use in the clinical setting.

scholarly journals Cavitation and bubble dynamics: the Kelvin impulse and its applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 20150017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Blake ◽  
David M. Leppinen ◽  
Qianxi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cavitation Bubble ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Bubble Dynamics ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Bubble Collapse ◽  
Rigid Boundary ◽  
Design Problems ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Naval Engineering

Cavitation and bubble dynamics have a wide range of practical applications in a range of disciplines, including hydraulic, mechanical and naval engineering, oil exploration, clinical medicine and sonochemistry. However, this paper focuses on how a fundamental concept, the Kelvin impulse, can provide practical insights into engineering and industrial design problems. The pathway is provided through physical insight, idealized experiments and enhancing the accuracy and interpretation of the computation. In 1966, Benjamin and Ellis made a number of important statements relating to the use of the Kelvin impulse in cavitation and bubble dynamics, one of these being ‘One should always reason in terms of the Kelvin impulse, not in terms of the fluid momentum…’. We revisit part of this paper, developing the Kelvin impulse from first principles, using it, not only as a check on advanced computations (for which it was first used!), but also to provide greater physical insights into cavitation bubble dynamics near boundaries (rigid, potential free surface, two-fluid interface, flexible surface and axisymmetric stagnation point flow) and to provide predictions on different types of bubble collapse behaviour, later compared against experiments. The paper concludes with two recent studies involving (i) the direction of the jet formation in a cavitation bubble close to a rigid boundary in the presence of high-intensity ultrasound propagated parallel to the surface and (ii) the study of a ‘paradigm bubble model’ for the collapse of a translating spherical bubble, sometimes leading to a constant velocity high-speed jet, known as the Longuet-Higgins jet.

scholarly journals PRZESTRZEŃ POPRZECZNA BRZUCHA – ASPEKTY ANATOMICZNO-KLINICZNE

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Starczewski ◽  
Angelika Ziętek-Czeszak ◽  
Marek Kamiński ◽  
Zbigniew Ziętek
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Anaesthesia ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Anatomical Term

In medicine spectacular progress can be observed at many stages, which sometimes requires the redefinition of already known anatomical structures. One of them is the transverse abdominal plane, which was the focus of anaesthetists. It was observed that anaesthetics introduced locally into this plane have similar power to a traditional epidural procedure or spinal anaesthesia. The concept of the transverse abdominal plane is a relatively new anatomical term which was introduced into clinical medicine by anaesthetists. Because of the potential performance of anaesthetic procedures through access to the transverse abdominal plane, there has been a growing interest not only expressed by anaesthetists, but also anatomists who wish to explore new anatomical aspects of this plane. It is generally believed that anatomical studies will provide more information on this plane, which can contribute to a wider spread of this procedure among anaesthetists.

Opening the Career Counseling Black Box: Behavioral Mechanisms of Empathy and Working Alliance

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-380
Author(s):  
Florian Klonek ◽  
Theresa Will ◽  
Patrizia Ianiro-Dahm ◽  
Simone Kauffeld
Keyword(s):  
Working Alliance ◽  
Career Counseling ◽  
Career Guidance ◽  
Career Decisions ◽  
Working Alliances ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Career Interventions ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Multimethod Approach ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms

Many individuals who struggle with career decisions seek professional guidance from career counselors. However, little is known about how to ensure that career guidance sessions are of high quality. Vital factors for a successful counseling process include a positive working alliance and empathy of the counselor. This study investigates how counselors’ behaviors, measured with a behavioral coding instrument, related to positive working alliances and empathy. We introduce a video-based instrument that measures microbehaviors and skills during career counseling sessions. Psychometric analyses were conducted on the basis of 53 video recordings. Double-coded sessions ( N = 18) showed excellent interrater reliabilities for the coded microbehaviors. By using a multitrait-multimethod approach, we established construct validity with another coding instrument, whereas criterion validity was established with respect to counselors’ empathy and working alliance ratings. We discuss theoretical implications of using video-based methods in career sessions to advance process research and present practical applications in terms of assessing quality assurance in career interventions.

What's in a word? Case definitions in sexual health medicine

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
D J Chan ◽  
B Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Data Standardization ◽  
Disease Specificity

In clinical medicine, establishing case definitions for diseases, including sexually transmitted infections, is often an inexact and arbitrary exercise. The definition is affected by the intended purpose, be it for disease surveillance, clinical care, service provision, research, or funding of services. A case must be defined precisely in order to monitor disease trends, detect outbreaks, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. The definition ensures consistent measurement of disease, specificity of reporting, and improves data standardization through time and across regions. The definition itself is one of the criteria used to evaluate the quality of a surveillance system. Designing definitions is fraught with problems relating to appropriate diagnostic criteria, sensitivity and specificity, context and relevance to current knowledge, and/or clinical practice. There is also the problem of reaching a consensus, especially for complex syndromes such as pelvic inflammatory disease.

Current Knowledge of Pathologic Mechanisms and Derived Practical Applications to Prevent Metabolic Disturbances and Exhaustion in the Endurance Horse

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 24-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Muñoz ◽  
Cristina Castejón-Riber ◽  
Cristina Riber ◽  
María Esgueva ◽  
Pablo Trigo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Practical Applications

scholarly journals Simple ears – flexible behavior: Information processing in the moth auditory pathway

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerit Pfuhl ◽  
Blanka Kalinova ◽  
Irena Valterova ◽  
Bente G. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Ultrasonic Signals ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Flexible Behavior ◽  
Auditory Response ◽  
Intraspecific Communication ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms

Abstract Lepidoptera evolved tympanic ears in response to echolocating bats. Comparative studies have shown that moth ears evolved many times independently from chordotonal organs. With only 1 to 4 receptor cells, they are one of the simplest hearing organs. The small number of receptors does not imply simplicity, neither in behavior nor in the neural circuit. Behaviorally, the response to ultrasound is far from being a simple reflex. Moths’ escape behavior is modulated by a variety of cues, especially pheromones, which can alter the auditory response. Neurally the receptor cell(s) diverges onto many interneurons, enabling parallel processing and feature extraction. Ascending interneurons and sound-sensitive brain neurons innervate a neuropil in the ventrolateral protocerebrum. Further, recent electrophysiological data provides the first glimpses into how the acoustic response is modulated as well as how ultrasound influences the other senses. So far, the auditory pathway has been studied in noctuids. The findings agree well with common computational principles found in other insects. However, moth ears also show unique mechanical and neural adaptation. Here, we first describe the variety of moths’ auditory behavior, especially the co-option of ultrasonic signals for intraspecific communication. Second, we describe the current knowledge of the neural pathway gained from noctuid moths. Finally, we argue that Galleriinae which show negative and positive phonotaxis, are an interesting model species for future electrophysiological studies of the auditory pathway and multimodal sensory integration, and so are ideally suited for the study of the evolution of behavioral mechanisms given a few receptors.

scholarly journals Functional Emesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-325
Author(s):  
Stefan Lucian Popa ◽  
Giuseppe Chiarioni ◽  
Liliana David ◽  
George Ionut Golea ◽  
Dan Lucian Dumitrascu
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Idiopathic Gastroparesis ◽  
Chronic Nausea ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cyclic Vomiting

Background: Emesis is an essential survival response, because consumption of food is a key element in the survival behavior and the act of feeding can expose the majority of internal organs to toxins, altered food, viruses, bacteria or fungi. The relationship between visceral or vestibular stimuli and the anatomical structures of the brain-gut axis explain the modulation of the gastrointestinal response. We aimed to review comprehensively the current knowledge on emesis occurring in the disorders of brain-gut interaction (DBGI), i.e. functional conditions presenting with emesis. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and WILEY databases were screened for relevant publications from the last 20 years regarding brain-gut disorders manifesting emesis. We included in the search also idiopathic gastroparesis, as a condition paralleling the postprandial distress syndrome. Results: We critically analyzed 2 articles about chronic nausea and vomiting syndrome, 9 articles about cyclic vomiting syndrome, 9 articles about cannabinoid hyperemesis, 10 articles about idiopathic gastroparesis and 6 articles about gastroparesis like-syndrome. Contradictory results regarding the implication of environmental factors in the development of emesis in DBGI demonstrate that the underlying pathogenesis is still not completely understood.

scholarly journals Genomic analysis of a phage and prophage from a Bacillus thuringiensis strain

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yihui Yuan ◽  
Meiying Gao ◽  
Qin Peng ◽  
Dandan Wu ◽  
Pengming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Genome Rearrangement ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Σ Factor

Bacteriophages have been found to be the most abundant and also potentially most diverse biological entities on Earth. In the present study, Bacillus phages were isolated rapidly and shown to have a high degree of diversity. The genomes of a newly isolated phage, phiCM3, and a prophage, proCM3, from the Bacillus thuringiensis strain YM-03 were sequenced and characterized. Comparative genome analysis showed that the phiCM3 genome is highly similar to the genomes of eight other Bacillus phages and seven of these phages were classified as the Wβ group of phages. Analysis of the differential evolution of the genes in the Wβ-group phages indicated that the genes encoding the antirepressor and tail fibre protein were more highly conserved than those encoding the major capsid protein, DNA replication protein, and RNA polymerase σ factor, which might have diverged to acquire mechanisms suitable for survival in different microbial hosts. Genome analysis of proCM3 revealed that proCM3 might be a defective phage because of mutations in the minor structural protein, and it was not inducible by mitomycin C treatment. The proCM3 genome was similar to those of two lytic Bacillus phages in sequence, but had a different genomic structure, composed of three regions in a different order. These data suggest that the three phages might have had a common ancestor and that genome rearrangement might have occurred during evolution. The findings of this study enrich our current knowledge of Bacillus phage diversity and evolution, especially for the Wβ-group and TP21-L-like phages, and may help the development of practical applications of Bacillus phages.

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