scholarly journals Differential Rotational Movement of the Thoracolumbosacral Spine in High-Level Dressage Horses Ridden in a Straight Line, in Sitting Trot and Seated Canter Compared to In-Hand Trot

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 888
Author(s):  
Russell MacKechnie-Guire ◽  
Thilo Pfau
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Rotational Movement ◽  
Exercise Condition ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Lumbar Area ◽  
Measurement Units ◽  
High Level ◽  
Post Hoc

Assessing back dysfunction is a key part of the investigative process of “loss of athletic performance” in the horse and quantitative data may help veterinary decision making. Ranges of motion of differential translational and rotational movement between adjacent inertial measurement units attached to the skin over thoracic vertebrae 5, 13 and 18 (T5, T13, T18) lumbar vertebra 3 (L3) and tuber sacrale (TS) were measured in 10 dressage horses during trot in-hand and ridden in sitting trot/canter. Straight-line motion cycles were analysed using a general linear model (random factor: horse; fixed factor: exercise condition; Bonferroni post hoc correction: p < 0.05). At T5-T13 the differential heading was smaller in sitting trot (p ≤ 0.0001, 5.1° (0.2)) and canter (p ≤ 0.0001, 3.2° (0.2)) compared to trotting in-hand (7.4° (0.4)). Compared to trotting in-hand (3.4° (0.4)) at T18-L3 differential pitch was higher in sitting trot (p ≤ 0.0001, 7.5° (0.3)) and canter (p ≤ 0.0001, 6.3° (0.3)). At L3-TS, differential pitch was increased in canter (6.5° (0.5)) compared to trotting in-hand (p = 0.006, 4.9° (0.6)) and differential heading was higher in sitting trot (4° (0.2)) compared to canter (p = 0.02, 2.9° (0.3)). Compared to in-hand, reduced heading was measured in the cranial–thoracic area and increased in the caudal–thoracic and lumbar area. Pitch increased with ridden exercise from the caudal–thoracic to the sacral area.

scholarly journals Application of an Artificial Neural Network to Automate the Measurement of Kinematic Characteristics of Punches in Boxing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1223
Author(s):  
Ilshat Khasanshin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Constant Control ◽  
Measurement Units ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
High Level ◽  
Different Levels

This work aimed to study the automation of measuring the speed of punches of boxers during shadow boxing using inertial measurement units (IMUs) based on an artificial neural network (ANN). In boxing, for the effective development of an athlete, constant control of the punch speed is required. However, even when using modern means of measuring kinematic parameters, it is necessary to record the circumstances under which the punch was performed: The type of punch (jab, cross, hook, or uppercut) and the type of activity (shadow boxing, single punch, or series of punches). Therefore, to eliminate errors and accelerate the process, that is, automate measurements, the use of an ANN in the form of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) is proposed. During the experiments, IMUs were installed on the boxers’ wrists. The input parameters of the ANN were the absolute acceleration and angular velocity. The experiment was conducted for three groups of boxers with different levels of training. The developed model showed a high level of punch recognition for all groups, and it can be concluded that the use of the ANN significantly accelerates the collection of data on the kinetic characteristics of boxers’ punches and allows this process to be automated.

scholarly journals Comparing the Psychological Well-Being of the Manjo Ethnic Minority with the Non-Manjo Ethnic Group in Kaffa Zone, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Bizuayehu Dengechi Dachachi ◽  
Nigatuwa Worku Woyessa ◽  
Fisseha Mikre Weldmeskel
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Ethnic Minority Group ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Measurement Units ◽  
High Level

This study examined the level of psychological well-being between the Ethnic Minority group, commonly called “Manjo,” and the majority group called “Gomero.” Psychological well-being questionnaires were administered to a sample of 298 (independent sample from both groups). The findings demonstrated that the non-Manjo (Gomero) Ethnic group possessed a considerably high level of psychological well-being. Statistical differences were found in participants’ psychological well-being across Ethnic groups. According to the results, participants from the Manjo Ethnic Minority group had a lower level of psychological well-being (M = 211.27, SD = 17.51) compared to the majority (Gomero). A statistically significant variation in psychological well-being (theoretically embodied across a broad spectrum of measurement units) among the two independent study groups was reflected. 

scholarly journals Resource Partitioning in the Sunbird Species Found in Federal College of Forestry, Jos, Plateau State

2021 ◽  
pp. 4028-4039
Author(s):  
Kambai Collina ◽  
Olatidoye Olaremi Rebecca ◽  
Mundi Francis Junior ◽  
Chomini Meyiwa Stephen ◽  
Adedire Oludare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Parkia Biglobosa ◽  
Species Activity ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Foraging Time

Competition occurs when individuals or different species are vying for the same resource which is in limited supply. Two complete competitors cannot coexist indefinitely, therefore competitors must differ to some degree in their resource use. The research was carried to investigate how resources are partitioned among the species of sunbirds found in Federal College of Forestry, Jos. Opportunistic sightings along a 200m transect was used for observation. Sunbirds were observed using binoculars between 6:30 – 8am and by 4:30 – 6pm. Six transects were purposively selected in the study area. Sightings along a 200m transect was used to observe; species of sunbird, sex of individual sunbird species, species of flowering plant visited by the sunbird species, activity or behaviour performed by the sunbird (probing, insect hunting, roosting, perching etc.) and duration of activity. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and post hoc test was used to analyse the data obtained. Results showed that forty-three (43) plant species were utilised by the four (4) sunbird species found in the study site with Corymbia torelliana and Hamelia patens having the highest number of visit. These four sunbird species observed were; Scarlet-chested sunbird, Variable sunbird, Green-headed sunbird and the Copper sunbird. Mean number of plants visited shows that Green-headed sunbird visited more plants than the other three species (28.89) which was highly significant (p=0.001). Copper sunbird spent the highest foraging time (67.71) which showed no variation with the other species (p=0.516). Females of the sunbird species visit more plants species and spent more time foraging as compared to the males although there was no variation (p= 0.984 and p= 0.906 respectively). The activities of the males (perching, hovering, probing, feeding) was higher than that of females and had a high level of significance (p=0.001). Callistemon citrinus, Corymbia torelliana, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Hamelia patens, Parkia biglobosa and Ziziphus mucronata were utilised by all the sunbird species. Scarlet-chested sunbirds spent more time probing which aids pollination of plants in the study site and hence ecologically important to the plants found in the study site.

scholarly journals Why do I have to drive now? Post Hoc Explanations of Take-Over Requests

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Körber ◽  
Lorenz Prasch ◽  
Klaus Bengler
Keyword(s):  
Interface Design ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Trust In Automation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Level ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Experimental Group

Objective: It was investigated whether providing an explanation for a take-over request in automated driving influences trust in automation and acceptance.Background: Take-over requests will be recurring events in conditionally automated driving which could undermine trust as well as acceptance and, therefore, the successful introduction of automated vehicles.Method: Forty participants were equally assigned to either an experimental group provided with an explanation of the reason for a take-over request or a control group without explanations. In a simulator drive, both groups experienced three take-over scenarios that varied in the obviousness of their causation. Participants rated their acceptance before and after the drive and rated their trust before and after each take-over situation. Results: All participants rated acceptance on the same high level before and after the drive, independent of the condition. Control group’s trust ratings remained unchanged by take-over requests in all situations, but the experimental group showed decreased trust after experiencing a take-over caused by roadworks. Participants provided with explanation felt stronger that they had understood the system and the reasons for the take-overs.Conclusion: A take-over request did not lower trust or acceptance. Providing an explanation for a take-over request had no impact on trust or acceptance, but increased the perceived understanding of the system.Application: The results provide insights into users’ perception of automated vehicles, take-over situations and a fundament for future interface design for automated vehicles.

scholarly journals Effect of Speed and Surface Type on Individual Rein and Combined Left–Right Circle Movement Asymmetry in Horses on the Lunge

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilo Pfau ◽  
Emma Persson-Sjodin ◽  
Harriet Gardner ◽  
Olivia Orssten ◽  
Elin Hernlund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Speed Increase ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Movement Asymmetry

Differences in movement asymmetry between surfaces and with increasing speed increase the complexity of incorporating gait analysis measurements from lunging into clinical decision making. This observational study sets out to quantify by means of quantitative gait analysis the influence of surface and speed on individual-rein movement asymmetry measurements and their averages across reins (average-rein measurements). Head, withers, and pelvic movement asymmetry was quantified in 27 horses, identified previously as presenting with considerable movement asymmetries on the straight, during trot in hand and on the lunge on two surfaces at two speeds. Mixed linear models (p &lt; 0.05) with horse as the random factor and surface and speed category (and direction) as fixed factors analyzed the effects on 11 individual-rein and average-rein asymmetry measures. Limits of agreement quantified differences between individual-rein and average-rein measurements. A higher number of individual-rein asymmetry variables—particularly when the limb that contributed to movement asymmetry on the straight was on the inside of the circle—were affected by speed (nine variables, all p ≤ 0.047) and surface (three variables, all p ≤ 0.037) compared with average-rein asymmetry variables (two for speed, all p ≤ 0.003; two for surface, all p ≤ 0.046). Six variables were significantly different between straight-line and average-rein assessments (all p ≤ 0.031), and asymmetry values were smaller for average-rein assessments. Limits of agreement bias varied between +0.4 and +4.0 mm with standard deviations between 3.2 and 12.9 mm. Fewer average-rein variables were affected by speed highlighting the benefit of comparing left and right rein measurements. Only one asymmetry variable showed a surface difference for individual-rein and average-rein data, emphasizing the benefit of assessing surface differences on each rein individually. Variability in straight-line vs. average-rein measurements across horses and exercise conditions highlight the potential for average-rein measurements during the diagnostic process; further studies after diagnostic analgesia are needed.

Corporate Governance Reporting in Bangladesh: A Study of Selected Listed Private Commercial Banks of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suman Dey
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
High Level ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Governance Disclosure

Corporate Governance (CG) largely determines how well the interests of the stakeholders are being maintained. This study has been opted for in-depth inquiry into the corporate governance disclosure practices in the annual reports of the selected listed banking companies in Bangladesh. The study finds that all the sample companies disclose corporate governance information as per regulatory requirements laid down in Clause 1.5 of the SEC Notification, 2012. The focus of this study was to empirically examine the mandatory corporate governance disclosure and the relationship between various corporate attributes and with the level of that mandatory disclosure of the banking companies of Bangladesh. The study revealed that Bangladeshi banking companies have high level of compliance to the mandatory corporate governance disclosure and the variables of board size, ownership, board composition, and profitability have significant impact in the corporate governance disclosure. However, the inclusion of the separate section of Corporate Governance Reporting in the annual reports and suggested guidelines for mandatory list of items to be included in the report is a milestone for Bangladesh. For the purpose, the study has developed a questionnaire based on recent literature survey and have gathered the opinions of the executives of three sample banks under the framework of likerts 5 point scale. The gathered primary data have been properly analysis by a number of descriptive statistics, such as, Mean, Standard Deviation, ANOVA and Post hoc multiple comparison tests.

The Control of Walking in Orthoptera

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
M. D. BURNS
Keyword(s):  
Walking Speed ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Relative Independence ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Tripod Gait ◽  
High Level ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
Leg Movements

1. The patterns of leg movements during normal straight-line walking of the locust Schistocerca gregaria and the grasshopper Romalea microptera were recorded and analysed. 2. The ratio of protraction to retraction increased with walking speed except in the prothoracic legs. At any one speed both protraction and retraction durations were variable but the variation was greatest for protraction. 3. The locust employed an alternating tripod gait at all walking speeds recorded (2-8 steps/sec.) It displayed a high level of variability in its leg movements which appeared to be held in check by stabilising mechanisms operating on the first and last leg pairs. 4. The movements of individual legs of the grasshopper were very similar to those of the locust but the gait used was not alternating tripod. 5. Comparisons were made with other insects and it was suggested that the specialization of the metathoracic legs in the locust gave rise to most of the variability in leg movements and that the relative independence of the prothoracic legs reflects an exploratory role in walking.

Gross morphological and sex wise morphometrical studies on the tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth thoracic vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sathapathy ◽  
B.S. Dhote ◽  
D. Mahanta ◽  
S. Tamilselvan ◽  
I. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Intervertebral Foramen ◽  
Articular Facet ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intervertebral Foramina

The present study was carried out on the tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth thoracic vertebrae of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth thoracic vertebrae were characterized by long supraspinous process, cylindrical, but short centrum. The centrum was distinctly constricted in the middle and presented a thin-edged ventral crest. The arch presented shallow notches and was perforated by intervertebral foramina at its caudal aspect. The mammillary processes were fused with the anterior articular processes in T12 and T13. The backward slope of the dorsal supraspinous process decreased from T10 to T12. The supraspinous process of T13 was vertical and wide as lumbar vertebra. The costal facets were placed on either side at the end of the articular extremities of the centrum. However, the posterior costal facets were absent in T13. Each articular facet was a demi-facet which articulated with the half of the part of the head of the rib. The cranial vertebral notches were shallow and small, but the caudal ones were deeper. The arch was caudally perforated by an additional intervertebral foramen on either side. The cranial articular processes were represented by oval facets on the anterior part of the arch and faced upwards except in T11, where they were triangular in shape, whereas the caudal ones sprang from the base of the dorsal supraspinous process. The left caudal articular facets of T13 was placed at a higher level than the right ones.

scholarly journals Bulk-Fill Direct Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Assessment of Their Physio-Mechanical Properties

Oral ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
Hui Woon Yeo ◽  
May Yeh Loo ◽  
Mariam Alkhabaz ◽  
Kai Chun Li ◽  
Joanne Jung Eun Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Restorative Materials ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Bonferroni Test ◽  
In Vitro Assessment ◽  
High Level ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova

Bulk-fill restorative material has gained popularity in clinical practice, due to their perceived timesaving aspect. Objective was to compare the properties of bulk-fill direct restorative materials. Filtek Z350 (CR), Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative (BF), Fuji IX and EQUIA Forte (EF) were compared. Thirty specimens from each material were prepared according to ISO 4049 for three-point flexural strength. Elastic moduli and hardness (n = 20) were evaluated using nanoindentation. Depth of cure (DC) (n = 20) was measured for BF at three different depths (2, 3, 4 mm) and at two irradiation times (20 and 40 s). Wear testing was carried out for three different periods (3, 6, 12 month(s)). All specimens were stored in 37 °C water for 24 h prior to testing. Results were evaluated using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). BF and CR showed a significantly higher flexural strength than other groups (p < 0.05), and the highest Weibull modulus was found in CR. BF showed sufficient DC with at least 85%, at all thicknesses. CR and BF also had a high level of translucency than EF and Fuji IX. Significant differences in flexural strength were found among all materials except between Fuji IX and EF. While all material tested are suitable for use clinically, BF and CR have superior properties than GIC based bulk-fill.

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