scholarly journals Differences in a Cage Escape Behaviour between Two Migrating Warblers of Different Stop-Over Strategy

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 639
Author(s):  
Dariusz Jakubas ◽  
Katarzyna Wojczulanis-Jakubas ◽  
Alexis Powers ◽  
Troy Frazier ◽  
Michael Bottomley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Escape Behaviour ◽  
Sedge Warbler ◽  
Experimental Cage ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Insight Into

Cognitive abilities play an important role for migratory birds that are briefly visiting a variety of unfamiliar stop-over habitats. Here, we compared cognitive abilities-linked behaviour (escape from an experimental cage) between two long-distant migrants differing in stop-over ecology, Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus; not territorial, searching for locally superabundant food) and Reed Warbler (A. scirpaceus; territorial, foraging on a common prey) during the autumn migration. After two minutes of acclimatization in the cage, we remotely opened the cage door and recorded the bird’s reaction. We measured latency that individuals needed to escape from a cage. Sedge warblers were 1.61 times more likely to escape from the cage than Reed Warblers. Sedge warblers generally escaped earlier after the door was opened and were 1.79 times more likely to escape at any given time than Reed Warblers. We interpret the prevalence of non-escaped individuals as a general feature of migratory birds. In contrast to resident species, they are more likely to enter an unfamiliar environment, but they are less explorative. We attributed inter-species differences in escape latency to species-specific autumn stop-over refuelling strategies in the context of specialist-generalist foraging. Our study provides ecological insight into the cognitive abilities-linked behaviour of wild animals.

scholarly journals Earless toads sense low frequencies but miss the high notes

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1864) ◽  
pp. 20171670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly C. Womack ◽  
Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard ◽  
Luis A. Coloma ◽  
Juan C. Chaparro ◽  
Kim L. Hoke
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Sensory Pathways ◽  
Airborne Sound ◽  
Vibrational Sensitivity ◽  
Species Specific

Sensory losses or reductions are frequently attributed to relaxed selection. However, anuran species have lost tympanic middle ears many times, despite anurans' use of acoustic communication and the benefit of middle ears for hearing airborne sound. Here we determine whether pre-existing alternative sensory pathways enable anurans lacking tympanic middle ears (termed earless anurans) to hear airborne sound as well as eared species or to better sense vibrations in the environment. We used auditory brainstem recordings to compare hearing and vibrational sensitivity among 10 species (six eared, four earless) within the Neotropical true toad family (Bufonidae). We found that species lacking middle ears are less sensitive to high-frequency sounds, however, low-frequency hearing and vibrational sensitivity are equivalent between eared and earless species. Furthermore, extratympanic hearing sensitivity varies among earless species, highlighting potential species differences in extratympanic hearing mechanisms. We argue that ancestral bufonids may have sufficient extratympanic hearing and vibrational sensitivity such that earless lineages tolerated the loss of high frequency hearing sensitivity by adopting species-specific behavioural strategies to detect conspecifics, predators and prey.

scholarly journals Localization of genes affecting species differences in male courtship song between Drosophila virilis and D. littoralis

2000 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNELI HOIKKALA ◽  
SELIINA PÄÄLLYSAHO ◽  
JOUNI ASPI ◽  
JAAKKO LUMME
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Courtship Song ◽  
Drosophila Virilis ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Sound Pulse ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Pause Length ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Sound Pulses

The males of six species of the Drosophila virilis group (including D. virilis) keep their wings extended while producing a train of sound pulses, where the pulses follow each other without any pause. The males of the remaining five species of the group produce only one sound pulse during each wing extension/vibration, which results in species-specific songs with long pauses (in D. littoralis about 300 ms) between successive sound pulses. Genetic analyses of the differences between the songs of D. virilis and D. littoralis showed that species-specific song traits are affected by genes on the X chromosome, and for the length of pause, also by genes on chromosomes 3 and 4. The X chromosomal genes having a major impact on pulse and pause length were tightly linked with white, apricot and notched marker genes located at the proximal third of the chromosome. A large inversion in D. littoralis, marked by notched, prevents more precise localization of these genes by classical crossing methods.

scholarly journals Impact of gastrointestinal differences in veterinary species on the oral drug solubility, in vivo dissolution, and formulation of veterinary therapeutics

ADMET & DMPK ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn N. Martinez ◽  
Mark G. Papich ◽  
Raafat Fahmy
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Oral Drug ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Drug Solubility ◽  
Drug Solubilization ◽  
Species Specific

Many gaps exist in our understanding of species differences in gastrointestinal (GI) fluid composition and the associated impact of food intake and dietary composition on in vivo drug solubilization. This information gap can lead to uncertainties with regard to how best to formulate pharmaceuticals for veterinary use or the in vitro test conditions that will be most predictive of species-specific in vivo oral product performance. To address these challenges, this overview explores species-specific factors that can influence oral drug solubility and the formulation approaches that can be employed to overcome solubility-associated bioavailability difficulties. These discussions are framed around some of the basic principles associated with drug solubilization, reported species differences in GI fluid composition, types of oral dosage forms typically given for the various animal species, and the effect of prandial state in dogs and cats. This basic information is integrated into a question-and-answer section that addresses some of the formulation issues that can arise in the development of veterinary medicinals.

scholarly journals Across-species differences in pitch perception are consistent with differences in cochlear filtering

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry MM Walker ◽  
Ray Gonzalez ◽  
Joe Z Kang ◽  
Josh H McDermott ◽  
Andrew J King
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Pitch Perception ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Auditory Periphery ◽  
Cochlear Tuning ◽  
Animal Vocalizations ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Relative Salience

Pitch perception is critical for recognizing speech, music and animal vocalizations, but its neurobiological basis remains unsettled, in part because of divergent results across species. We investigated whether species-specific differences exist in the cues used to perceive pitch and whether these can be accounted for by differences in the auditory periphery. Ferrets accurately generalized pitch discriminations to untrained stimuli whenever temporal envelope cues were robust in the probe sounds, but not when resolved harmonics were the main available cue. By contrast, human listeners exhibited the opposite pattern of results on an analogous task, consistent with previous studies. Simulated cochlear responses in the two species suggest that differences in the relative salience of the two pitch cues can be attributed to differences in cochlear filter bandwidths. The results support the view that cross-species variation in pitch perception reflects the constraints of estimating a sound’s fundamental frequency given species-specific cochlear tuning.

Species Differences in the Antidiarrheal and Antispasmodic Activities of Lepidium sativum and Insight into Underlying Mechanisms

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1086-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwarul‐Hassan Gilani ◽  
Najeeb‐ur Rehman ◽  
Malik Hassan Mehmood ◽  
Khalid M. Alkharfy
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Lepidium Sativum ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals The chromosome-scale reference genome of black pepper provides insight into piperine biosynthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisong Hu ◽  
Zhongping Xu ◽  
Maojun Wang ◽  
Rui Fan ◽  
Daojun Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Genome ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Black pepper (Piper nigrum), dubbed the ‘King of Spices’ and ‘Black Gold’, is one of the most widely used spices. Here, we present its reference genome assembly by integrating PacBio, 10x Chromium, BioNano DLS optical mapping, and Hi-C mapping technologies. The 761.2 Mb sequences (45 scaffolds with an N50 of 29.8 Mb) are assembled into 26 pseudochromosomes. A phylogenomic analysis of representative plant genomes places magnoliids as sister to the monocots-eudicots clade and indicates that black pepper has diverged from the shared Laurales-Magnoliales lineage approximately 180 million years ago. Comparative genomic analyses reveal specific gene expansions in the glycosyltransferase, cytochrome P450, shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, lysine decarboxylase, and acyltransferase gene families. Comparative transcriptomic analyses disclose berry-specific upregulated expression in representative genes in each of these gene families. These data provide an evolutionary perspective and shed light on the metabolic processes relevant to the molecular basis of species-specific piperine biosynthesis.

scholarly journals De Novo Transcriptomes of Forsythia koreana Using a Novel Assembly Method: Insight into Tissue- and Species-Specific Expression of Lignan Biosynthesis-Related Gene

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. e0164805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Shiraishi ◽  
Jun Murata ◽  
Erika Matsumoto ◽  
Shin Matsubara ◽  
Eiichiro Ono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Assembly Method ◽  
Lignan Biosynthesis ◽  
Forsythia Koreana ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Insight Into
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