Species-specific Susceptibility to Scale Loss: Using Simulated Shear to Understand Among Species Differences in Turbine Passage Injury

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Saylor ◽  
Mark Bevelhimer ◽  
Allison M. Fortner ◽  
Brenda M. Pracheil
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Specific Susceptibility

scholarly journals Earless toads sense low frequencies but miss the high notes

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1864) ◽  
pp. 20171670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly C. Womack ◽  
Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard ◽  
Luis A. Coloma ◽  
Juan C. Chaparro ◽  
Kim L. Hoke
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Sensory Pathways ◽  
Airborne Sound ◽  
Vibrational Sensitivity ◽  
Species Specific

Sensory losses or reductions are frequently attributed to relaxed selection. However, anuran species have lost tympanic middle ears many times, despite anurans' use of acoustic communication and the benefit of middle ears for hearing airborne sound. Here we determine whether pre-existing alternative sensory pathways enable anurans lacking tympanic middle ears (termed earless anurans) to hear airborne sound as well as eared species or to better sense vibrations in the environment. We used auditory brainstem recordings to compare hearing and vibrational sensitivity among 10 species (six eared, four earless) within the Neotropical true toad family (Bufonidae). We found that species lacking middle ears are less sensitive to high-frequency sounds, however, low-frequency hearing and vibrational sensitivity are equivalent between eared and earless species. Furthermore, extratympanic hearing sensitivity varies among earless species, highlighting potential species differences in extratympanic hearing mechanisms. We argue that ancestral bufonids may have sufficient extratympanic hearing and vibrational sensitivity such that earless lineages tolerated the loss of high frequency hearing sensitivity by adopting species-specific behavioural strategies to detect conspecifics, predators and prey.

scholarly journals Localization of genes affecting species differences in male courtship song between Drosophila virilis and D. littoralis

2000 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNELI HOIKKALA ◽  
SELIINA PÄÄLLYSAHO ◽  
JOUNI ASPI ◽  
JAAKKO LUMME
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Courtship Song ◽  
Drosophila Virilis ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Sound Pulse ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Pause Length ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Sound Pulses

The males of six species of the Drosophila virilis group (including D. virilis) keep their wings extended while producing a train of sound pulses, where the pulses follow each other without any pause. The males of the remaining five species of the group produce only one sound pulse during each wing extension/vibration, which results in species-specific songs with long pauses (in D. littoralis about 300 ms) between successive sound pulses. Genetic analyses of the differences between the songs of D. virilis and D. littoralis showed that species-specific song traits are affected by genes on the X chromosome, and for the length of pause, also by genes on chromosomes 3 and 4. The X chromosomal genes having a major impact on pulse and pause length were tightly linked with white, apricot and notched marker genes located at the proximal third of the chromosome. A large inversion in D. littoralis, marked by notched, prevents more precise localization of these genes by classical crossing methods.

scholarly journals Impact of gastrointestinal differences in veterinary species on the oral drug solubility, in vivo dissolution, and formulation of veterinary therapeutics

ADMET & DMPK ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn N. Martinez ◽  
Mark G. Papich ◽  
Raafat Fahmy
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Oral Drug ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Drug Solubility ◽  
Drug Solubilization ◽  
Species Specific

Many gaps exist in our understanding of species differences in gastrointestinal (GI) fluid composition and the associated impact of food intake and dietary composition on in vivo drug solubilization. This information gap can lead to uncertainties with regard to how best to formulate pharmaceuticals for veterinary use or the in vitro test conditions that will be most predictive of species-specific in vivo oral product performance. To address these challenges, this overview explores species-specific factors that can influence oral drug solubility and the formulation approaches that can be employed to overcome solubility-associated bioavailability difficulties. These discussions are framed around some of the basic principles associated with drug solubilization, reported species differences in GI fluid composition, types of oral dosage forms typically given for the various animal species, and the effect of prandial state in dogs and cats. This basic information is integrated into a question-and-answer section that addresses some of the formulation issues that can arise in the development of veterinary medicinals.

scholarly journals Across-species differences in pitch perception are consistent with differences in cochlear filtering

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry MM Walker ◽  
Ray Gonzalez ◽  
Joe Z Kang ◽  
Josh H McDermott ◽  
Andrew J King
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Pitch Perception ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Auditory Periphery ◽  
Cochlear Tuning ◽  
Animal Vocalizations ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Relative Salience

Pitch perception is critical for recognizing speech, music and animal vocalizations, but its neurobiological basis remains unsettled, in part because of divergent results across species. We investigated whether species-specific differences exist in the cues used to perceive pitch and whether these can be accounted for by differences in the auditory periphery. Ferrets accurately generalized pitch discriminations to untrained stimuli whenever temporal envelope cues were robust in the probe sounds, but not when resolved harmonics were the main available cue. By contrast, human listeners exhibited the opposite pattern of results on an analogous task, consistent with previous studies. Simulated cochlear responses in the two species suggest that differences in the relative salience of the two pitch cues can be attributed to differences in cochlear filter bandwidths. The results support the view that cross-species variation in pitch perception reflects the constraints of estimating a sound’s fundamental frequency given species-specific cochlear tuning.

scholarly journals Species Differences in the Expression and Activity of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15

Endocrinology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (2) ◽  
pp. 888-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara L. Al-Musawi ◽  
Kelly L. Walton ◽  
Derek Heath ◽  
Courtney M. Simpson ◽  
Craig A. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Binding Interface ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Expression And Activity

Oocyte-derived bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) regulates ovulation rate and female fertility in a species-specific manner, being important in humans and sheep and largely superfluous in mice. To understand these species differences, we have compared the expression and activity of human, murine, and ovine BMP15. In HEK293F cells, human BMP15 is highly expressed (120 ng/ml), ovine BMP15 is poorly expressed (15 ng/ml), and murine BMP15 is undetectable. Because BMP15 synthesis is dependent upon interactions between the N-terminal prodomain and the C-terminal mature domain, we used site-directed mutagenesis to identify four prodomain residues (Glu46, Glu47, Leu49, and Glu50) that mediate the high expression of human BMP15. Substituting these residues into the prodomains of murine and ovine BMP15 led to significant increases in growth factor expression; however, maximal expression was achieved only when the entire human prodomain was linked to the mature domains of the other species. Using these chimeric constructs, we produced and purified murine and ovine BMP15 and showed that in a COV434 granulosa cell bioassay, these molecules displayed little activity relative to human BMP15 (EC50 0.2nM). Sequence analysis suggested that the disparity in activity could be due to species differences at the type I receptor binding interface. Indeed, murine BMP15 activity was restored when specific residues through this region (Pro329/Tyr330) were replaced with the corresponding residues (Arg329/Asp330) from human BMP15. The identified differences in the expression and activity of BMP15 likely underlie the relative importance of this growth factor between species.

scholarly journals Species heterogeneity in food webs can reduce the potential for alternative stable states

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim A. Karatayev ◽  
Marissa L. Baskett ◽  
Egbert van Nes
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Alternative Stable States ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Resource Interactions ◽  
Vulnerable Consumers ◽  
Consumer Recovery ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Species Roles

AbstractOverexploitation can lead to a rapid collapse of consumers that is difficult to reverse if ecosystems exhibit alternative stable states. However, support for this phenomenon remains predominantly limited to simple models, whereas food webs might dissipate the feedback loops that create alternative stable states through species-specific demography and interactions. Here we develop a general model of consumer-resource interactions with two types of processes: either specialized feedbacks where individual resources become unpalatable at high abundance or aggregate feedbacks where overall resource abundance reduces consumer recruitment. We then quantify how the degree of interconnectedness and species differences in demography affect the potential for either feedback to produce consumer- or resource-dominated food web states. Our results highlight that such alternative stable states could be more likely to happen when aggregate feedbacks or lower species differences increase redundancy in species contributions to persistence of the consumer guild. Conversely, specialized palatability feedbacks with distinctive species roles in guild persistence reduce the potential for alternative states but increase the likelihood that losing vulnerable consumers cascades into a food web collapse at low stress levels, a fragility absent in few-species models. Altogether, we suggest that species heterogeneity has a greater impact on whether feedbacks prevent consumer recovery than on the presence of many-species collapses.

scholarly journals Integrin-EGF-3 domain of bovine CD18 is critical forMannheimia haemolyticaleukotoxin species-specific susceptibility

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamotharampillai Dileepan ◽  
Mathur S. Kannan ◽  
Bruce Walcheck ◽  
Samuel K. Maheswaran
Keyword(s):  
Species Specific ◽  
Specific Susceptibility
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