scholarly journals Preliminary Data from Six Years of Selective Anthelmintic Treatment on Five Horse Farms in France and Switzerland

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2395
Author(s):  
Liselore Roelfstra ◽  
Marion Quartier ◽  
Kurt Pfister
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Small Strongyle ◽  
Control Schemes ◽  
Horse Farms

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) of small strongyle populations (cyathostomins) against products of the benzimidazole and tetrahydropyrimidine classes occurs now worldwide and there is an increasing number of reports also regarding macrocyclic lactones. Consequently, and in order to maintain an appropriate horse parasite control, alternative control schemes must be evaluated under field conditions. Here we present a six-year field study on the administration of the so-called selective or targeted selective anthelmintic treatment (SAT) concept. In this study on five horse farms in France and Switzerland, 757 fecal samples from 93 equids (90 horses, 3 ponies) have been taken twice a year (between early and late spring and between early and late autumn) from autumn 2014 to spring 2020 and processed by a McMaster technique. From a total of 757 samples, only 263 (34.7%) had a fecal egg count ≥200 EpG and needed an anthelmintic treatment. This small number of fecal samples ≥200 EpG demonstrates the considerable potential for a long-term reduction of the number of anthelmintic treatments and the anthelmintic pressure by using the SAT-programme.

scholarly journals Status of anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in organized sheep and goat farms

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiful Islam ◽  
Anita Rani Dey ◽  
Shirin Akter ◽  
Hiranmoy Biswas ◽  
Md Hasanuzzaman Talukder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Resistant Parasite ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Sheep Farm ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status

Anthelmintic resistance has become a global problem that threatens livestock production worldwide. The present study was investigated the status of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes of small ruminants in two organized sheep and goat farms in two different areas of Bangladesh by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) for albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin. In each farms, naturally infected animals were divided into four groups of 10 animals. Fecal samples from each group were collected on day 0 and day 14 of post treatment to measure the eggs per gram of feces (EPG). The fecal samples of each group before and after treatment were also considered for culture to identify resistant parasite. In case of organized sheep farm, the result of FECRT of albendazole was 90.17, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 97.82 and 55.68, respectively. The result of FECRT of levamisole and ivermectin was 98.25 and 96.77, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 99.79, 85.12 and 99.11, 88.31, respectively. In case of organized goat farm, the result of FECRT of albendazole was 100, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 0 and 0, respectively. The result of FECRT of levamisole and ivermectin was 97.99 and 100, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 99.59, 90.28 and 0, 0 respectively. The results revealed that gastrointestinal nematodes were found to be resistant to albendazole in organized sheep farm and suspected to be resistant to levamisole and ivermectin. In organized goat farms, the GI nematodes found to be susceptible to all anthelmintics used for this study. Coproculture revealed that Haemonchus spp. were resistant parasite in sheep farm. This seems to be the first documentation of anthelmintic resistance against GI nematodes in organized sheep and goat farms in Bangladesh. Appropriate measures need to be taken to overcome the situation. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2018, 4(4): 378-382

scholarly journals Detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes infecting dairy heifers in Puerto Rico

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Lorraine López-Soberal ◽  
Aníbal Ruiz-Lugo ◽  
Melvin Pagán-Morales ◽  
Esbal Jiménez-Cabán ◽  
Guillermo Ortiz-Colón
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Nematode Control ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Mcmaster Technique ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Integrated Methods

The efficacy of the anthelmintic albendazole (ALB), doramectin (DOR) and ivermectin (IVM) were evaluated in Holstein and Holstein crossbreed dairy heifers using the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Dairy heifers (n=420; ~6 months of age; BW = 149 ± 39.6 kg) were evaluated in 21 dairy farms. All heifers were required to be on pasture and not have been exposed to anthelmintic treatment for a minimum of 3 months. At each dairy farm, a priori, groups of at least 18 heifers were randomly divided to be treated with IVM, or DOR, or ALB following manufacturer's instructions. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum 7 days before anthelmintic treatment (d-7), at the time of the treatment (d0), and 14 days after treatment (d14). Only heifers that had an average FEC ³ 100 eggs per gram of feces (average of FEC from day d-7 and d0) were considered in the FECRT. The FECRT was determined by the modified McMaster technique. Of the three-anthelmintic used, ALB (n=142) proved to be the most effective (P < 0.0005) with an efficacy of 67.47% ± 8.43. The efficacy of DOR and IVM did not differ (P = 0.8713). While DOR (n = 130) exhibited a efficacy of 25.50% ± 18.00, IVM (n = 148) exhibited a efficacy of -8.13% ± 19.89 due to an increase in FEC after treatment. Dairy farmers should implement integrated methods of nematode control to preserve the effectiveness of currently available anthelmintics.

Modelling the short- and long-term impacts of drenching frequency and targeted selective treatment on the performance of grazing lambs and the emergence of anthelmintic resistance

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
pp. 780-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
YAN C. S. M. LAURENSON ◽  
STEPHEN C. BISHOP ◽  
ANDREW B. FORBES ◽  
ILIAS KYRIAZAKIS
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Short And Long Term

SUMMARYRefugia-based treatment strategies aim to prolong anthelmintic efficacy by maintaining a parasite population unexposed to anthelmintics. Targeted selective treatment (TST) achieves this by treating only animals that will benefit most from treatment, using a determinant criterion (DC). We developed a mathematical model to compare various traits proposed as DC, and investigate impacts of TST and drenching frequency on sheep performance and anthelmintic resistance. Short term, decreasing the proportion of animals drenched reduced benefits of anthelmintic treatment, assessed by empty body weight (EBW), but decreased the rate of anthelmintic resistance development; each consecutive drenching had a reduced impact on average EBW and an increased impact on the rate of anthelmintic resistance emergences. The optimal DC was fecal egg count, maintaining the highest average EBW when reducing the proportion of animals drenched. Long-term, reducing the proportion of animals drenched had little impact on total weight gain benefits, across animals and years, whilst reducing drenching frequency increased it. Decreasing the frequency and proportion of animals drenched were both predicted to increase the duration of anthelmintic efficacy but reduce the total number of drenches administered before resistance was observed. TST and frequency of drenching may lead to different benefits in the short versus long term.

Statistical approach to measure the efficacy of anthelmintic treatment on horse farms

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (14) ◽  
pp. 2027-2039 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. VIDYASHANKAR ◽  
R. M. KAPLAN ◽  
S. CHAN
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bootstrap Methods ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Horse Farms ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Optimal Type

SUMMARYResistance to anthelmintics in gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock is a serious problem and appropriate methods are required to identify and quantify resistance. However, quantification and assessment of resistance depend on an accurate measure of treatment efficacy, and current methodologies fail to properly address the issue. The fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) is the practical gold standard for measuring anthelmintic efficacy on farms, but these types of data are fraught with high variability that greatly impacts the accuracy of inference on efficacy. This paper develops a statistical model to measure, assess, and evaluate the efficacy of the anthelmintic treatment on horse farms as determined by FECRT. Novel robust bootstrap methods are developed to analyse the data and are compared to other suggested methods in the literature in terms of Type I error and power. The results demonstrate that the bootstrap methods have an optimal Type I error rate and high power to detect differences between the presumed and true efficacy without the need to know the true distribution of pre-treatment egg counts. Finally, data from multiple farms are studied and statistical models developed that take into account between-farm variability. Our analysis establishes that if inter-farm variability is not taken into account, misleading conclusions about resistance can be made.

Equine helminth prevalence and management practices on Australian properties as shown by coprological survey and written questionnaire

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (18) ◽  
pp. 2131
Author(s):  
A. M. Beasley ◽  
A. C. Kotze ◽  
T. S. Barnes ◽  
G. T. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Internal Parasite ◽  
Horse Farms ◽  
Horse Owners

Context Parasite control is an essential part of a broader equine health-management strategy and is often completely administered by the horse owner, with little or no supporting evidence on which to base decisions. Practical and sound advice relies on knowledge of the resident parasite species, the anthelmintic resistance status of important species, and the strategies currently being utilised by owners and managers of horses. Much of this farm-level information is lacking in the Australian literature. Aims The present study aimed to gather both farm- and horse-level prevalence data for four important equine helminth species and to gather information on the current worm-management practices conducted on Australian horse farms. Methods We conducted a coprological survey of cyathostomins, Strongylus vulgaris, Parascaris spp. and equine tapeworm on 102 horse properties, using a combination of classical and molecular parasitological methods, including a tapeworm polymerase chain reaction developed as part of the study. A questionnaire canvasing horse owners on internal parasite-control practices was also distributed. Key results Cyathostomin were present on all farms surveyed and S. vulgaris, despite being considered rare, was present on 7.8% (95% CI: 3.9–15.0) of farms. The prevalence of Parascaris spp. and equine tapeworm was 33.3% (95% CI: 19.6–50.6) and 3.9% (95% CI: 1.5–10.1) respectively. Questionnaire responses showed that the majority (85.0%) of horse owners administer anthelmintics at regular intervals of 12 weeks or less, and only 2.6% utilise faecal egg counts to inform treatment decisions. Conclusions Prevalence data confirmed the endemic nature of cyathostomin and P. equorum infections, as well as low levels of tapeworm and S. vulgaris infections on Australian horse farms. Worm-management practices were reminiscent of traditional interval-style treatment regimens that rely heavily on macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics. Implications These results suggest a need for more strategic approaches to internal-parasite control in horses to slow the development of anthelmintic resistance. Such programs need to consider the risk of re-establishment of the pathogenic S. vulgaris in significant numbers.

scholarly journals Why is it important to correctly identify Haemonchus species?

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Haemonchus Placei

Parasitic gastroenteritis caused by Haemonchus spp. is a major cause of economic losses in the livestock industry because it impairs weight gain and increases mortality in cattle and small ruminants, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. The proper identification of the various species, as well as knowledge regarding the epidemiology of parasitic gastroenteritis, is essential for the establishment of sustainable strategies of parasite control. This review focuses on the use of easily applied, low-cost parasitological methods of identifying Haemonchus species on the basis of their morphology. In most studies carried out in Brazil, the distinctions between Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei have not been considered. Many reports of H. contortus, particularly in cattle, might actually represent H. placei. The appropriate identification of species is therefore indispensable. In addition to the measurement of male spicules, new morphological characteristics, such as the synlophe, should be evaluated in order to differentiate between and among species. Measurements of infective larvae in fecal cultures can also indicate the identity of Haemonchus species. This approach can be quite useful in studies that do not involve animal sacrifice, such as studies of anthelmintic resistance based on the fecal egg count reduction test.

scholarly journals Multispecific resistance of sheep trichostrongylids in Austria

Parasite ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Florian Untersweg ◽  
Viktoria Ferner ◽  
Sandra Wiedermann ◽  
Marie Göller ◽  
Marion Hörl-Rannegger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Reduction Test ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
Flotac Technique

Anthelmintic overuse and failure to implement methods preventing the development and spread of anthelmintic resistance (AR) have led to an alarming increase of resistant ovine trichostrongylids worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the routine anthelmintic treatment strategy was effective, to obtain insights into the frequency of AR in trichostrongylids of sheep in Austria, and to determine the presence of different trichostrongylid genera. On 30 sheep farms, the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was performed with the Mini-FLOTAC technique in two consecutive studies. In study 1, only fenbendazole and moxidectin were tested, while different compounds and products were used in study 2. Overall, 33 treatment groups were formed: 11 groups were treated with benzimidazoles (fenbendazole and albendazole), 2 groups with avermectins (ivermectin, doramectin), 18 groups with moxidectin, and two groups with monepantel. Reduced efficacy was detected in 64%, 100%, 28% and 50% of these groups, respectively. The most frequently detected genus in larval cultures was Haemonchus, which had been barely detected in Austria previously, followed by Trichostrongylus. Multispecific resistance of trichostrongylids in Austria seems to be on the rise and H. contortus was detected unexpectedly frequently in comparison to previous studies. There is an urgent need to develop efficient communication strategies aimed at improving the engagement of farmers and veterinarians in sustainable parasite control.

scholarly journals A survey of anthelmintic resistance on ten sheep farms in Mashonaland East Province, Zimbabwe : research communication

1997 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mukaratirwa ◽  
R. Charakupa ◽  
T. Hove
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Nematode Parasite ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
First Report ◽  
Research Communication ◽  
Reduction Test ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Faecal Egg Count

A survey to detect anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep was conducted on 10 randomly-distributed farms in the Chivhu District, Mashonaland East Province, Zimbabwe. Before the survey, a questionnaire was circulated to the farmers concerning nematode parasite control. Results showed that parasite control using anthelmintic treatment was the only method practised and that the benzimidazoles were the most frequently used anthelmintic drugs. The faecal egg count reduction test was used to detect resistance. The anthelmintic groups tested were benzimidazoles, levamisole and ivermectin. Resistance to benzimidazoles was detected on 6 of 10 farms and levamisole resistance on 2 of 3 farms. Ivermectin resistance was not observed on the farms surveyed. Post-treatment larval cultures indicated that Haemonchus contortus survived administration of fenbendazole, albendazole, oxfendazole and levamisole. A Cooperia sp. strain resistant to albendazole was detected and this is the first report in Zimbabwe of a resistant parasite in this genus.

scholarly journals Parasite control practices in Polish horse farms

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 683-686
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Raś-Noryńska ◽  
Rajmund Sokół
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Further Education ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Visual Evaluation ◽  
Pyrantel Pamoate ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Horse Farms ◽  
High Level ◽  
Horse Owners

Virtually all horses in Poland receive periodically deworming treatment. In the view of emerging anthelmintic resistance it is important to know the current parasite control practices used by Polish horse owners. In order to assess the situation and analyze it in terms of the risk of drug resistance, a questionnaire survey was forwarded to 300 horse establishments. The response rate was 49.6%. The average number of deworming treatments in adult horses was determined at 2.1. and 2.8 for youngstock per calendar year. The most commonly used drugs were ivermectin, pyrantel pamoate and moxidectin. Almost 73% of respondents indicated that they take into consideration the resistance of parasites. However, only 4,03% of the responders regularly send faecal samples from all horses for parasitological examination. In ca. 92% of cases the person administrating the drug guessed the weight of the horse by the visual evaluation. Generally, little attention was payed to pasture hygiene and prevention of parasitic infection. The responses indicate high level of awareness among horse owners of the need to control parasites. It also show the large involvement of veterinarians as a source of advice about deworming practices, so we concluded that the most appropriate way to achieve improvement would be implementation of further education programmes for veterinarians.

scholarly journals Resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes to four classes of anthelmintics in the semiarid region of Paraíba state, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lídio Ricardo Bezerra de Melo ◽  
Luana Carneiro de Sousa ◽  
Clarisse Silva de Menezes Oliveira ◽  
Felipe Boniedj Ventura Alvares ◽  
Larissa Claudino Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Region ◽  
Management System ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Reduction Test ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract The effectiveness of four anthelmintic classes on cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in the semi-arid region of Paraiba State, Brazil, was evaluated. Twenty farms were used, testing 40 animals in each one, totaling 800 animals. Cattle were divided into four groups composed with ten animals: I, treated with albendazole sulfoxide 15%; II, treated with ivermectin 1%; III, treated with closantel 25%; IV, treated with levamisole hydrochloride 7.5%. All treatments were administered subcutaneously. For the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), individual fecal samples were collected on days 0 and 14, and sent for analysis of egg count per gram of feces (EPG) and larval cultures. It was observed that multiresistance was present in 95% (19/20) of the farms. Resistance to ivermectin and albendazole was observed in 95% (19/20), to closantel in 75% (15/20) and to levamisole in 20% (4/20). The most used management system was semi-intensive (75%; 15/20) and the ivermectin was the most reported drug for controlling helminths (65%; 13/20). Haemonchus spp. was the most prevalent helminth genus. It was concluded that the anthelmintic resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes is high in the semi-arid of Paraíba State, Brazil, with multiresistance observed mainly to ivermectin, albendazole and closantel.

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