scholarly journals Are They Really Trying to Save Their Buddy? The Anthropomorphism of Animal Epimeletic Behaviours

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2323
Author(s):  
Cédric Sueur ◽  
Marie-Amélie Forin-Wiart ◽  
Marie Pelé
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Positive View ◽  
Intentional States ◽  
Biological Reality ◽  
Natural Tendency ◽  
Attribution Of Intentions

Anthropomorphism is a natural tendency in humans, but it is also influenced by many characteristics of the observer (the human) and the observed entity (here, the animal species). This study asked participants to complete an online questionnaire about three videos showing epimeletic behaviours in three animal species. In the videos, an individual (a sparrow, an elephant and a macaque, respectively) displayed behaviours towards an inanimate conspecific that suddenly regained consciousness at the end of the footage. A fourth video showed a robot dog being kicked by an engineer to demonstrate its stability. Each video was followed by a series of questions designed to evaluate the degree of anthropomorphism of participants, from mentaphobia (no attribution of intentions and beliefs, whatever the animal species) to full anthropomorphism (full attribution of intentions and beliefs by animals, to the same extent as in humans) and to measure how far the participants had correctly assessed each situation in terms of biological reality (current scientific knowledge of each species). There is a negative correlation (about 61%) between the mental states attributed to animals by humans and the real capability of animals. The heterogeneity of responses proved that humans display different forms of anthropomorphism, from rejecting all emotional or intentional states in animals to considering animals to show the same intentions as humans. However, the scores participants attributed to animals differed according to the species shown in the video and to human socio-demographic characteristics. Understanding the potential usefulness of these factors can lead to better relationships with animals and encourage a positive view of human-robot interactions. Indeed, reflective or critical anthropomorphism can increase our humanity.

scholarly journals Are They Really Trying to Save Their Buddy? The Anthropomorphism of Animal Epimeletic Behaviours

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedric Sueur ◽  
Marie-Amélie Forin-Wiart ◽  
Marie Pelé
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Positive View ◽  
Intentional States ◽  
Biological Reality ◽  
Natural Tendency ◽  
Attribution Of Intentions

Anthropomorphism is a natural tendency in humans, but it is also influenced by many characteristics of the observer (the human) and the observed entity (here, the animal species). This study asked participants to complete an online questionnaire about three videos showing epimeletic behaviours in three animal species. In the videos, an individual (a sparrow, an elephant and a macaque, respectively) displayed behaviours towards an inanimate conspecific that suddenly regained consciousness at the end of the footage. A fourth video showed a robot dog being kicked by an engineer to demonstrate its stability. Each video was followed by a series of questions designed to evaluate the degree of anthropomorphism of participants, from mentaphobia (no attribution of intentions and beliefs, whatever the animal species) to full anthropomorphism (full attribution of intentions and beliefs by animals, to the same extent as in humans) and to measure how far the participants had correctly assessed each situation in terms of biological reality (current scientific knowledge of each species). There is a negative correlation (about 61%) between the mental states attributed to animals by humans to animals and the real capability of animals. The heterogeneity of responses proved that humans display different forms of anthropomorphism, from rejecting all emotional or intentional states in animals to considering animals to show the same intentions as humans. However, the scores participants attributed to animals differed according to the species shown in the video and to human sociodemographic characteristics. Understanding the potential usefulness of these factors can lead to better relationships with animals and encourage a positive view of human-robot interactions. Indeed, reflective or critical anthropomorphism can increase our humanity.

scholarly journals Do They Really Try to Save Their Buddy? Anthropomorphism about Animal Epimeletic Behaviours

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedric Sueur ◽  
Marie-Amélie Forin-Wiart ◽  
Marie Pelé
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Biological Reality

In this study, we asked participants to answer an online questionnaire about videos showing animal epimeletic behaviours: an individual (a sparrow, an elephant and a macaque) displayed behaviours towards an inanimate conspecific who suddenly got back to conscious at the end of the footage. A fourth video showed a dog-robot kicked by an engineer to demonstrate its stability. After each video, questions were asked to score the degree of anthropomorphism of participants, from mentophobia (no attribution whatever the species) to full anthropomorphism and to measure how close participants are to biological reality (actual scientific knowledge). A first important result is that there is a negative correlation (about 61%) between the anthropomorphism score (AS) and the biological reality one (BRS) showing a wrong statement. The heterogeneity of responses proved that all levels of anthropomorphism are covered from mentaphobia to full anthropomorphism. However, the scores participants attributed to animals differ according to the species shown in the video and to human characteristics. Understanding how one can play with these factors can conduct to better relationships with animals as encourage human-robot interactions. Finally, such reflective anthropomorphism can lead to an increase of human empathy and sociality, finally increasing our humanity.

Deception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Troisi
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Evolutionary Strategy ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Evolution Of Communication

For a long time, biological studies of communication have been based on the postulate that communication has evolved to ensure the transmission of veridical information between conspecifics. Ethological studies of a variety of animal species have demonstrated that transmission of false information is a relevant component of intraspecific signals and that the adaptive benefit of deceiving others was a driving force in the evolution of communication. In primate species, evolving a larger neocortex was a viable evolutionary strategy to respond to environmental challenges that demand enhanced capacities of social manipulation. Among all animal species, humans are the masters of social deception. This chapter focuses on the cognitive abilities related to voluntary deception in humans, with special regard to the role of theory of mind (i.e. the capacity to infer the mental states of other individuals). Different aspects of theory of mind are discussed, including the evolution of social brain, the distinction between mentalizing and empathizing, and the abnormalities of social cognition in clinical syndromes such as autistic spectrum disorders and primary psychopathy.

scholarly journals Authentication and preference mapping of ham

10.5219/1263 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1051-1056
Author(s):  
Lucia Benešová ◽  
Jozef Golian ◽  
Patrícia Martišová ◽  
Boris Semjon ◽  
Peter Zajác ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Preference Mapping ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Method Preference

Effective connection between the food industry and consumer demands are specific needs of consumers whitch were monitored in this study by using a preferential mapping method. Preference mapping is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which is performed on preferences ratings given for each product and preferences of each consumer through an online questionnaire. Key features for the consumer choice were colour, odour, consistency, total flavour and overall appearance. We verified the composition and mapped the preferences of 10 hams purchased in Slovakia. In view of the persistence of identified cases of food counterfeiting and meat fraud, intensive monitoring and scrutiny is required through effective and accurate analytical methods, which are crucial for maintaining consumer confidence and ensuring compliance with local legislation and labeling. The reference approach for identifying animal species in food is the PCR method, which is however limited to several animal species, meat types. The use of microarray technology enables the identification of a wider range of animal species and greater user comfort, especially the speed of obtaining the results. It allows 24 animal species to be identified in one analysis in 8 samples at a time. Detection was performed using Chipron LCD Aarray Kit Meat 5.0. In all analyzed samples, components of animal origin were identified in accordance on the packaging of the products. The Meat 5.0 LCD chip, which was used for analysis, has detected the presence of other animal species.

scholarly journals Hubungan Penggunaan Sumber Informasi Kampanye Dan Partisipasi Politik Pada Kasus Pilpres 2014 Di Kecamatan Cibinong Bogor

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Layung Paramesti Martha ◽  
Amiruddin Saleh ◽  
Parlaungan Adil Rangkuti
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Information Use ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Political Campaign ◽  
Source Of Information

Indonesian presidential election campaigns had been held by the candidates and the campaign team respectively from June, 4th-July, 5th 2014. This study was aimed to know the extent of utilization of communication channels both mass media and social media (new media) as source of information, compared with interpersonal communication channel, and how the level of utilization of the information sources by voters during the political campaign influenced the level of political participation in Cibinong. This study had been conducted in September-Oktober 2014 at Sub-District of Cibinong, Bogor Regency. A number of 200 people were chosen as respondents by using purposive sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed with Spearman’s Rank correlation test. Results showed that political participation in the engagement of campaigns as well as the surveillance were poor, while the participation in voting was quite good. In the variable of demographic characteristics, a negative significant correlation was found between political affiliation and the campaign engagement and so between the birthplace and voting engagement. On the contrary, the variable of age, income, and education had no correlation with all dimensions of the campaigns engagement. All dimensions of demographic characteristics including sex, birthplace, and environment had  a significant negative correlation with political participation. The indicator of sex and birthplace had a significant negative correlation with the amount of source of information use. The in dicator of birthplace also had a significant negative correlation with the frequent of accessing campaign sources of information. The utilization of campaign sources of information had a significant positive correlation with political participation in the dimension of the engagement in the campaign, voting, and surveillance for the election. Keywords: Political participation, source of information use, political campaign

scholarly journals Coping with COVID-19 Stressors: Adverse and Protective Factors Responding to Emotions in a Chinese Sample

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Xu ◽  
Xinfeng Zhang ◽  
Danni Liu ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Yanping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Psychological Resources ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chinese Sample

Background: The potential roles of affective responses to environmental stressors in individuals' physical and mental health are complex and multi-faceted. This study, then, explores Chinese citizens' emotional responses to COVID-19-related stressors and influence factors which may boost or buffer such effects. Methods: From late March to early June (2020), a cross-sectional study was conducted using an anonymous online questionnaire included demographic characteristics, COVID-19-related stressors related to individuals' daily functioning, and the self-assessed impact of protective and adverse internal factors on emotions. Results: 1,662 questionnaires were received from residents in 32 Chinese provinces classified by prevalence level according to COVID-19 infections. Among the 17 positive and negative emotional responses, agglomerative hierarchical clustering revealed four subclassifications: (1) stress relations; (2) missing someone relations; (3) individual relations; and (4) social relations. Additionally, heightened regional prevalence levels positively corresponded to intensity of stress relations. Lowest intensity of social relations was found in the areas surrounding Wuhan and coastal areas. Specially, economic- and work-related stressors as well as negative self-perceptions (e.g., suppression, emotionally unstable, self-denial) implicated in negative emotions. While positive emotions were tied to demographic characteristics (e.g., high education, young age and male) and protective traits (e.g., creativity, sympathy, social responsibility), and inversely linked to relationships- and pandemic-related stressors, etc. Conclusion: Associations were clearly noted among Chinese residents' emotions to specific stressors during pandemic. Providing appropriate psychological resources/supports during future or extended public health crises may help offset the cognitive burden of individuals striving to regain an adequate level of normalcy and emotional well-being.

scholarly journals The Impact of Study Mode (Online vs. Hybrid) on Early Symptoms of Depression and Coping Strategies among University Students in Poland in Time of COVID-19 Pandemic—Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1578
Author(s):  
Anna Drelich-Zbroja ◽  
Anna Jamroz-Wiśniewska ◽  
Maryla Kuczyńska ◽  
Monika Zbroja ◽  
Weronika Cyranka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
University Students ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Early Symptoms ◽  
Study Mode ◽  
And Coping ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: mental health has been one of the most important issues surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic; mental disorders can be exacerbated by isolation during lockdowns or online learning. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between non-clinical (early) symptoms of depressed moods, personality traits, and coping strategies, as well as whether the learning mode (online versus hybrid) differentiates the experiences of these early symptoms and coping strategies. Methods: 114 university students aged 19 to 34, whose education model was changed from stationary to hybrid or online due to COVID-19 restrictions, participated in the study. The participants completed the online questionnaire, which consisted of two sections: (1) demographic questions to characterize the subjects and 44 questions based on the literature review. (2) Mini-COPE Inventory. Results: the study showed that the fully online study mode has a negative impact on the mental health of students; hybrid students are more likely to use active and positive coping strategies, which effectively help to control negative thoughts and/or reduce negative mental states. Conclusions: the COVID-19 pandemic has had significant psychological effects that will extend to coming years; therefore, implementing systemic psychological care is of utmost importance.

Diskussion/Discussion

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Morick
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Intentional States ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Way

AbstractContrary to Marras: (1) the third of Chisholm’s Intentional criteria of sentences about mental states and events succeeds in highlighting an intuitive feature of Intentionality. (2) If there is such a thing as modality, it resides either in the way we speak of things or in the things, regardless of the way we speak of them. If the latter, modal sentences fail to satisfy Chisholm’s criterion for mentalistic sentences; and if the former, modal sentences turn out to be mentalistic sentences. So either way − if either the latter or the former − modal sentences fail to provide a counterexample to Chisholm’s claim that his criterion picks out only mentalistic sentences. (3) Functionalism doesn’t enable physicalism to accomodate Intentional states and events, because functionalism rejects a traditional tenet of physicalism.

Qualia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Levin
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Phenomenal Properties ◽  
Intentional States ◽  
Sense Data ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Moment

In contemporary discussions in the philosophy of mind, the terms quale and qualia (plural) are most commonly used to denote features of our conscious mental states such as the throbbing pain of my headache, the warmth I feel when I hold my hands over the fire, or the greenish character of my visual experience when I look at the tree outside my window (or stare hard at something red and then close my eyes). To use the now-standard locution introduced by Thomas Nagel, a subject’s mental state has qualia (or, equivalently, phenomenal properties) just in case there is something it is like for the subject to be in that state, and there are phenomenal similarities and differences among a subject’s mental states (that is, similarities and differences in their qualia) just in case there are similarities and differences in what it is like for that subject to be in those states. Qualia, in this sense, can be more or less specific: the state I am in at the moment can be an example of a migraine, a headache, a pain and, even more generally, a bodily sensation. And a mental state can have a distinctive phenomenal property, or quale, even if its subject cannot pick it out in terms any more descriptive than ‘I’m now feeling something funny’, or ‘I’ve never had an experience quite like this’. Sometimes the terms ‘quale’ and ‘qualia’ have been used more restrictively, to denote properties of mental states that are irreducibly nonphysical. ‘Qualia’ has also been used to denote ‘sense-data’, that is, image-like elements of perceptual experiences whose properties are directly and infallibly accessible to the subject of those experiences (and thus provide ‘data’ for our theories of the world). Indeed, C. I. Lewis, who is generally thought to have introduced the term, used ‘qualia’ in this way, and many others (e.g. Dennett 1988: 229) have understood ‘qualia’ to denote properties that are ‘ineffable, intrinsic, private, and directly or immediately apprehensible in consciousness’. Thus philosophical disputes about qualia have often taken the form of disputes about whether qualia exist, rather than about what sorts of properties qualia could be. But most philosophers now use these terms more neutrally, as characterized above - and attempt to argue that qualia must have (or can lack) these further metaphysical and epistemological characteristics. Perhaps the most contentious dispute about qualia is whether they can have a place in the physical world; whether, that is, they could be identical with physical, functional or otherwise natural properties, or must rather be regarded as irreducibly nonphysical features of our mental states. There are also significant epistemological questions about qualia - in particular, how we come to have knowledge of the phenomenal properties of our own mental states, whether our beliefs about these properties can be taken to be infallible, or at least to have some kind of special authority not possessed by our beliefs about the world outside our minds, and whether, and if so, how, we could have such knowledge of the mental states of others. In addition, it has traditionally been routine to distinguish ‘qualitative’ states such as sensations and perceptual experiences from purely representational (or intentional) states such as beliefs, thoughts and preferences, but this distinction is now under challenge. Thus another important question about qualia is how extensive they are in our mental lives: whether they are possessed by all our conscious mental states, including thoughts, beliefs, intentions and preferences, or merely some, such as sensations and perceptions.

scholarly journals Christian Materialism and the Quest for Human Personhood

Perichoresis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Mikael Leidenhag
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Imago Dei ◽  
First Person ◽  
Property Dualism ◽  
Intentional States ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Critical Exploration ◽  
First Person Perspective

AbstractThis paper offers a critical exploration of philosopher Kevin Corcoran’s proposed Christian Materialism. Corcoran’s constitution view claimsthat we human persons are constituted by our bodies without being identical with the bodies that constitute us. I will critically evaluate this view and argue that Corcoran has not successfully managed to ground a first-person perspective and intentional states in materialism. Moreover, Corcoran’s property dualism about mental states and the idea of the causally efficacy of such states seem incompatible with materialism. Corcoran’s view ofimago Deiis also explored and evaluated. Towards the end of the paper I put forward a brief defense of dualism in light of Corcoran’s critique.

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