scholarly journals A Systematic Literature Review on Depopulation Methods for Swine

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2161
Author(s):  
Andréia G. Arruda ◽  
Tariku J. Beyene ◽  
Justin Kieffer ◽  
Joshua N. Lorbach ◽  
Steven Moeller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Gaseous Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Personnel Safety ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Rapid Mass

Swine mass depopulation refers to the destruction of large numbers of pigs and may include not only animals affected with a disease but also healthy pigs in a facility or surrounding areas. Emerging applications of mass depopulation include reducing welfare issues associated with slaughter delays, which was observed in the United States in 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The objectives of this review were to summarize the available literature on swine depopulation methods and to highlight critical gaps in knowledge. Peer-reviewed articles were identified through a systematic search in electronic databases including Web of Science, MEDLINE, and PubMed. A total of 68 publications were assessed. Gaseous carbon dioxide inhalation was the most commonly reported depopulation method for both small- and large-scale trials. Measurements of consciousness state, which serves to assess suffering and humaneness, appeared to be lacking in a high proportion of the studies. None of the published studies demonstrated an ideally reliable and safe way to induce rapid unconsciousness in large groups of pigs. Development of rapid mass depopulation methods applicable to large groups of pigs is necessary to provide industry partners with suitable and low-cost emergency preparedness procedures while adhering to personnel safety and animal welfare standards. Lastly, there is an urgent need to standardize comprehensive reporting guidelines for depopulation studies.

scholarly journals Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production in the USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7804
Author(s):  
Christoph Falter ◽  
Andreas Sizmann
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Solar Thermochemical

Hydrogen produced from renewable energy has the potential to decarbonize parts of the transport sector and many other industries. For a sustainable replacement of fossil energy carriers, both the environmental and economic performance of its production are important. Here, the solar thermochemical hydrogen pathway is characterized with a techno-economic and life-cycle analysis. Assuming a further increase of conversion efficiency and a reduction of investment costs, it is found that hydrogen can be produced in the United States of America at costs of 2.1–3.2 EUR/kg (2.4–3.6 USD/kg) at specific greenhouse gas emissions of 1.4 kg CO2-eq/kg. A geographical potential analysis shows that a maximum of 8.4 × 1011 kg per year can be produced, which corresponds to about twelve times the current global and about 80 times the current US hydrogen production. The best locations are found in the Southwest of the US, which have a high solar irradiation and short distances to the sea, which is beneficial for access to desalinated water. Unlike for petrochemical products, the transport of hydrogen could potentially present an obstacle in terms of cost and emissions under unfavorable circumstances. Given a large-scale deployment, low-cost transport seems, however, feasible.

Thinking about Jointly Preventing the “Color Revolution” by China and Russia

2021 ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
chensheng wang
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Regional Coordination ◽  
Color Revolution ◽  
Return Method ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Surrounding Areas

The color revolution, which is a “low-cost and high-return” method in regime change, has become the main mean and priority option for America to subvert dissident regimes. In recent years, with the raising strength of containing and suppressing between China with Russia by the United States, America has tried its best to plan “color revolution” not only around China and Russia, but also within the borders of the two countries. China and Russia have become the key target of America in implementing the “color revolution”, however, the situation of the two countries to prevent the “color revolution” is particularly urgent. The “color revolution” not only disrupts the balance of the international system and regional security, but also seriously affects the stability of the country's political power and the healthy development of the economy. In view of this, it is now necessary for China and Russia to work together to prevent “color revolution”. Regarding the new changes, methods changed from non-violent to violent me, more advanced organizational methods, the younger generation of the participants, and changes in manifestations by the “color revolution”, as well as the underlying causes of the “color revolution”, China and Russia should have uindividualized strategies. China and Russia can strengthen cooperation in different areas, such as politics, economy, culture, ideological education, and regional coordination. China and Russia should take advantages of their respective experiences in dealing with “color revolution”, strengthen sharing and communicating experience with other countries in the region, and jointly build a barrier to prevent “color revolution” and protect the security and stability in China and Russia and the surrounding areas.

Cyberstalking

Stalking ◽  
2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham D. Glancy ◽  
Alan W. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Online Behavior ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
E Mail

Cyberstalking involves the use of the Internet or other electronic communication to stalk another person. Already common, it is likely to become more common as the use of the Internet continues to grow. The characteristics of online stalkers and their victims have some differences from those of the offline stalker. Mullen, Pathé, Purcell, and Stuart’s (1999) classification may apply to cyberstalkers except for the apparently common phenomenon of child luring that may be a new category. The methods of cyberstalking, as described in this chapter, are particularly ingenious. We know little about the effect on victims, but postulate that it is similar to offline stalking. We make some suggestions that may prevent cyberstalking, as well as offer some steps to bear in mind once cyberstalking occurs. The proliferation of personal computers with Internet access in the last decade has raised concerns about a new phenomenon known as cyberstalking. The Internet can be used to annoy and harass large numbers of victims in a generic manner by disseminating computer viruses, Internet scams, and “spamming” people with unsolicited e-mail. In 1999 Janet Reno, the attorney general of the United States, defined cyberstalking as the use of the Internet, e-mail, or other electronic communications devices to stalk another person (Reno, 1999). Barak (2005) looked at the issue of sexual harassment on the Internet. He characterizes cyberstalking as one type of sexual coercion. He notes that online behavior is characterized by disinhibition, openness, venture, and bravado—an atmosphere characterized by typical masculine attitudes. He argues that the lack of legal boundaries or enforcement vehicles encourage people to do what they would not have done in offline situations. He notes the near impossibility of implementation of legal procedures on a large scale. In this chapter we will discuss what is known about the prevalence of this phenomenon, the types of cyberstalking, and what is known about the perpetrators. In addition, we will generate some hypotheses about the comparison between online and offline stalkers. We will also discuss the effects on victims and current thoughts and resources for dealing with cyberstalking.

Reuniting children with their families during disasters: A proposed plan for greater success

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarita Chung, MD ◽  
Michael Shannon, MD, MPH
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
Patient Privacy ◽  
Extraction Technology ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Family

In the event of a terrorist attack or natural disaster, large numbers of children may be separated from their families and caregivers. Many of these children will present for treatment at emergency departments or be evacuated to relocation sites. Depending on their age, some children may not be able to give their name or may be too frightened to give any information, making identification difficult. At the same time, parents will instinctively rush to hospitals to find their children. In the process, parents may unintentionally obstruct medical care, overwhelm an already stressed staff, and violate patient privacy as they frantically search for their children. Currently, there is no system in the United States that effectively expedites the reunification of children with their families when children can not be identified by healthcare or public health personnel.We propose the creation of a system that employs advanced imaging and feature-extraction technology. We envision a system in which digital images of individual children are captured as they enter a facility, with these images then being automatically transmitted and posted on a secure Web site. Features of each image, such as hair and eye color, would be automatically indexed and cataloged. With the help of trained professionals, parents could enter their child’s features into the system and receive a limited set of images for identification, allowing for rapid reunification of the family. Additional advanced features of such a system will be explored. If successful, the use of such a system would address an important unmet need in pediatric emergency preparedness.

Challenge of Hospital Emergency Preparedness: Analysis and Recommendations

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (S1) ◽  
pp. S74-S82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Barbera ◽  
Dale J. Yeatts ◽  
Anthony G. Macintyre
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Medical Emergency

ABSTRACTIn the United States, recent large-scale emergencies and disasters display some element of organized medical emergency response, and hospitals have played prominent roles in many of these incidents. These and other well-publicized incidents have captured the attention of government authorities, regulators, and the public. Health care has assumed a more prominent role as an integral component of any community emergency response. This has resulted in increased funding for hospital preparedness, along with a plethora of new preparedness guidance.Methods to objectively measure the results of these initiatives are only now being developed. It is clear that hospital readiness remains uneven across the United States. Without significant disaster experience, many hospitals remain unprepared for natural disasters. They may be even less ready to accept and care for patient surge from chemical or biological attacks, conventional or nuclear explosive detonations, unusual natural disasters, or novel infectious disease outbreaks.This article explores potential reasons for inconsistent emergency preparedness across the hospital industry. It identifies and discusses potential motivational factors that encourage effective emergency management and the obstacles that may impede it. Strategies are proposed to promote consistent, reproducible, and objectively measured preparedness across the US health care industry. The article also identifies issues requiring research. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3(Suppl 1):S74–S82)

scholarly journals (A322) Animals in Disasters and Emergencies: A Version of Wild Kingdom

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s90-s90 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Madigan
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Emergency Responders ◽  
Emergency Rescue ◽  
Rescue Treatment ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Response Team

Dr. Madigan will discuss the evolution of awareness of the need for emergency preparedness and response for the animal component in disasters and emergencies in the United States and internationally. Emergencies and disasters affect animals and those who own them, including companion animals, animals who's use is for sustainment or groups of animals which serve as a key component of individuals economic existence. Numerous studies have shown the public will delay or refuse evacuation from impending risks if they have to leave their animals behind. A significant component of the public will refuse use of non pet associated shelters which then affects public safety and wellbeing. Emergency responders can be put at risk because of rescues required of non-evacuated individuals staying with their animals. Emergency responders may be called to be involved in animal rescues or animal evacuation. Animals impacted by disasters may incur injury, entrapment, and lack of food and water. Veterinary triage, emergency rescue, treatment and humane euthanasia are driven by animal welfare concerns as well as legislation mandating care of animals in declared disasters in some countries. Dr. Madigan's presentation will provide discussion and video examples of organized response to small and large scale animal emergency and disasters associated with 15 years as Chief of the UC Davis Veterinary Emergency Response Team. Additionally the training components needed for effective and safe preparedness and response will be discussed.

Public Housing in Urban America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bradford Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Housing Program ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Urban America ◽  
New Urbanist ◽  
The 1960S

Public housing emerged during the New Deal as a progressive effort to end the scourge of dilapidated housing in American cities. Reformers argued that the private market had failed to provide decent, safe, and affordable housing, and they convinced Congress to provide deep subsidies to local housing authorities to build and manage modern, low-cost housing projects for the working poor. Well-intentioned but ultimately misguided policy decisions encouraged large-scale developments, concentrated poverty and youth, and starved public housing of needed resources. Further, the antipathy of private interests to public competition and the visceral resistance of white Americans to racial integration saddled public housing with many enemies and few friends. While residents often formed tight communities and fought for improvements, stigmatization and neglect undermined the success of many projects; a sizable fraction became disgraceful and tangible symbols of systemic racism toward the nation’s African American poor. Federal policy had few answers and retreated in the 1960s, eventually making a neoliberal turn to embrace public-private partnerships for delivering affordable housing. Housing vouchers and tax credits effectively displaced the federal public housing program. In the 1990s, the Clinton administration encouraged the demolition and rebuilding of troubled projects using vernacular “New Urbanist” designs to house “mixed-income” populations. Policy problems, political weakness, and an ideology of homeownership in the United States meant that a robust, public-centered program of housing for use rather than profit could not be sustained.

Household Food and Water Emergency Preparedness Practices Across the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Erin Hiatt ◽  
Carla Belliard ◽  
Michelle A. Lloyd Call ◽  
Laura K. Jefferies ◽  
Madalyn Kener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Survey Development ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Household Food

Abstract Objective: To evaluate food and water storage practices in the United States, including the extent that government emergency preparedness guidelines were followed. Methods: Qualtrics panelists (n = 572) completed a 142-item online survey in August 2014. Cognitive interviews (n = 5) and pilot data (n = 14) informed survey development. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data. Open-ended responses related to water storage preparation were classified into 5 categories. Results: Many respondents reported being somewhat or well prepared to provide food and water for their households during a large-scale disaster or emergency. Only 53% met Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) guidelines to have water last at least 3 days. Based on respondents’ self-report, it appeared that those who prepared personally-filled containers for water did not carefully follow FEMA instructions. Most respondents had non-perishable foods available, with 96% meeting the FEMA guidelines of at least 3 days of storage. Conclusion: Households were generally prepared to provide food and, to a lesser extent, water in emergency situations, but were not consistently following FEMA guidelines. Additional easy-to-follow, evidence-based information may better help citizens accurately implement food and water storage emergency preparedness guidelines.

Towards Crowd-Driven Business Processes

2012 ◽  
pp. 412-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Vukovic ◽  
Claudio Bartolini
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
End User ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Customer Support ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Networking Technologies ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

Web 2.0 is shifting work to online, virtual environments. At the same time social networking technologies are accelerating the discovery of experts, increasing the effectiveness of online knowledge acquisition and collaborative efforts. Nowadays it is possible to harness potentially unknown (large) groups of networked specialists for their abilities to amass large-scale collections of data and to solve complex business and technical problems, in the process known as crowdsourcing. Large global enterprises and entrepreneurs are increasingly adopting crowdsourcing because of its promise to give simple, low cost, access to a scalable workforce online. Enterprise crowdsourcing examples abound, taking many different shapes and forms, from mass data collection to enabling end-user driven customer support. This chapter identifies requirements for common protocols and reusable service components, extracting from existing crowdsourcing applications, in order to enable standardized interfaces supporting crowdsourcing capabilities.

Towards Crowd-Driven Business Processes

Crowdsourcing ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 173-192
Author(s):  
Maja Vuković ◽  
Claudio Bartolini
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
End User ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Customer Support ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Networking Technologies ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

Web 2.0 is shifting work to online, virtual environments. At the same time social networking technologies are accelerating the discovery of experts, increasing the effectiveness of online knowledge acquisition and collaborative efforts. Nowadays it is possible to harness potentially unknown (large) groups of networked specialists for their abilities to amass large-scale collections of data and to solve complex business and technical problems, in the process known as crowdsourcing. Large global enterprises and entrepreneurs are increasingly adopting crowdsourcing because of its promise to give simple, low cost, access to a scalable workforce online. Enterprise crowdsourcing examples abound, taking many different shapes and forms, from mass data collection to enabling end-user driven customer support. This chapter identifies requirements for common protocols and reusable service components, extracting from existing crowdsourcing applications, in order to enable standardized interfaces supporting crowdsourcing capabilities.

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