scholarly journals Fitting of the In Vitro Gas Production Technique to the Study of High Concentrate Diets

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1935
Author(s):  
Zahia Amanzougarene ◽  
Manuel Fondevila
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Gas Source ◽  
Batch Systems ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
Closed Batch

In vitro rumen fermentation systems are often adapted to forage feeding conditions, with pH values ranging in a range close to neutrality (between 6.5 and 7.0). Several attempts using different buffers have been made to control incubation pH in order to evaluate microbial fermentation under conditions simulating high concentrate feeding, but results have not been completely successful because of rapid exhaustion of buffering capacity. Recently, a modification of bicarbonate ion concentration in the buffer of incubation solution has been proposed, which, together with using rumen inoculum from donor ruminants given high-concentrate diets, allows for mimicking such conditions in vitro. It is important to consider that the gas volume recorded is in part directly produced from microbial fermentation of substrates, but also indirectly from the buffering capacity of the medium. Thus, the contribution of each (direct and indirect) gas source to the overall production should be estimated. Another major factor affecting fermentation is the rate of passage, but closed batch systems cannot be adapted to its consideration. Therefore, a simple semicontinuous incubation system has been developed, which studies the rate and extent of fermentation by gas production at the time it allows for controlling medium pH and rate of passage by manual replacement of incubation medium by fresh saliva without including rumen inoculum. The application of this system to studies using high concentrate feeding conditions will also be reviewed here.

The need to complement in vitro gas production measurements with residue determinations from in sacco degradabilities to improve the prediction of voluntary intake of hays

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Blümmel ◽  
P. Bullerdieck
Keyword(s):  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Residue Determination ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
In Sacco Degradability ◽  
In Sacco

AbstractThe need to complement in vitro gas production measurements with residue determination is demonstrated by the recalculation and reassessment of published data on in vitro gas production, in sacco degradabilities and voluntary dry matter intake (DMI). The in sacco degradability — gas volume ratio was determined at 24 and 48 h of incubation, termed partitioning factor (PF) and combined with rate and extent parameters of in sacco degradability and in vitro gas production to predict DMI. In vitro gas production and in sacco degradability characteristics (a + b) and c as described by the equation y = a + b(1−ect) explained 0·373 and 0·668 respectively of the variation in DMI of 19 legume and grass hays. The complementation of gas production parameters by the PF24 increased the R2 value to 0·744 with PF24 accounting for 0·407 of the variation in DMI, the rate of gas production (c) for 0·218 and the extent of gas production (a + b) for 0·119 of the variation in DMI. As a single parameter, PF48 showed the highest correlation (R2 = 0·597) with DMI but the combination of PF4S with rate and extent of in sacco or in vitro gas production measurements did not improve the correlation further, probably due to an intercorrelation between rates of fermentation and PF4S. Hays which were degraded at faster rates had higher PF values indicating proportionally higher microbial yield and lower short-chain fatty acid production per unit substrate degraded. Generally, hays with high in sacco degradabilities but proportionally low gas production i.e. hays with high PF values showed higher DMI.

Estimation of fermentable energy by the automatic in vitro gas production technique for a selection of feedstuffs incubated alone and in combination

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 69-69
Author(s):  
S. Fakhri ◽  
A. R. Moss ◽  
D.I. Givens ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
Selection Of

The gas production (GP) technique has previously been used to estimate the gas volume (fermentable energy (FE)) of compound feed ingredients for ruminants (Newbold et al., 1996). It was shown that the FE content of feed mixtures was represented by the combination of the total gas from the incubation of the individual feeds. However this additivity might not be consistent throughout the incubation period. The objectives were to test whether 1. other GP parameters give better estimates of FE for simple mixtures and are they additive; 2. whether organic matter apparently degraded in the rumen (OMADR) explain differences in GP; and 3. to find out if there are any other better measures than OMADR for estimating FE.

Fermentation profiles and degradability measurements in extrusa diet samples collected from brome-suppressed and undisturbed pastures and their relationship to weight gain of steers

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Blümmel ◽  
E. E. Grings ◽  
M. R. Haferkamp
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
N Level ◽  
Nutritive Quality ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Gas Volume

The effects of suppression of annual bromes (Bromus japonicus Thunb. and Bromus tectorum L.) by atrazine application on the nutritive quality of extrusa diet samples (EDS) collected from the esophagus were investigated, and EDS quality estimates were compared with weight gain of grazing steers. Analysis on EDS included crude protein (CP), in vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD), and gas production profiles in N supplemented and unsupplemented incubation media. Brome-suppression tended (P = 0.07) to increase CP content but effects on gas production kinetics and IVOMD were dependent on incubation medium N-level. In N-unsupplemented incubations, asymptotic gas production was less and rates of gas production were greater in EDS from brome-suppressed compared to undisturbed pasture. No such differences were found for N-supplemented incubations. Weight gains of steers grazing brome-suppressed pastures were 16% greater (P = 0.007) than from control pastures. The R2 for the comparison of predicted and measured gains were 0.90 (P < 0.0001), 0.96 (P < 0.0001), and 0.90 (P < 0.0001) using CP, IVOMD (N-low), and IVOMD (N-rich) as the predicting variable, respectively. Best predictions using in vitro gas production measurements were obtained from 24 h gas volume recording (R2 = 0.93, P < 0.0001). Best-fit model (sigmoidal vs. exponential) depended on grazing period and N-level, and the sigmoidal Gompertz model best described most gas production profiles. Key words: Forage quality, gas production, weight gain, beef steers

A comparison between two in vitro gas production techniques to study fermentation profiles of three foodstuffs

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 207-208
Author(s):  
R. S. Lowman ◽  
N. S. Jessop ◽  
M. K. Theodorou ◽  
M. Herrero ◽  
D. Cuddeford
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Gas Tight ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Made In

Following the development of the Menke technique in 1979, the measurement of gas production in vitro has become increasingly popular for investigating the kinetics of rumen fermentation. The aim of this study was to compare the gas production profiles for three foods using two in vitro gas production techniques; the Menke et al. (1979) technique (MT) and the pressure transducer technique (PTT) (Theodorou et al., 1994). Both techniques involve recording gas production throughout the incubation of a food sample with rumen fluid. The MT incubations are made in gas-tight syringes where the volume of gas produced causes the plunger to move up the syringe barrel. The PTT involves measuring gas production in fermentation bottles using a pressure transducer and syringe assembly to measure the pressure and corresponding gas volume. As the medium to rumen fluid ratios also differ between techniques; 2:1 in the Menke technique and 9:1 in the PTT, both ratios were investigated in this study.

scholarly journals The degradability characteristics of fifty-four roughages and roughage neutral-detergent fibres as described by in vitro gas production and their relationship to voluntary feed intake

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 757-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Blümmel ◽  
K. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Test ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Gas Volume

Fifty-four roughages of known voluntary dry-matter intakes (DMI; range 7·8−35·2 g/kg live weight per d) were examined in vitro in a gas production test. Samples (200 mg) of roughage and roughage neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) respectively were incubated in a mixed suspension of rumen contents for 96 h and the gas volumes recorded after 4,6,8,12,24,30,36,48,54,60 and 96 h. The kinetics of gas production were derived from the volume recordings described by the exponential equation Y=A+B(l—e-ct) where A is the intercept and ideally reflects the fermentation of the soluble and readily available fraction of the feed, B describes the fermentation of the insoluble (but with time fermentable) fraction and c the fractional rate at which B is fermented per h; A+B describes total fermentation. In vitro true dry matter (TD) and NDF degradabilities (NDF-D) after 24 h incubation were also determined. Of the variation in DMI, 75% was accounted for by the in vitro gas production parameters A, B and c in stepwise multiple regressions; 82% of the variation in DMI was explained by the parameters (ANDF+BNDF) and cNDF as obtained from the incubation of roughage NDF. The rate constants (c) were less important than parameters related to the extent of gas production, accounting for only 6·5 (whole roughage) and 4·1% (NDF) of the variation in DMI. There was no statistical advantage in the use of the exponential model describing extent and rate of fermentation over some of the simple gas volume measurements: 75% of the variation in DMI was accounted for by in vitro gas production of whole roughage after 8 h of incubation. On average gas production from NDF measured from 24–96 h accounted for 81% of the variation in DMI. A combination of gas volume measurements after a short period of incubation (4–8 h) with a concomitant determination of NDF-D after many hours (≥24 h) can render NDF preparations and long incubation times redundant. A method is suggested to obtain two results for DMI prediction in one single incubation. Of the variation in DMI 80% was accounted for by the incubation of 500 mg whole roughage when incubation was terminated after 24 h and the residual undegraded substrate quantified.

In vitro gas fermentation kinetics of compounded ration containing graded levels of biodegraded corncob

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-234
Author(s):  
O.Y. Adedeji ◽  
A. A. Saka
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Gas Volume

Cob regarded as a waste product, constituting source of environmental pollution could be utilized as an energy source in feed formulation if properly processed and harnessed through fungal degradation. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the nutritive value of biodegraded corncob meal based diet using in vitro gas production technique. Aspergillus niger was isolated and sub-cultured to obtain a pure culture. Degraded corn cob meals(DCCM) of four dietary treatments were prepared to include: T (0% DCCM which served as 1 the control), T (15% DCCM), T (30% DCCM) and T (45% DCCM). Each diet sample 2 3 4 (200mg) was incubated in buffered rumen liquor for 48 hours and gas volume was estimated using established in vitro gas production models. Amount of gas volume produced was determined every 3 hours for 48 hours of incubation in buffered rumen fluid. After 48 hours ofincubation, methane gas produced was estimated and determined in triplicates. The proximate composition of Aspergillus niger biodegraded corn cob indicated that Aspergillus niger improved the nutritive value of the corn cob. Untreated corn cob meal was lower in nutritive values when compared with treated corncob meal with crude protein, crude fibre and ash values ranging from 6.88 to 9.78%, 32.68 to 26.37% and 2.87 to 2.88% respectively.The proximate composition of the dietary treatments showed that the crude protein varied from (11.67-12.67%), crude fibre (10.94-21.56%), ether extract (2.12-4.88%), ash (6.48- 9.44%) and nitrogen free extract (58.17-62.99%). Results obtained for volume of gas (35.960-72.770mL/200mgDM) produced in time “t” denoted by (b) were significantly different (P<0.05) across the dietary treatments. However, rate of gas production (0.0297- 0.0425mL/hr) and time between incubation and gas production (2.083-2.683hr) were not significantly different (P>0.05) across the dietary treatments. Cumulative gas volumeproduction at 24 hours were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by different inclusion levels of DCCM with values obtained ranging from T (15.33 ml/gDM) to T (35.33 ml/gDM). There 4 3 were significant differences (P<0.05) across the dietary treatments. The post estimated parameters ranging from metabolisable energy (4.96-7.74MJ/Kg DM), organic matter digestibility (37.98-58.03%), short chain fatty acids (0.31-0.78μmol), Methane estimate (3-8  ml/200mgDM) and Carbon dioxide estimate (10-30 ml/200mgDM). It can be concluded that 30% DCCM based diet had the potential of meeting the nutritional needs as smallruminant livestock feeds, if properly biodegraded and incorporated into feeds.

Relationship between in vitro gas production and neutral detergent fibre disappearance in three tropical grasses

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 219-219
Author(s):  
M. Herrero ◽  
N.S. Jessop
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Gas Volume

In vitro gas production techniques have been used to nutritionally characterise feedstuffs for ruminants. Consideration of both the soluble and insoluble fractions has recently been shown to be essential for adequate description of cell wall disappearance (Jessop and Herrero, 1996). This study investigates how gas production measurements can be used to predict neutral detergent fibre (NDF) disappearance by correcting for the gas volume produced in the early stages of fermentation from neutral detergent solubles (NDS). The study was carried out using three tropical grasses.

Digestion and microbial fermentation ofEragrostis curvulasupplemented with tallow

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fondevila ◽  
G. Cufré ◽  
J.C.M. Nogueira ◽  
L. Godio ◽  
G. Alcantu
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Adhesion ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Fat Level ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
Matter Basis

AbstractTwoin vitroexperiments were conducted in order to determine if microbial fermentation of Eragrostis curvula hay is depressed by high levels of added tallow. Two levels of tallow, to reach 0.06 (T6) and 0.12 (T12) of the ether extract (organic matter basis) in food were compared with a control (T0, 25 g ether extract per kg). The first experiment studied the pattern of gas production. From 24 h onwards, gas volume for T0 was higher (P < 0.05) than for T6 and T12. However, lag time was shorter with tallow, probably because of utilization of the released glycerol. Fermentation of a similar amount of fat included in T6 and T12 as the only substrate (fat-6 and fat-12) depressed gas production compared with the blank, irrespective of fat level. In a second experiment, characteristics of microbial fermentation were studied, including volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, bacterial adhesion to fibrous particles (measured according to purine bases concentration) and polysaccharidase and glycosidase activities, at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h incubation. Total VFA was higher (P < 0.05) in T0 compared with T6 but not with T12. Acetate: propionate ratio diminished with tallow in the food. Higher total xylosidase (P > 0⋅05) and glycosidase (P < 0⋅001) activities were observed for T0 than for T6 and T12 and similar responses were observed regarding specific activities. Bacterial adhesion was not different between T0 and T6 but it was smaller in T12. The inhibition of microbial fermentation by tallow addition is more related to specific polysaccharidase and glycosidase activities, rather than to a depressed bacterial adhesion.

scholarly journals In vitro gas production and dry matter degradability of cassava top and maize stover mixture ensiled with Albizia saman pods

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
L. O. Saliu ◽  
T. O. Ososanya
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Albizia Saman ◽  
Gas Volume

In vitro gas production is an indication of microbial degradability of feed samples. Thus varying levels of mixture of cassava top (CT) and maize stover (MS) ensiled with Albizia saman pods (ASP) were examined. The feedstuff were dried and milled for gas determination in a completely randomized design. Samples were incubated using in vitro gas production technique. Gas production was measured at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 h post incubation to estimate total gas volume (TGV), methane (CH4), metabolisable energy (ME; MJ/Kg DM), organic matter digestibility (OMD; %) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA; ìmol/200 mg DM). dry matter (DM, %) increased significantly (p<0.05) as inclusion of Albizia saman pods increases across the treatments. The crude protein (CP, %) contents were similar across the treatments. The total gas volume (TGV mL) produced by the diets were similar across the treatments. The values ranged from 4.81 to 5.26 for ME, 35.16 to 36.32 for OMD, 0.13 to 0.21 for SCFA and 5.33 to 7.33 for CH4 production with no significant difference. The result showed that in vitro fermentation of the mixture of cassava top and maize stover ensiled with Albizia saman pods at 0:40:60% increased the dry matter degradability by 15%, enhanced metabolisable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids.

scholarly journals Fitting of pH conditions for the study of concentrate feeds fermentation by the in vitro gas-production technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Amanzougarene ◽  
M. Fondevila
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Fermentation Conditions ◽  
Incubation Solution ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
The Media ◽  
Ph Conditions

Two experiments were conducted to simulate in vitro the fermentation conditions under high-concentrate feeding. The concentration of bicarbonate ion in the buffer of the incubation solution was assayed in Experiment 1, by adjusting medium pH to 6.50, 6.25, 6.00, 5.75 and 5.50, in two incubation series of 12 h, using barley as the reference substrate. The pH diminished linearly (P < 0001) by lowering the buffer, and remained constant throughout 12 h, except for treatments 5.75 and 5.50, where pH dropped to 5.51 and 5.31 at 12 h. Gas production decreased linearly with a decreasing medium pH (P < 0.001), with the total volume of gas produced after 12 h being highly dependent (P < 0.01) on pH at 12 h (R2 = 0.629), thus demonstrating the importance of the incubation pH for estimation of fermentation of concentrate feeds. In Experiment 2, the effect of pH on direct and indirect proportion of gas was studied by adding 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mmol of acetic acid, either with or without (water added instead) rumen inoculum, to the media. Linear multiple regressions established between the volume of gas produced and the addition of acetic acid, and the bicarbonate ion concentration showed high determination coefficients for water (R2 = 0.929) and rumen inoculum (R2 = 0.851). Without inoculum, indirect gas production ranged from 9.4 to 12.4 mL/mmol of acid for medium pH of 5.50–6.50. With rumen inoculum, indirect gas was 20.8 mL/mmol acid, although this may have been biased by the contribution of inoculum itself to direct fermentation.

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