scholarly journals ACTH Stimulation Induced Self-Mutilation Behavior in the Golden Conure (Guaruba guarouba)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Anaya Sinhorini ◽  
Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto ◽  
Rupert Palme
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Self Mutilation ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Second Peak

Psittacidae are very susceptible to chronic stress and behavioral disorders. Information regarding the endocrinology of the golden conure is scarce, especially about adrenocortical activity. Endocrine studies using non-invasive methods are useful, because they allow longitudinal analysis with high numbers of samples without causing additional stress and are viable in the psittacidae management. The objective was to physiologically validate an enzyme immunoassay for measuring glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs) in this species. Serial droppings were collected from 16 animals. First, one subgroup received adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; Synacthen Depót®) and the other group served as controls. This procedure was reversed afterwards. All birds presented self-mutilation approximately 6 h after the ACTH injection. This behavior disappeared after two days. Peak concentrations (on average nine times higher than baseline values) of GCMs were found 6 (4–8) h after ACTH administration; in all (but one) animals also a second peak was found 14 (10–20) h post injection. GCM levels returned to the baseline after 24 h. We physiologically validated a cortisone enzyme immunoassays to measure adrenocortical activity in the golden conure. Such non-invasive methods are important for studies, which are related to welfare, reproductive, and conservation programs. In addition, we could demonstrate a link between increased glucocorticoid levels and behavioral disorders.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Monitoring of Adrenocortical Activity in Three Sympatric Desert Gerbil Species

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Álvaro Navarro-Castilla ◽  
Mario Garrido ◽  
Hadas Hawlena ◽  
Isabel Barja
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Endocrine Status ◽  
Corticosterone Metabolites ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Fecal Corticosterone Metabolites

The study of the endocrine status can be useful to understand wildlife responses to the changing environment. Here, we validated an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to non-invasively monitor adrenocortical activity by measuring fecal corticosterone metabolites (FCM) in three sympatric gerbil species (Gerbillus andersoni, G. gerbillus and G. pyramidum) from the Northwestern Negev Desert’s sands (Israel). Animals included into treatment groups were injected with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to stimulate adrenocortical activity, while control groups received a saline solution. Feces were collected at different intervals and FCM were quantified by an EIA. Basal FCM levels were similar in the three species. The ACTH effect was evidenced, but the time of FCM peak concentrations appearance differed between the species (6–24 h post-injection). Furthermore, FCM peak values were observed sooner in G. andersoni females than in males (6 h and 18 h post-injection, respectively). G. andersoni and G. gerbillus males in control groups also increased FCM levels (18 h and 48 h post-injection, respectively). Despite the small sample sizes, our results confirmed the EIA suitability for analyzing FCM in these species as a reliable indicator of the adrenocortical activity. This study also revealed that close species, and individuals within a species, can respond differently to the same stressor.

Physiological validation of a non-invasive method to evaluate adrenocortical activity and the time course for the excretion of stress hormones in the feces of three species of desert gerbils

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin R. St. Juliana ◽  
Jocelyn L. Bryant ◽  
Nadja Wielebnowski ◽  
Burt P. Kotler
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites ◽  
Desert Rodents ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Time Frames

We evaluated the suitability of a corticosterone enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to monitor excretion of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) in response to Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and saline injections in three desert rodent species (Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi (GA), Gerbillus nanus (GN), and Gerbilis piridium (GP). We exposed 24 gerbils (N = 9 for GA, N = 7 for GN, N = 8 for GP) to an ACTH and a saline injection at different times. Fecal samples were collected hourly for 24 hours after injection. The average starting concentration (baseline) FGM concentration was 797 ng/g for GA, 183 ng/g for GN, and 749 ng/g for GP. The average peak concentration was 2377 ng/g for GA, 589 ng/g for GN, and 1987 ng/g for GP. We were able to provide a physiological validation for the chosen assay in GAs and GPs, however, our results for GNs were less clear. We found an increase in FGM concentrations on average after 5.5 hours in GA, 3.1 hours in GN, and 3.8 hours in GP. We found a peak in FGM concentration on average after 8.8 hours in GA, 5.6 hours in GN, and 10.3 hours in GP. We determined that FGM concentration returned to starting value on average after 14.4 hours in GA, 9.1 hours in GN, and 15.1 hours in GP. The outcomes of this study can help establish trapping protocols and time frames for FGM monitoring of these wild small mammal populations. The time course for excretion of FGM is similar between the species in this study, and comparable to some non-desert rodents. We found high variation in the time course of excretion within species. This variation needs to be taken into account when monitoring stress responses in the field. By assessing adrenocortical activity using FGM monitoring, stress responses to varying ecological and environmental factors can be reliably examined in the field.

Non-invasive monitoring of adrenocortical activity in European badgers (Meles meles) and effects of sample collection and storage on faecal cortisol metabolite concentrations

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Barja ◽  
Gema Escribano-Ávila ◽  
Carlos Lara-Romero ◽  
Emilio Virgós ◽  
Javier Benito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Lapse ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
European Badgers ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Cortisol Metabolites

Due to the increasing demand for methods to quantify adrenal activity in response to stressors in wild animals, we evaluated whether stimulation with adrenocorticopic hormone (ACTH) increases faecal cortisol metabolite levels in European badgers. We also conducted several experiments to evaluate the effect of storage time and collection methods on cortisol metabolite levels of faecal samples. Faecal samples were collected from five captive European badgers (Meles meles) and cortisol metabolites were quantified by an enzyme immunoassay. Faecal cortisol metabolite levels increased 1-2 days after ACTH injection and dropped to pre-treatment levels 3 days after ACTH stimulation. We found that cortisol metabolite levels were not affected by the 8-hour time lapse from collection in the field until freezing of faecal samples, environmental exposure (temperature 25.66 ± 2.55°C; range 21.20-32.20) or mean relative humidity 62.77 ± 9.90% (range 42.00-79.00). Cortisol metabolites were not homogenously distributed in the scats. Cortisol metabolite levels were significantly lower when faecal extracts and samples were frozen for long periods of time (14 weeks or more). Thus, the measurement of faecal cortisol metabolites is a suitable method for the non-invasive evaluation of adrenocortical activity in European badgers. However, some aspects related to the collection and storage of faecal samples should be considered in future studies conducted with this species.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Stress Response in North American Deermice: Laboratory and Field Validation of Two Enzyme Immunoassays for Fecal Corticosterone Metabolites

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1120
Author(s):  
Andreas Eleftheriou ◽  
Rupert Palme ◽  
Rudy Boonstra
Keyword(s):  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Field Validation ◽  
Wildlife Ecology ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassays ◽  
Fecal Cortisol ◽  
Corticosterone Metabolites ◽  
Fecal Corticosterone Metabolites

Stress physiology is commonly employed in studies of wildlife ecology and conservation. Accordingly, we need robust and suitable methods to measure stress physiology in the field. Fecal cortisol/corticosterone metabolites (FCMs) are now increasingly being used to non-invasively evaluate adrenocortical activity; a measure of stress physiology. However, immunoassays that measure FCMs must be appropriately validated prior to their use and factors that can influence FCMs, such as trap-induced stress, must be considered. Deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are widely used in scientific studies so that developing methods that appropriately measure their adrenocortical activity is critical. In the laboratory, we tested the suitability of two enzyme immunoassays (EIAs; a corticosterone EIA, and a group-specific 5α-pregnane-3β,11β,21-triol-20-one EIA) in deermice by challenging individuals with dexamethasone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). We found that dexamethasone suppressed FCM levels within ~10 h post injection whereas ACTH increased FCM levels within ~2 h post injection. In the field, we found that FCM levels generally increased with more time in trap confinement when using both EIAs. Although we acknowledge low sample sizes (N = 4), our results validated the two EIAs for use with FCMs from deermice.

Taming trilostane: past and future

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 458-465
Author(s):  
Constance N White
Keyword(s):  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Monitoring Tool ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Monitoring Therapy ◽  
Clinical Control ◽  
Cortisol Levels

A number of methods have been proposed for monitoring trilostane therapy for canine hyperadrenocorticism. Lack of consensus on timing and targets for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing, coupled with the fact that post-ACTH cortisol levels may not correlate well with clinical control, suggest that stimulation testing may not be as reliable a monitoring tool as initially thought. This article reviews developments in our understanding of the action, dosage, and monitoring of trilostane therapy of canine hyperadrenocorticism. Trilostane pharmacodynamics should be considered both in monitoring therapy and in tailoring dosage and frequency of administration.

Solumedrol Treatment for Severe Sepsis in Humans with a Blunted Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Cortisol Response: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 088506662110388
Author(s):  
Divya Birudaraju ◽  
Sajad Hamal ◽  
John A. Tayek
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
To Receive

Purpose To test the benefits of Solumedrol treatment in sepsis patients with a blunted adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-cortisol response (delta <13 µg/dL) with regard to the number of days on ventilator, days on intravenous blood pressure support, length of time in an intensive care unit (ICU), 14-day mortality, and 28-day mortality. The trial was prospective, randomized, and double-blind. As part of a larger sepsis trial, 54 patients with sepsis had an intravenous ACTH stimulation test using 250 µg of ACTH, and serum cortisol was measured at times 0, 30, and 60 min. Eleven patients failed to increase their cortisol concentration above 19.9 µg/dL and were excluded from the clinical trial as they were considered to have adrenal insufficiency. The remaining 43 patients had a baseline cortisol of 32 ± 1 µg/dL increased to 38 ± 3 µg/dL at 30 min and 40 ± 3 at 60 min. All cortisol responses were <12.9 µg/dL between time 0 and time 60, which is defined as a blunted cortisol response to intravenous ACTH administration. Twenty-one were randomized to receive 20 mg of intravenous Solumedrol and 22 were randomized to receive a matching placebo every 8 h for 7-days. There was no significant difference between the two randomized groups. Data analysis was carried out bya two-tailed test and P < .05 as significant. Results Results: The mean age was 51 ± 2 (mean ± SEM) with 61% female. Groups were well matched with regard to APACHE III score in Solumedrol versus placebo (59 ± 6 vs 59 ± 6), white blood cell count (18.8 ± 2.2 vs 18.6 ± 2.6), and incidence of bacteremia (29 vs 39%). The 28-day mortality rate was reduced in the Solumedrol treated arm (43 ± 11 vs 73 ± 10%; P < .05). There was no change in days in ICU, days on blood pressure agents, or days on ventilator. Seven days of high-dose intravenous Solumedrol treatment (20 mg every 8 h) in patients with a blunted cortisol response to ACTH was associated with an improved 28-day survival. This small study suggests that an inability to increase endogenous cortisol production in patients with sepsis who are then provided steroid treatment could improve survival.

Metformin administration restores allopregnanolone response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation in overweight hyperinsulinemic patients with PCOS

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 684-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro D. Genazzani ◽  
Elisa Chierchia ◽  
Erika Rattighieri ◽  
Susanna Santagni ◽  
Elena Casarosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Acth Stimulation

Comparison of cortisol concentrations in plasma and saliva in dairy cattle following ACTH stimulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Riek ◽  
Lars Schrader ◽  
Frank Zerbe ◽  
Stefanie Petow
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Acth Challenge ◽  
Baseline Cortisol ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Baseline Values

AbstractThe experiments described in this research communication compared cortisol concentrations in plasma and saliva samples collected from dairy cattle before and after an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) application. For that purpose, blood and saliva samples were collected from five dairy cows at determined time intervals before (490 min and down to 0 min) and after (10 min and up to 500 min) an ACTH application. Mean baseline cortisol concentrations were greater in plasma compared to saliva. The relative increases and decreases in plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations following ACTH were similar. After ACTH, we observed an increase in cortisol concentrations in plasma after 10 min and in saliva after 20 min. The time of peak concentrations after ACTH were reached at 70 and 80 min for plasma and saliva, respectively. After peak concentrations, values steadily declined and returned to baseline values at 169 ± 15 min in plasma and 170 ± 14 min in saliva. Ratios between salivary and plasma cortisol concentrations were on average 0.09 and did not change substantially during the ACTH challenge. There was a strong positive relationship between salivary and plasma cortisol concentrations. These results indicate that salivary cortisol concentrations can be a good indicator of ACTH-induced plasma cortisol concentrations in dairy cattle.

Hypoadrenocorticism in two cats successfully treated with desoxycorticosterone pivalate

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. e000600
Author(s):  
Franziska Reimann ◽  
Stefanie Siol ◽  
Charlotte Schlüter ◽  
Reto Neiger
Keyword(s):  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Stimulation Test ◽  
Acth Stimulation Test ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Blood Examination ◽  
Stimulation Of

Two cats were presented with lethargy and anorexia. Clinically, the cats showed hypothermia and dehydration. Blood examination in both cats showed hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia and additionally azotaemia in case 1 and hypercalcaemia in case 2. In both cats, an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test showed an insufficient stimulation of the adrenal glands. In case 1, markedly elevated endogenous ACTH was additionally measured. Both cats were successfully treated with a combination of desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP) and prednisolone (0.15 mg/kg daily). Case 1 received a final concentration of 2.6 mg/kg DOCP every 30 days, while case 2 was successfully managed with 2.2 mg/kg every 28 days. These rare cases of feline hypoadrenocorticism demonstrate that DOCP can be used similarly as in dogs.

Stimulation of gastric proteases in the neonatal pig by a rise in adrenocortical secretion at parturition

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Sangild
Keyword(s):  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Cortisol Secretion ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Pepsinogen A ◽  
Newborn Pigs ◽  
Neonatal Pig ◽  
Stimulation Of

In many species adrenocortical activity and glucocorticoid secretion increase in late gestation and reach a peak at birth. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that glucocorticoids stimulate the synthesis of gastric protease zymogens in the perinatal period of pigs. Pigs were delivered by Caesarean section 3-4 days prior to term (to circumvent the natural cortisol surge) and treated daily with either saline (n = 11), metyrapone (an inhibitor of cortisol synthesis, n = 12), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, n = 14) or cortisol-acetate (n = 6). The pigs were killed at 3 or 6-7 days of age and concentrations of protease zymogens in gastric mucosal extracts determined by electroimmunoassay. Zymogen contents were also determined in control (untreated) pigs from one week before birth to four weeks after birth. In control pigs, concentration of prochymosin increased rapidly before term, peaked at birth, and decreased in the postnatal period; concentrations of pepsinogen A, pepsinogen B and progastricsin were low in newborn pigs and increased in the weeks after birth. Caesarean-delivered pigs injected with saline had lower concentrations of prochymosin and pepsinogen A at 6-7 days than vaginally delivered pigs of the same postnatal age. The concentrations of these zymogens were further reduced after metyrapone treatment (depressed cortisol secretion) but were increased after treatment with ACTH (stimulated cortisol secretion) or cortisol-acetate (exogenous glucocorticoid). No consistent effects were observed for the two minor gastric protease zymogens in the pig, pepsinogen B and progastricsin. The results suggest that the normal pre-partum surge in circulating cortisol stimulates the development of the major gastric protease zymogens in the pig, prochymosin and pepsinogen A.

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