Stimulation of gastric proteases in the neonatal pig by a rise in adrenocortical secretion at parturition

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Sangild
Keyword(s):  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Cortisol Secretion ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Pepsinogen A ◽  
Newborn Pigs ◽  
Neonatal Pig ◽  
Stimulation Of

In many species adrenocortical activity and glucocorticoid secretion increase in late gestation and reach a peak at birth. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that glucocorticoids stimulate the synthesis of gastric protease zymogens in the perinatal period of pigs. Pigs were delivered by Caesarean section 3-4 days prior to term (to circumvent the natural cortisol surge) and treated daily with either saline (n = 11), metyrapone (an inhibitor of cortisol synthesis, n = 12), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, n = 14) or cortisol-acetate (n = 6). The pigs were killed at 3 or 6-7 days of age and concentrations of protease zymogens in gastric mucosal extracts determined by electroimmunoassay. Zymogen contents were also determined in control (untreated) pigs from one week before birth to four weeks after birth. In control pigs, concentration of prochymosin increased rapidly before term, peaked at birth, and decreased in the postnatal period; concentrations of pepsinogen A, pepsinogen B and progastricsin were low in newborn pigs and increased in the weeks after birth. Caesarean-delivered pigs injected with saline had lower concentrations of prochymosin and pepsinogen A at 6-7 days than vaginally delivered pigs of the same postnatal age. The concentrations of these zymogens were further reduced after metyrapone treatment (depressed cortisol secretion) but were increased after treatment with ACTH (stimulated cortisol secretion) or cortisol-acetate (exogenous glucocorticoid). No consistent effects were observed for the two minor gastric protease zymogens in the pig, pepsinogen B and progastricsin. The results suggest that the normal pre-partum surge in circulating cortisol stimulates the development of the major gastric protease zymogens in the pig, prochymosin and pepsinogen A.

Lung hyaluronan during development: a quantitative and morphological study

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (5) ◽  
pp. H1449-H1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Allen ◽  
E. Gunnar Sedin ◽  
A. Jonzon ◽  
A. F. Wells ◽  
T. C. Laurent
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Study ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Visceral Pleura ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Neonatal Lung ◽  
Important Constituent ◽  
Migrating Cells

Hyaluronan, an important constituent of developmental interstitium in fetal lungs, mediates cell-to-cell interactions and thereby directs migrating cells. Furthermore, because of the polyionic nature of the molecule, hyaluronan forms open, hydrated matrices that provide channels for migrating cells. This hydrated matrix undergoes contraction before birth. However, continued growth of the lung in the perinatal period requires newly synthesized hyaluronan. This study's purpose was to elucidate the changes in lung hyaluronan concentration and distribution in the perinatal period. We studied rabbits at days -6, -4, -2, -1, 0, +2, and +4 with respect to term, as well as adult rabbits. We found that hyaluronan concentration was highest in the youngest fetuses studied [682 +/- 115 micrograms/g dry wt (means +/- SD)]. However, hyaluronan concentration decreased to 129 +/- 12 micrograms/g dry wt just before birth then returned to 366 +/- 111 micrograms/g dry wt at day +4; these values were similar to adult values. We found hyaluronan staining decreased during late gestation, particularly in the interalveolar region. In the postnatal period, hyaluronan staining increased in the visceral pleura and, to a lesser extent, beneath the epithelium of the bronchioles. Hyaluronan did not reaccumulate in the interalveolar region in the postnatal period. Our data suggest a change in the predominant role of lung hyaluronan during the perinatal period. Before term, hyaluronan facilitates morphogenesis. However, hyaluronan's major role in neonatal lung is most likely in regulation of fluid balance in interstitium.

Glucocorticoids influence the development of gastric proteases in the neonatal pig

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 185-185
Author(s):  
P. T. Sangild ◽  
B. Foltmann
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Newborn Pigs ◽  
Neonatal Pig ◽  
Cortisol Levels

Adrenal glucocorticoids are known to stimulate the development of digestive enzymes in the sucking rat. In the pig, Cortisol concentrations in plasma reach peak levels at birth. We studied the effect of neonatal Cortisol levels on the development of two proteases, chymosin (rennin, EC 3.4.23.4) and pepsin A (EC 3.4.23.1) in the stomach of the pig.Material and methods Three vaginal-delivered (VD) pigs (114 to 115 days gestation) were killed at birth. The remaining 40 newborn pigs were removed by caesarean section (SC) at 111 to 112 days gestation (i.e. 2 to 4 days before term). After birth these pigs were injected intramuscularly with either saline, metyrapone (an inhibitor of adrenal 11-deoxyhydrolase activity and Cortisol synthesis, 10 mg/kg per day) or ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone, 100μ/kg per day).

Corticotropin releasing hormone increases apparent potency of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation of cortisol secretion

2001 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gonzalez-Heydrich ◽  
R.J. Steingard ◽  
F.W. Putnam ◽  
M.D. De Bellis ◽  
W. Beardslee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Cortisol Secretion ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Hormone Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Lactate as an oxidizable substrate for rat brain in vitro during the perinatal period

1983 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 633-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Arizmendi ◽  
J M Medina
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Lactate Oxidation ◽  
Energy Substrate ◽  
The Brain

Foetal brain slices showed a high capacity for lactate oxidation in vitro during late gestation. This capacity remained high during the very early postnatal period, suggesting that lactate may play an important role as an energy substrate in the brain during the early neonatal period. The capacity for lactate oxidation decreased markedly during the first 2 days of extra-uterine life and thereafter remained low.

scholarly journals Endocrine and Electrolyte Balances during Periovulatory Period in Cycling Mares

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katiuska Satué ◽  
Esterina Fazio ◽  
Ana Muñoz ◽  
Pietro Medica
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Competitive Elisa ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Plasma Acth ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Stimulation Of

In cycling females, the periovulatory period is characterized by stimulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. The aim of present study was to analyze the pattern and interrelationships among adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (CORT), aldosterone (ALD) and electrolytes (sodium—Na+, potassium—K+ and chloride—Cl−) during periovulatory period in cycling mares. Venous blood samples were obtained daily from a total of 23 Purebred Spanish broodmares, aged 7.09 ± 2.5 years, from day −5 to day +5 of estrous cycle, considering day 0, the day of ovulation. Plasma ACTH was measured by a fluorescent immunoassay kit, serum CORT and ALD by means of a competitive ELISA immunoassay, and plasma Na+, K+ and Cl− were quantified by an analyzer with selective electrodes for the three ions. ACTH showed higher concentrations at day 0 compared to days −5 to −1 and +1 to +3 (p < 0.05). CORT showed higher concentrations at day 0 compared to days −5 to −2 and +1 to +5 (p < 0.05). ALD showed higher concentrations at day 0 compared to days −5 to −2 (p < 0.05) and +2 (p < 0.05). Na+ and Cl− showed higher concentrations at day 0, compared to day −5 and +5. K+ showed lower concentrations at day 0 compared to day +1 (p < 0.05). The significant correlations obtained between ACTH and CORT (r = 0.20) and between ACTH and ALD (r = 0.32) suggest that although ACTH may have an effect both on CORT and ALD, there are other very important determinants that could be considered. Hence, it is possible to presume that the pituitary adrenocortical response and ALD may be involved in the ovulatory mechanisms without a direct relation with electrolyte pattern.

Developmental changes in nitric oxide synthase isoform expression and nitric oxide production in fetal baboon lung

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (6) ◽  
pp. L1192-L1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip W. Shaul ◽  
Sam Afshar ◽  
Linda L. Gibson ◽  
Todd S. Sherman ◽  
Jay D. Kerecman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
No Production ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Isoform Expression ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Nos Isoforms

Nitric oxide (NO), produced by NO synthase (NOS), plays a critical role in multiple processes in the lung during the perinatal period. To better understand the regulation of pulmonary NO production in the developing primate, we determined the cell specificity and developmental changes in NOS isoform expression and action in the lungs of third-trimester fetal baboons. Immunohistochemistry in lungs obtained at 175 days (d) of gestation (term = 185 d) revealed that all three NOS isoforms, neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS), are primarily expressed in proximal airway epithelium. In proximal lung, there was a marked increase in total NOS enzymatic activity from 125 to 140 d gestation due to elevations in nNOS and eNOS, whereas iNOS expression and activity were minimal. Total NOS activity was constant from 140 to 175 d gestation, and during the latter stage (160–175 d gestation), a dramatic fall in nNOS and eNOS was replaced by a rise in iNOS. Studies done within 1 h of delivery at 125 or 140 d gestation revealed that the principal increase in NOS during the third trimester is associated with an elevation in exhaled NO levels, a decline in expiratory resistance, and greater pulmonary compliance. Thus, there are developmental increases in pulmonary NOS expression and NO production during the early third trimester in the primate that may enhance airway and parenchymal function in the immediate postnatal period.

Left and right ventricular myocardial morphometry in fetal, neonatal, and adult sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (1) ◽  
pp. H1-H9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Smolich ◽  
A. M. Walker ◽  
G. R. Campbell ◽  
T. M. Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Intercapillary Distance ◽  
Neonatal Lambs ◽  
Capillary Size

This study has examined left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) myocardial morphometry in perfusion-fixed hearts of late-gestation sheep fetuses, neonatal lambs, and adult sheep. During development, myocyte size, intercapillary distance, and myocyte myofibrillar and mitochondrial volume densities increased, whereas capillary density, the myocyte-to-capillary ratio, and the myocyte matrix volume density decreased. RV myocytes were larger than LV myocytes in cross section in fetuses and 4-day-old lambs. LV and RV myocytes were of similar size in 7-day-old lambs. LV and RV myocytes were of larger in older lambs and adult sheep. Differences between LV and RV myocyte volume densities of myofibrils, mitochondria, and matrix were also observed in fetuses and young lambs. As well, variation in capillary size and density was apparent between ventricles in the fetal and neonatal periods. We conclude that, in the sheep heart, 1) LV and RV morphometric differences exist during fetal and postnatal development, 2) fetal LV and RV myocardial morphometry is consistent with an RV dominance in utero, 3) rapid growth of LV and RV myocytes occurs in the perinatal period, and 4) the relative size of LV and RV myocytes does not reflect a postnatal LV dominance until between 1 and 4 wk after birth.

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