scholarly journals The Effect of Topical Anaesthesia on the Cortisol Responses of Calves Undergoing Dehorning

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal Espinoza ◽  
Sabrina Lomax ◽  
Peter Windsor
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Local Anaesthetics ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Wound Management ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Plasma Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Future Work

Dehorning causes pain and distress to cattle, and there is a need to provide effective and practical analgesia to improve animal welfare. We conducted an experiment to determine the effect of a modified post-operative topical wound management formulation containing two local anaesthetics (TA) on the plasma cortisol concentration (PCC) of scoop-dehorned calves. Two months old Holstein-Friesian heifer calves (n = 30) were randomly allocated to sham dehorning control (CON), scoop dehorning (D), or scoop dehorning with immediate post-operative application of the TA (DTA). Blood samples were obtained via jugular venepuncture prior to sham or actual dehorning, and 40 min, 1.5, 4 and 24 h later. PCC changed significantly over time (p < 0.01). There was a trend for lower PCC in DTA calves compared to D calves (p = 0.09), with the PCC area under the curve lowest in CON calves as compared to D and DTA calves (p = 0.02). Cortisol concentrations were similar between D and DTA at all time points. The TA did not reduce cortisol concentrations up to 24 h following treatment and the cortisol response likely reflects the pain induced by the procedure, the effect of handling and restraint, and haemorrhaging which limited adherence of the TA actives. A multimodal analgesic approach, as assessed through multiple pain indicators, should be the focus of future work.

Plasma Cortisol Changes in Seawater-Adapted Mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) Exposed to Ammonia

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2065-2069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Spotte ◽  
Gary Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Plasma Cortisol Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Temperature Constant

Seawater-adapted mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) were exposed to total NH4-N concentrations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L for periods of 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 h. Afterward, the fish were captured quickly and anesthetized with MS-222 before blood was collected. The concentration of total NH4-N and duration of exposure accounted for, respectively, ~35 and <4% of the observed increase in plasma cortisol. The effective concentration (the concentration of total NH4-N inducing a mean cortisol response two standard deviations above the mean of the controls) was 47.14 mg/L, corresponding with a mean cortisol level of 13.44 μg/dL. Test concentrations of NH3-N were calculated from total NH4-N, pH, salinity, and temperature (constant at 20 °C), and the effects of both forms of ammonia on plasma cortisol concentration were compared. Significance was not detected at p < 0.05, demonstrating that total NH4-N and NH3-N explained the observed changes in cortisol levels similarly. Mean cortisol concentrations of mummichogs anesthetized and sampled in the field were comparable with published values and did not differ significantly from the mean value of captive control fish sampled after the same length of time in MS-222 (p < 0.05).

scholarly journals Hyperreninaemic hypoaldosteronism in a dog : case report

1998 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G. Lobetti
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Plasma Cortisol Concentration ◽  
German Shepherd Dog ◽  
Serum Aldosterone ◽  
Basal Plasma

A 9-year-old male German shepherd dog was evaluated for clinical and clinico-pathological changes that were suggestive of Addison's disease. On further investigation the basal plasma cortisol concentration was high, a normal cortisol response to ACTH stimulation occurred, plasma renin activity was elevated and low serum aldosterone concentration was present. A diagnosis of hyperreninaemic hypoaldosteronism was made. Replacement fludrocortisone resulted in complete normalisation of the electrolyte and fluid imbalances. Hyperreninaemic hypoaldosteronism has never been reported in the dog.

Effect of baroreceptor denervation on vasopressin and cortisol responses to angiotensin II infusion in conscious dogs

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (5) ◽  
pp. R1175-R1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. L. Brooks ◽  
C. K. Klingbeil ◽  
E. W. Quillen ◽  
L. C. Keil ◽  
I. A. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Acth Secretion ◽  
Plasma Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Plasma Vasopressin ◽  
Cortisol Responses

Recent studies suggest that the pressor response to exogenous angiotensin II infusion may, through baroreceptor-dependent mechanisms, counteract the stimulatory effect of the peptide on vasopressin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. To test this hypothesis, the effect of combined cardiac and sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation on the increases in plasma concentrations of vasopressin and cortisol (used as an index of ACTH secretion) produced by angiotensin II infusion was studied in conscious dogs. In eight intact dogs, 30-min angiotensin II infusions at 5, 10, and 20 ng.kg-1.min-1 increased mean arterial pressure from 108 +/- 5 to 126 +/- 5 mmHg, from 101 +/- 4 to 130 +/- 4 mmHg, and from 99 +/- 3 to 138 +/- 4 mmHg, respectively (P less than 0.001). Plasma cortisol concentration increased from 19 +/- 4 to 27 +/- 4 ng/ml, from 19 +/- 4 to 43 +/- 4 ng/ml, and from 19 +/- 4 to 71 +/- 6 ng/ml (P less than 0.01), and plasma vasopressin concentration increased from 2.2 +/- 0.3 to 3.1 +/- 0.3 pg/ml, from 2.3 +/- 0.3 to 3.5 +/- 0.4 pg/ml, and from 2.2 +/- 0.4 to 5.0 +/- 0.5 pg/ml (P less than 0.01). In five to six baroreceptor-denervated dogs, angiotensin II infusion produced increases in mean arterial pressure, plasma vasopressin concentration, and plasma cortisol concentration that were not consistently different from those in the intact dogs. These results demonstrate that baroreceptor denervation does not enhance the vasopressin or cortisol responses to angiotensin II infusion in conscious dogs.

Intrauterine growth restriction delays surfactant protein maturation in the sheep fetus

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (4) ◽  
pp. L575-L583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Orgeig ◽  
Tamara A. Crittenden ◽  
Ceilidh Marchant ◽  
I. Caroline McMillen ◽  
Janna L. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
C Protein ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Plasma Cortisol Concentration ◽  
The Impact

Pulmonary surfactant is synthesized by type II alveolar epithelial cells to regulate the surface tension at the air-liquid interface of the air-breathing lung. Developmental maturation of the surfactant system is controlled by many factors including oxygen, glucose, catecholamines, and cortisol. The intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetus is hypoxemic and hypoglycemic, with elevated plasma catecholamine and cortisol concentrations. The impact of IUGR on surfactant maturation is unclear. Here we investigate the expression of surfactant protein (SP) A, B, and C in lung tissue of fetal sheep at 133 and 141 days of gestation (term 150 ± 3 days) from control and carunclectomized Merino ewes. Placentally restricted (PR) fetuses had a body weight <2 SD from the mean of control fetuses and a mean gestational PaO2<17 mmHg. PR fetuses had reduced absolute, but not relative, lung weight, decreased plasma glucose concentration, and increased plasma cortisol concentration. Lung SP-A, -B, and -C protein and mRNA expression was reduced in PR compared with control fetuses at both ages. SP-B and -C but not SP-A mRNA expression and SP-A but not SP-B or -C protein expression increased with gestational age. Mean gestational PaO2was positively correlated with SP-A, -B, and -C protein and SP-B and -C mRNA expression in the younger cohort. SP-A and -B gene expression was inversely related to plasma cortisol concentration. Placental restriction, leading to chronic hypoxemia and hypercortisolemia in the carunclectomy model, results in significant inhibition of surfactant maturation. These data suggest that IUGR fetuses are at significant risk of lung complications, especially if born prematurely.

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASE IN MAN

1960 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. SHUSTER
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Release Factor ◽  
Similar Increase ◽  
Rapid Infusion ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Plasma Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Corticotrophin Release Factor ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

SUMMARY Plasma cortisol concentrations increased after injections of nicotine. This increase was variable and was no greater than that seen after substitution of normal saline for nicotine. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not increase after nicotine in patients with hypopituitarism and after inhibition of corticotrophin release with triamcinolone. It is concluded that the increased plasma cortisol concentration after injection of nicotine was due to non-specific pituitary stimulation associated with the experimental procedure and not due to any direct effect of the nicotine. Nicotine resulted in a similar increase in plasma cortisol in four patients with diabetes insipidus. Neither rapid infusion of hypertonic mannitol nor ingestion of ethanol had a consistent effect on the plasma cortisol concentration. It is therefore concluded that the antidiuretic hormone is not the 'corticotrophin release factor' in man.

Biological activity of adrenocorticotropic hormone precursors on ovine adrenal cells

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (4) ◽  
pp. E623-E629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schwartz ◽  
F. Kleftogiannis ◽  
R. Jacobs ◽  
G. D. Thorburn ◽  
S. R. Crosby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Adrenal Cells ◽  
Fetal Cells ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Cortisol Responses

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is synthesized in the corticotrophs as a precursor, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), which is processed via proACTH to ACTH. Both precursors and ACTH are secreted. Although the steroidogenic activity of ACTH is well characterized, that of the precursors is not. This study assessed the capacity of POMC and proACTH to alter cortisol synthesis. POMC and proACTH were prepared by subjecting medium, conditioned by exposure to DMS-79 cells, to Sephadex chromatography, and the bioactivity was assessed in cultured-dissociated ovine adrenal cells. Alone neither POMC (< or = 2.6 nM) nor proACTH (< or = 0.7 nM) showed any consistent acute (6 h) stimulatory or inhibitory action on cortisol in either fetal or adult cells. In contrast, in fetal cells the precursors inhibited steroidogenic response to ACTH-(1-24). POMC at 2.6 nM, but not lower concentrations, decreased the cortisol responses to 0.01, 0.1, and 1 nM ACTH by at least 50%. ProACTH (0.70 and 0.23 nM) decreased the responses to ACTH at 0.01 nM by 89 and 67%, respectively, and at 0.1 nM by 49 and 34%, respectively. At 1 nM ACTH only 0.7 nM proACTH decreased the response to ACTH (by 69%). In contrast, in adult adrenal cells, the precursors did not significantly reduce the response to ACTH (range 0.01-1 nM). Therefore, these data indicate that POMC and proACTH can inhibit the cortisol response to ACTH in fetal adrenal cells, an effect that is concentration dependent. The data suggest that precursors may play a physiological role, possibly regulating fetal plasma cortisol concentrations.

Seasonal variation in plasma cortisol concentration during pregnancy and the puerperium

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUDITH M. BAKER ◽  
SHEILA L. HANDLEY ◽  
GILL WALDRON ◽  
T. LESLIE DUNN
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Plasma Cortisol Concentration
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