scholarly journals Evaluation of Pain Mitigation Strategies in Goat Kids after Cautery Disbudding

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Ajuda ◽  
Monica Battini ◽  
Silvana Mattiello ◽  
Cecilia Arcuri ◽  
George Stilwell
Keyword(s):  
Local Anaesthesia ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Painful Procedure ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Flunixin Meglumine ◽  
Pain Mitigation

Nowadays, most of the goat milk production in developed countries is done in intensive indoors production systems. In these systems, procedures such as disbudding are performed routinely. Disbudding is done in young goat kids and is a recognised as a painful procedure. Pain mitigation strategies have been extensively researched, but a method that is effective in mitigating pain as well as being safe and practical has not yet been found. In this paper we used three treatment groups: one control and two groups with pain mitigation strategies for cautery disbudding, one using local anaesthesia (lidocaine) and a second one using local anaesthesia (lidocaine) plus an analgesic (flunixin meglumine). The behaviour of twenty-seven goat kids was recorded for three hours after disbudding. Overall, the goat kids that received both pain mitigation treatments dedicated more time performing active and positive behaviours. Nevertheless, the incidence of behaviours related to pain and discomfort was not consistently reduced. Research is still needed to find a practical and effective pain mitigation strategy for disbudding. A solution to this challenge would improve animal welfare as well as address societal concerns linked to the suffering of farm animals.

scholarly journals Challenges and opportunities for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions through dairy cattle research in developing countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Sineka Munidasa ◽  
Richard Eckard ◽  
Xuezhao Sun ◽  
Brendan Cullen ◽  
David McGill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Emission Estimation

AbstractThe global dairy sector is facing the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions whilst increasing productivity to feed a growing population. Despite the importance of this challenge, many developing countries do not have the required resources, specifically funding, expertise and facilities, for quantifying GHG emissions from dairy production and research. This paper aims to address this challenge by discussing the magnitude of the issue, potential mitigation approaches and benefits in quantifying GHG emissions in a developing country context. Further, the paper explores the opportunities for developing country dairy scientists to leverage resources from developed countries, such as using existing relevant GHG emission estimation models. It is clear that further research is required to support developing countries to quantify and understand GHG emissions from dairy production, as it brings significant benefits including helping to identify and implement appropriate mitigation strategies for local production systems, trading carbon credits and achieving the nationally determined contribution obligations of the Paris Agreement.

scholarly journals 83 Evaluation of transmammary-delivered firocoxib and an ethyl chloride spray to mitigate pain associated with processing procedures in piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Abbie V Viscardi ◽  
Elizabeth Shirtcliff ◽  
Emily Eppler ◽  
Savannah Miller ◽  
Johann Coetzee
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Ethyl Chloride ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
On Farm

Abstract Piglets raised in commercial production systems in the U.S. undergo painful management procedures, including surgical castration, tail docking and ear notching, without analgesia or anesthesia provision for pain relief. This is a significant animal welfare concern. There is an immediate need to identify the most practical and effective analgesia or anesthesia option for use on-farm. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of 2.0mg/kg firocoxib, administered to the sow and delivered transmammary to her piglets, and a vapocoolant spray (ethyl chloride) to reduce processing pain. Five-day old male and female Yorkshire-cross piglets were used. 2.0mg/kg firocoxib was administered to the sow intramuscularly 7h prior to processing piglets. An ethyl chloride spray was applied to the ears, tail and scrotum of the piglets immediately before ear notching, tail docking and surgical castration, respectively. Piglets were assigned to one of four treatment groups: firocoxib and vapocoolant spray (FV; n=32), firocoxib only (F; n=32), vapocoolant spray only (V; n=32), no treatment (CON; n=32). The observation period was from 24h pre- to 48h post-processing (specific time points = baseline, 0h, 1h, 2h, 4h, 7h, 24h, 30h, 36h, 48h). Preliminary results found piglets displayed significantly more pain-related behaviors at 24h and 30h post-processing than at most other time points (p< 0.05). Piglets had significantly higher cranial temperatures at 7h post-processing than all other time points (p< 0.05). There was a trend in FV and F piglets having a higher cranial temperature at 36h post-processing compared to V and CON piglets (p=0.08). All piglets had significantly higher hair cortisol levels at 4 vs 20-days old (p< .0001); however, there were no significant treatment effects on cranial temperature, hair cortisol or pain behavior, suggesting firocoxib and the ethyl chloride spray were unable to significantly reduce piglet pain post-processing. Further study analysis is needed to confirm these initial findings.

scholarly journals Yersiniosis in New Zealand

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Lucia Rivas ◽  
Hugo Strydom ◽  
Shevaun Paine ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jackie Wright
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
One Health ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Insufficient Sensitivity

The rate of yersiniosis in New Zealand (NZ) is high compared with other developed countries, and rates have been increasing over recent years. Typically, >99% of human cases in NZ are attributed to Yersinia enterocolitica (YE), although in 2014, a large outbreak of 220 cases was caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Up until 2012, the most common NZ strain was YE biotype 4. The emergent strain since this time is YE biotype 2/3 serotype O:9. The pathogenic potential of some YE biotypes remains unclear. Most human cases of yersiniosis are considered sporadic without an identifiable source. Key restrictions in previous investigations included insufficient sensitivity for the isolation of Yersinia spp. from foods, although foodborne transmission is the most likely route of infection. In NZ, YE has been isolated from a variety of sick and healthy domestic and farm animals but the pathways from zoonotic reservoir to human remain unproven. Whole-genome sequencing provides unprecedented discriminatory power for typing Yersinia and is now being applied to NZ epidemiological investigations. A “One-Health” approach is necessary to elucidate the routes of transmission of Yersinia and consequently inform targeted interventions for the prevention and management of yersiniosis in NZ

scholarly journals Pathomorphological changes of flunixin meglumine toxicity in layer chicks

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1253-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Patel ◽  
K. B. Kapadiya ◽  
D. J. Ghodasara
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Flunixin Meglumine ◽  
Group I ◽  
Urate Crystals

The aim of the 21 day toxicity study was to evaluate the pathomorphological effect of flunixin meglumine in layer chicks. The chicks of Group I were kept as control while groups II, III and IV were fed with diet containing flunixin meglumine @ 10 ppm, 25 ppm and 50 ppm respectively for 21 days. Clinical signs viz. anorexia, dullness,lethargy, lameness and uneven growth were noticed in chicks of treatment groups III and IV only. Maximum mortality was observed in group IV (12%) followed by group III (4%). A dose dependant reduction in body weight was observed in all the treatment groups. The mean values of Kidney: Body weight ratio was significantly increased in group IV. The plasma uric acid, creatinine and BUN values were significantly increased in group III whereas increase in group IV was highly significant. Grossly, there was deposition of chalky white urates on serosal surface of kidney, heart and liver in chicks of group IV which died during experiment. Microscopically, lesions were characterized by varying degrees of congestion, haemorrhages, degeneration, necrosis and deposition of urate crystals in visceral organs of group III and group IV chicks. The intensity and distribution of pathological lesions were more severe in chicks of group IV, followed by chicks of group III. The overall lesions gave an impression that flunixin meglumine was nephrotoxic in nature.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of transdermal flunixin for pain mitigation following castration in goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meggan T Graves ◽  
Liesel Schneider ◽  
Sherry Cox ◽  
Marc Caldwell ◽  
Peter Krawczel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Covariance Structure ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Flunixin Meglumine ◽  
Mixed Analysis ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Pain Mitigation

Abstract The mitigation of pain associated with common management procedures is a rising concern among veterinarians, producers and consumers. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are vital compounds for this purpose due to their cost, convenience, and efficacy. A transdermal formulation of flunixin meglumine (FM) was approved for the treatment of pain in cattle; however, the efficacy has yet to be determined for small ruminants. The current study had two aims: 1) to determine the pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin meglumine (TD FM) in bucklings and 2) to evaluate pain mitigation by TD FM following castration. To evaluate pharmacokinetics, 12 male goats (mean age = 6 mo) received 2.2 mg/kg of FM IV (n = 6) or 3.3 mg/kg TD FM (n = 6). Plasma FM concentrations were measured. The mean Cmax, Tmax, and harmonic mean half-life for TD FM were 1.09 ± 0.65 μg/mL, 5.50 ± 2.95 h, and 7.16 ± 2.06 h, respectively. To evaluate the efficacy of pain mitigation, 18 goats were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: 1) TD FM and castration (FM CAST) (n = 6); 2) transdermal placebo and castration (PL CAST) (n = 6); and 3) TD FM and sham castration (SHAM) (n = 6). Plasma samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h to assess cortisol and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Daily dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded and body weight was measured at the beginning and end of the study. Thermography (IRT) images of the scrotum, as well as heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and rectal temperature, were taken twice daily. Separate mixed analysis of variance models were used to test the effects of treatment, time, and their interaction on mean body temperature, IRT, HR, and RR. Autoregressive covariance structure was utilized to account for repeated measures and individual goat DMI prior to the study was added as a covariate. There were no differences in vital parameters, IRT measurements, cortisol, or PGE2 in animals receiving either TD FM or placebo following castration (P > 0.05). DMI had a treatment by hour interaction and was significantly higher in FM CAST and SHAM groups than the PL CAST group (P = 0.04). Goats in the SHAM group gained weight throughout the study, whereas goats in all other groups lost weight (P = 0.02). Results indicate that TD FM may mitigate pain as demonstrated by increased DMI; however, a single dose may not be sufficient to reduce physiological indicators of pain associated with castration in goats.

Effects of dietary protein concentration on the efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 78-78
Author(s):  
T Yan ◽  
F J Young ◽  
D C Patterson ◽  
C S Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Animal Production Systems

The European Union Nitrates Directives set a limit on the amount (170 kg/ha) of manure nitrogen (N, = faecal N + urine N) that may be applied to land each year. This limit has very significant implications for stocking rates on intensive livestock farms. Consequently, there is increasing interest in developing mitigation strategies to reduce N output in faeces and urine in animal production systems. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on the efficiency of N utilisation in lactating dairy cows.

Assessment of Consumer Perceptions on the Use of Antimicrobials in Production Animals in Chile

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 1331-1338
Author(s):  
JAVIERA CORNEJO ◽  
CAMILA CABEZÓN ◽  
BETTY SAN MARTÍN ◽  
LISETTE LAPIERRE
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Consumer Perceptions ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Food Quality And Safety ◽  
Production Animals

ABSTRACT Successful treatment of diseases that sicken food-producing animals requires the use of antimicrobials. However, these drugs could result in serious consequences for human, animal, and environmental health. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance requires better communication with consumers to inform them about the risks associated with the use of these drugs, as well as the benefits gained from their rational use. This work studied consumer perceptions about the use of antimicrobials in the production of animal origin foods by questioning 72 consumers in nine focus groups. The participants were all inhabitants of the Metropolitan Region, Chile, and were assigned to focus groups of 5 to 12 individuals each, according to their age: age groups I, II, and III spanned age ranges of 25 to 35, 36 to 50, and older than 50 years, respectively. Consumers regarded the use of antimicrobials in farm animals as a relevant and necessary practice, as long as it was done adequately by veterinarians to ensure productivity and to guarantee food quality and safety. Even though most consumers identified antimicrobial use as a potential risk to their health, only a few recognized that antimicrobial resistance could be transferred from animals to humans via food consumption. Also, consumers complained that they did not have access to enough information about foods of animal origin. Consequently, they stated that food industry and regulatory entities should ensure transparency of production processes and also educate the population on this topic. Consumer perceptions about responsible and judicious use of antimicrobials may become an ally in the effort to reduce and improve the use of these drugs in animal production systems.

scholarly journals Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1554) ◽  
pp. 2853-2867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip K. Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Future Production ◽  
The Future ◽  
Livestock Products

The livestock sector globally is highly dynamic. In developing countries, it is evolving in response to rapidly increasing demand for livestock products. In developed countries, demand for livestock products is stagnating, while many production systems are increasing their efficiency and environmental sustainability. Historical changes in the demand for livestock products have been largely driven by human population growth, income growth and urbanization and the production response in different livestock systems has been associated with science and technology as well as increases in animal numbers. In the future, production will increasingly be affected by competition for natural resources, particularly land and water, competition between food and feed and by the need to operate in a carbon-constrained economy. Developments in breeding, nutrition and animal health will continue to contribute to increasing potential production and further efficiency and genetic gains. Livestock production is likely to be increasingly affected by carbon constraints and environmental and animal welfare legislation. Demand for livestock products in the future could be heavily moderated by socio-economic factors such as human health concerns and changing socio-cultural values. There is considerable uncertainty as to how these factors will play out in different regions of the world in the coming decades.

scholarly journals Safer Hospitals in North Queensland - Assessment of Resilience

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (s1) ◽  
pp. s80-s80
Author(s):  
Jenny Luke ◽  
Richard Franklin ◽  
Peter Aitkin ◽  
Joanne Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Critical Systems ◽  
Tertiary Referral Center ◽  
Community Benefits ◽  
Hospital Safety ◽  
The Impact

Introduction:Hospitals are fundamental infrastructure, and when well-designed can provide a trusted place of refuge and a central point for health and wellbeing services in the aftermath of disasters. The ability of hospitals to continue functioning is dependent on location, the resilience of buildings, critical systems, equipment, supplies, and resources as well as people. Working towards ensuring that the local hospital is resilient is essential in any disaster management system and the level of hospital resilience can be used as an indicator in measuring community resilience. The most popular measure of hospital resilience is the World Health Organisation’s Hospital Safety Index (HSI) used in over 100 countries to assess and guide improvements to achieve structurally and functionally disaster resilient hospitals. Its purpose is to promote safe hospitals where services “remain accessible and functioning at maximum capacity, and with the same infrastructure, before, during and immediately after the impact of emergencies and disasters.” It identifies likely high impact hazards, vulnerabilities, and mitigation/improvement actions.Aim:The HSI can be a valuable tool as part of the 2015-2030 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. However, to date, it has been used infrequently in developed countries. This project pilots the application of the HSI across seven facilities in a North Queensland health service (an area prone to cyclones and flooding), centered on a tertiary referral center, each providing 24-hour emergency health services.Results:Key indicators of resilience and the result of the audit will be discussed within geographical and cultural contexts, including the benefits of the HSI in augmenting existing hospital assessment and accreditation processes to identify vulnerabilities and mitigation strategies.Discussion:The research outcomes are to be used by the health service to improve infrastructure and provide anticipated community benefits, especially through the continuation of health services post disasters.

scholarly journals Electroencephalography Can Distinguish between Pain and Anaesthetic Intervention in Conscious Lambs Undergoing Castration

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charissa Harris ◽  
Peter John White ◽  
Virginia L. Mohler ◽  
Sabrina Lomax
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Local Anaesthesia ◽  
Pain Measurement ◽  
Conscious State ◽  
General Anaesthetic ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Australian Sheep ◽  
Ram Lambs

Australian sheep routinely undergo painful surgical husbandry procedures without anaesthesia or analgesia. Electroencephalography (EEG) has been shown to be a successful measure of pain in livestock under a general anaesthetic. The aim of this study was to compare this EEG model to that of conscious lambs undergoing castration with and without local anaesthesia. Sixteen merino crossbred ram lambs 6 to 8 weeks of age (13.81kg ± 1.97) were used in the study. Lambs were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups: (1) Conscious EEG and surgical castration with no anaesthetic intervention (CON; n = 4); (2) Conscious EEG and surgical castration with pre-operative applied intra-testicular lignocaine injection (CON + LIG; n = 4); (3) surgical castration under minimal anaesthesia (MAM; n = 4); (4) and surgical castration with pre-operative lignocaine injection (2 mL lignocaine hydrochloride 20 mg/mL, under minimal anaesthesia (MAM + LIG; n = 4). Distinct differences in the EEG parameters Ptot, F50 and F95 between pre-and post-castration in conscious lambs were demonstrated in this study (p < 0.01). Further, CON and CON + LIG treatments were distinguishable using F50 and F95 measures (p = 0.02, p = 0.04, respectively). Significant changes in the EEG output of MAM animals were identified pre- to post-castration (p < 0.01). The EEG output of MAM and MAM + LIG were similar. EEG was successful in differentiating lambs treated with pain relief in a conscious state after castration by examining F50 and F95, which may suggest the suitability of conscious EEG pain measurement.

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