scholarly journals Nucleotide Diversity and Association Analysis of ZmMADS60 with Root Length in the Maize Seedling Stage

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Pengcheng Li ◽  
Zhenzhen Ge ◽  
Houmiao Wang ◽  
Jie Wei ◽  
Yunyun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Analysis ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Maize Domestication

Root length is a determining factor of the root system architecture, which is essential for the uptake of water, nutrients and plant anchorage. In this study, ZmMADS60 was resequenced in 285 inbred lines, 68 landraces and 32 teosintes to detect the nucleotide diversity and natural variations associated with root length. Nucleotide diversity and neutral tests revealed that ZmMADS60 might be selected in domestication and improvement processes. ZmMADS60 in maize retained only 40.1% and 66.9% of the nucleotide diversity found in teosinte and landrace, respectively. Gene-based association analysis of inbred lines identified nine variants that were significantly associated with primary root length (PRL), lateral root length (LRL), root length between 0 mm and 0.5 mm in diameter (RL005) and total root length (TRL). One single-nucleotide polymorphism SNP1357 with pleiotropic effects was significantly associated with LRL, RL005 and TRL. The frequency of the increased allele T decreased from 68.8% in teosintes to 52.9% and 38.9% in the landrace and inbred lines, respectively. The frequency of the increased allele of another significant SNP723 associated with PRL also decreased during the maize domestication and improvement processes. The results of this study reveal that ZmMADS60 may be involved in the elongation of primary and lateral roots in the seedling stage and that significant variants can be used to develop functional markers to improve root length in maize.

scholarly journals Analysis of Root System Architecture Affected by Swarming Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Songyang Li ◽  
Wenqi Yu ◽  
Xiaodong Liu ◽  
Miao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Behavior Model ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Swarming Behavior

AbstractThe root system architecture (RSA) displays complex morphological characteristics because of diverse root growth behaviors. Recent studies have revealed that swarming behavior among roots is particularly important for RSA to adapt to environmental stimuli. However, few models are proposed to simulate RSA based on swarming behavior of roots. To analyze plasticity of RSA affected by swarming behavior, we propose viewing it as a swarm of single roots. A swarming behavior model is proposed by considering repulsion, alignment, and preference of individual single roots. Then, the swarming behavior model is integrated into a simple and generic RSA model (called ArchiSimple). Lastly, characteristics of RSA affected by swarming behavior model and non-swarming behavior model are compared and analyzed under three different virtual soil sets. The characteristics of RSA (such as primary root length, lateral root length, lateral roots, and resource uptake) are significantly promoted by swarming behavior. Root system distributions can also be greatly affected by swarming behavior. These results show that root foraging and exploration in soil can be regarded as collective behavior of individual single root.

scholarly journals Natural Variation and Domestication Selection of ZmCKX5 with Root Morphological Traits at the Seedling Stage in Maize

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Houmiao Wang ◽  
Hui Sun ◽  
Haofeng Xia ◽  
Tingting Wu ◽  
Pengcheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Pleiotropic Effect ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Maize Root ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Cytokinin Oxidase ◽  
Root Area

Root system architecture plays a crucial role in water and nutrient acquisition in maize. Cytokinins, which can be irreversibly degraded by the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX), are important hormones that regulate root development in plants. In this study, ZmCKX5 was resequenced in 285 inbred lines, 68 landraces, and 32 teosintes to identify the significant variants associated with root traits in maize. Sequence polymorphisms and nucleotide diversity revealed that ZmCKX5 might be selected during domestication and improvement processes. Marker–trait association analysis in inbred lines identified 12 variants of ZmCKX5 that were significantly associated with six root traits, including seed root number (SRN), lateral root length (LRL), total root area (RA), root length in 0 to 0.5 mm diameter class (RL005), total root volume (RV), and total root length (TRL). SNP-1195 explained the most (6.01%) phenotypic variation of SRN, and the frequency of this allele G increased from 6.25% and 1.47% in teosintes and landraces, respectively, to 17.39% in inbred lines. Another significant variant, SNP-1406, with a pleiotropic effect, is strongly associated with five root traits, with the frequency of T allele increased from 25.00% and 23.73% in teosintes and landraces, respectively, to 35.00% in inbred lines. These results indicate that ZmCKX5 may be involved in the development of the maize root system and that the significant variants can be used to develop functional markers to accelerate the improvement in the maize root system.

scholarly journals Natural Variation and Domestication Selection of ZmPGP1 Affects Plant Architecture and Yield-Related Traits in Maize

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 664
Author(s):  
Pengcheng Li ◽  
Jie Wei ◽  
Houmiao Wang ◽  
Yuan Fang ◽  
Shuangyi Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Variation ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Kernel Length ◽  
Domestication Selection ◽  
Maize Domestication ◽  
Selection Of

ZmPGP1, involved in the polar auxin transport, has been shown to be associated with plant height, leaf angle, yield traits, and root development in maize. To explore natural variation and domestication selection of ZmPGP1, we re-sequenced the ZmPGP1 gene in 349 inbred lines, 68 landraces, and 32 teosintes. Sequence polymorphisms, nucleotide diversity, and neutral tests revealed that ZmPGP1 might be selected during domestication and improvement processes. Marker–trait association analysis in inbred lines identified 11 variants significantly associated with 4 plant architecture and 5 ear traits. SNP1473 was the most significant variant for kernel length and ear grain weight. The frequency of an increased allele T was 40.6% in teosintes, and it was enriched to 60.3% and 89.1% during maize domestication and improvement. This result revealed that ZmPGP1 may be selected in the domestication and improvement process, and significant variants could be used to develop functional markers to improve plant architecture and ear traits in maize.

scholarly journals AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALISED PROTEIN 18 as a Novel Modulator of Root System Architecture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Šírl ◽  
Tereza Šnajdrová ◽  
Dolores Gutiérrez-Alanís ◽  
Joseph G. Dubrovsky ◽  
Jean Phillipe Vielle-Calzada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Root Apical Meristem ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation

The AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED PROTEIN (AHL) gene family encodes embryophyte-specific nuclear proteins with DNA binding activity. They modulate gene expression and affect various developmental processes in plants. We identify AHL18 (At3G60870) as a developmental modulator of root system architecture and growth. AHL18 regulates the length of the proliferation domain and number of dividing cells in the root apical meristem and thereby, cell production. Both primary root growth and lateral root development respond according to AHL18 transcription level. The ahl18 knock-out plants show reduced root systems due to a shorter primary root and a lower number of lateral roots. This change results from a higher number of arrested and non-developing lateral root primordia (LRP) rather than from decreased initiation. Overexpression of AHL18 results in a more extensive root system, longer primary roots, and increased density of lateral root initiation events. Formation of lateral roots is affected during the initiation of LRP and later development. AHL18 regulate root apical meristem activity, lateral root initiation and emergence, which is in accord with localization of its expression.

scholarly journals Plasticity of the Root System Architecture and Leaf Gas Exchange Parameters Are Important for Maintaining Bottle Gourd Responses under Water Deficit

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1697
Author(s):  
Dinoclaudio Zacarias Rafael ◽  
Osvin Arriagada ◽  
Guillermo Toro ◽  
Jacob Mashilo ◽  
Freddy Mora-Poblete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Bottle Gourd

The evaluation of root system architecture (RSA) development and the physiological responses of crop plants grown under water-limited conditions are of great importance. The purpose of this study was to examine the short-term variation of the morphological and physiological plasticity of Lagenaria siceraria genotypes under water deficit, evaluating the changes in the relationship between the root system architecture and leaf physiological responses. Bottle gourd genotypes were grown in rhizoboxes under well-watered and water deficit conditions. Significant genotype-water regime interactions were observed for several RSA traits and physiological parameters. Biplot analyses confirmed that the drought-tolerant genotypes (BG-48 and GC) showed a high net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates with a smaller length, and a reduced root length density of second-order lateral roots, whereas the genotypes BG-67 and Osorno were identified as drought-sensitive and showed greater values for average root length and the density of second-order lateral roots. Consequently, a reduced length and density of lateral roots in bottle gourd should constitute a response to water deficit. The root traits studied here can be used to evaluate bottle gourd performance under novel water management strategies and as criteria for breeding selection.

scholarly journals Early development and gravitropic response of lateral roots in Arabidopsis thaliana

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1595) ◽  
pp. 1509-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Guyomarc'h ◽  
S. Léran ◽  
M. Auzon-Cape ◽  
F. Perrine-Walker ◽  
M. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Root Induction ◽  
Root Gravitropism ◽  
Auxin Transporter

Root system architecture plays an important role in determining nutrient and water acquisition and is modulated by endogenous and environmental factors, resulting in considerable developmental plasticity. The orientation of primary root growth in response to gravity (gravitropism) has been studied extensively, but little is known about the behaviour of lateral roots in response to this signal. Here, we analysed the response of lateral roots to gravity and, consistently with previous observations, we showed that gravitropism was acquired slowly after emergence. Using a lateral root induction system, we studied the kinetics for the appearance of statoliths, phloem connections and auxin transporter gene expression patterns. We found that statoliths could not be detected until 1 day after emergence, whereas the gravitropic curvature of the lateral root started earlier. Auxin transporters modulate auxin distribution in primary root gravitropism. We found differences regarding PIN3 and AUX1 expression patterns between the lateral root and the primary root apices. Especially PIN3, which is involved in primary root gravitropism, was not expressed in the lateral root columella. Our work revealed new developmental transitions occurring in lateral roots after emergence, and auxin transporter expression patterns that might explain the specific response of lateral roots to gravity.

scholarly journals Nitric oxide effect on root architecture development in Malus seedlings

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 418-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. Gao ◽  
H.Q. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Lateral Root Primordia ◽  
Architecture Development ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Dose Dependent

 The time-dependent production of nitric oxide (NO) in roots induced by indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on root architecture development were investigated, using Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. Following IBA application, a very rapid increase in NO formation and a subsequent second wave of NO burst was observed, which was related to the induction of lateral roots (LRs) and the organogenesis of lateral root primordia (LRP), respectively. The first NO burst was correlated with the second and the two peaks of NO burst induced by IBA were totally abolished by 3,3’,4’,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin). Exogenous NO promoted the emergence and elongation of LR and inhibited the elongation of primary root (PR) in a dose-dependent manner: low concentrations of SNP promoted both the amounts and the elongation of LR but inhibited the elongation of LR and PR at higher concentrations. It was concluded that (i) the rapid production of NO induced by IBA was correlated with the IBA-induced initiation of LR; (ii) quercetin inhibition of IBA-induced LR formation was correlated with the quercetin inhibition of IBA-induced NO biosynthesis, and (iii) exogenous NO affects the development of root system architecture in a dose-dependent manner.

scholarly journals Genetic Bases of Root System Architecture in Durum Wheat Seedlings

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Ghasemali Nazemi ◽  
Silvio Salvi
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Significant Difference

Root system architecture (RSA) traits are characterized by constitutive genetic inheritance components which may enable to predict the root phenotypes based on genetic information. The research presented in this study aimed at the identification of traits and genes that underlie root system architecture (RSA) in a population of 176 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between two durum wheat cvs. Meridiana and Claudio, in order to eventually contribute to the genetic improvement of this species. The following seedling-stage RSA traits were: primary root length, seminal root length, total root length, diameter of primary and seminal roots. Results of ANOVA showed a significant difference among durum wheat cultivars for all traits and the largest heritability was observed for total root length (30.7%). In total, 14 novel QTLs for RSA traits were identified, and both parents contributed favorable alleles to the population.International Journal of Life Sciences 10 (1) : 2016; 25-28

scholarly journals Genotypic variability of root and shoot traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at seedling stage

Genetika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 687-702
Author(s):  
Milica Blazic ◽  
Dejan Dodig ◽  
Vesna Kandic ◽  
Dragoslav Djokic ◽  
Tomislav Zivanovic
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Primary Root Length

The evaluation of the embryonic root and stem of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the early stage of development (seedling stage) can be a powerful tool in wheat breeding aimed at obtaining progenies with a greater early vigour. It is revealed that genotypes with faster early vigour have produced higher biomass and grain yield. In this study, the evaluation of traits of the embryonic root and the embryonic stem of 101 bread wheat genotypes was preformed at the 10-day old seedlings. The following eight morphological traits of roots and stems were analysed: primary root length, branching interval, the number of roots, total length of lateral roots, angle of seminal roots, stem length, root dry weight and the stem dry weight. Analysed lateral roots included seminal roots. The greatest, i.e. the smallest variability of observed traits was detected in the branching interval, i.e. the stem length, respectively. The highest positive correlation was determined between the primary root length and the total length of lateral roots. The cluster analysis, based on observed traits, shows that genotypes were clearly divided into two main clusters, A and B. The two clusters essentially differed from each other in the values of the following traits: primary root length, total length of lateral roots, root dry weight, stem dry weight and the stem length. Genotypes with shorter primary and lateral roots, lower root and stem dry weight and a shorter stem were grouped in the cluster B. On the other hand, the cluster A encompassed genotypes with values of these traits above or around the average. The values of the remaining analysed traits: the angle of seminal roots, the number of lateral roots and the branching interval varied greatly between obtained clusters. The cluster analysis showed the homogeneity of genotypes originating from Serbia and the region; their values of the root and stem length and weight were mostly around and below the average. However, the values of the angle of seminal roots, number of lateral roots and the branching interval were above average.

scholarly journals Nucleotide Diversity of the Maize ZmCNR13 Gene and Association With Ear Traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihao Zuo ◽  
Yue Lu ◽  
Minyan Zhu ◽  
Rujia Chen ◽  
Enying Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Selection Signature ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Natural Variations ◽  
Phenotypic Variations ◽  
Maize Domestication ◽  
Maize Ear

The maize (Zea mays L.) ZmCNR13 gene, encoding a protein of fw2.2-like (FWL) family, has been demonstrated to be involved in cell division, expansion, and differentiation. In the present study, the genomic sequences of the ZmCNR13 locus were re-sequenced in 224 inbred lines, 56 landraces and 30 teosintes, and the nucleotide polymorphism and selection signature were estimated. A total of 501 variants, including 415 SNPs and 86 Indels, were detected. Among them, 51 SNPs and 4 Indels were located in the coding regions. Although neutrality tests revealed that this locus had escaped from artificial selection during the process of maize domestication, the population of inbred lines possesses lower nucleotide diversity and decay of linkage disequilibrium. To estimate the association between sequence variants of ZmCNR13 and maize ear characteristics, a total of ten ear-related traits were obtained from the selected inbred lines. Four variants were found to be significantly associated with six ear-related traits. Among them, SNP2305, a non-synonymous mutation in exon 2, was found to be associated with ear weight, ear grain weight, ear diameter and ear row number, and explained 4.59, 4.61, 4.31, and 8.42% of the phenotypic variations, respectively. These results revealed that natural variations of ZmCNR13 might be involved in ear development and can be used in genetic improvement of maize ear-related traits.

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