scholarly journals How Many Words Do We Know? Practical Estimates of Vocabulary Size Dependent on Word Definition, the Degree of Language Input and the Participant’s Age

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Brysbaert ◽  
Michaël Stevens ◽  
Paweł Mandera ◽  
Emmanuel Keuleers
Keyword(s):  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Language Input ◽  
Word Definition

Lexicale Rijkdom, Tekstmoeilijkheid en Woordenschatgrootte

2000 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Vermeer
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Automatic Computer ◽  
Lexical Richness ◽  
Speech Data ◽  
Language Input

Most measures of lexical richness in spontaneous speech data, based on the distribution of, or the relation between the types and tokens, appear to be neither reliable nor valid. The article describes a semi-automatic computer program, MLR (Measure of Lexical Richness) that measures lexical richness on the basis of the degree of difficulty of the words used, as measured by their (levels of) frequency in daily language input. The MLR is meant for the analysis of texts of (students in) primary education, with a vocabulary size of up to about 25,000 different lemmas, and provides an answer to the following questions: 1) What is the difficulty of the various words in the text? 2) What is the relative proportion of the degrees of difficulty of words in the text? 3) What is the covering percentage of the text for a student with a certain vocabulary size? 4) What is the size of vocabulary of the student, on the basis of the spontaneous speech data?

scholarly journals Using language input and lexical processing to predict vocabulary size

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. e12685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Mahr ◽  
Jan Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Language Input

scholarly journals Acoustic-lexical characteristics of child-directed speech between 7 and 24 months and their impact on toddlers' phonological processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meg Cychosz ◽  
jan edwards ◽  
Nan Bernstein Ratner ◽  
Catherine Torrington Eaton ◽  
Rochelle Newman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Large Cohort ◽  
Memory Development ◽  
Language Outcomes ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Phonological Working Memory ◽  
Language Input

Speech-language input from adult caregivers is a strong predictor of children's developmental outcomes. But the properties of this child-directed speech are not static over the first months or years of a child’s life. This study assesses a large cohort of children and caregivers (n=84) at 7, 10, 18, and 24 months to document (1) how a battery of phonetic, phonological, and lexical characteristics of child-directed speech changes in the first two years of life and (2) how input at these different stages predicts toddlers’ phonological processing and vocabulary size at two years. Results show that most measures of child-directed speech do change as children age, and certain characteristics, like hyperarticulation, actually peak at 24 months. For language outcomes, children's phonological processing benefited from exposure to longer (in phonemes) words, more diverse word types, and enhanced coarticulation in their input. It is proposed that longer words in the input may stimulate children's phonological working memory development, while heightened coarticulation simultaneously introduces important sublexical cues and exposes them to challenging, naturalistic speech, leading to overall stronger phonological processing outcomes.

scholarly journals Acoustic-Lexical Characteristics of Child-Directed Speech Between 7 and 24 Months and Their Impact on Toddlers' Phonological Processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Cychosz ◽  
Jan R. Edwards ◽  
Nan Bernstein Ratner ◽  
Catherine Torrington Eaton ◽  
Rochelle S. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Large Cohort ◽  
Memory Development ◽  
Language Outcomes ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Phonological Working Memory ◽  
Language Input

Speech-language input from adult caregivers is a strong predictor of children's developmental outcomes. But the properties of this child-directed speech are not static over the first months or years of a child's life. This study assesses a large cohort of children and caregivers (n = 84) at 7, 10, 18, and 24 months to document (1) how a battery of phonetic, phonological, and lexical characteristics of child-directed speech changes in the first 2 years of life and (2) how input at these different stages predicts toddlers' phonological processing and vocabulary size at 2 years. Results show that most measures of child-directed speech do change as children age, and certain characteristics, like hyperarticulation, actually peak at 24 months. For language outcomes, children's phonological processing benefited from exposure to longer (in phonemes) words, more diverse word types, and enhanced coarticulation in their input. It is proposed that longer words in the input may stimulate children's phonological working memory development, while heightened coarticulation simultaneously introduces important sublexical cues and exposes them to challenging, naturalistic speech, leading to overall stronger phonological processing outcomes.

Production and STEM examination of controlled-size silver clusters

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
M. A. Listvan ◽  
R. P. Andres
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Size ◽  
Metal Clusters ◽  
Experimental Parameter ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Metal Species ◽  
Silver Clusters ◽  
Free Jet ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Cluster Properties ◽  
Controllable Size

Knowledge of the function and structure of small metal clusters is one goal of research in catalysis. One important experimental parameter is cluster size. Ideally, one would like to produce metal clusters of regulated size in order to characterize size-dependent cluster properties.A source has been developed which is capable of producing microscopic metal clusters of controllable size (in the range 5-500 atoms) This source, the Multiple Expansion Cluster Source, with a Free Jet Deceleration Filter (MECS/FJDF) operates as follows. The bulk metal is heated in an oven to give controlled concentrations of monomer and dimer which were expanded sonically. These metal species were quenched and condensed in He and filtered to produce areosol particles of a controlled size as verified by mass spectrometer measurements. The clusters were caught on pre-mounted, clean carbon films. The grids were then transferred in air for microscopic examination. MECS/FJDF was used to produce two different sizes of silver clusters for this study: nominally Ag6 and Ag50.

Transfer Technique for Electron Microscopy of Membrance Filter Samples

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 554-555
Author(s):  
Lawrence W. Ortiz ◽  
Bonnie L. Isom
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Membrane Filters ◽  
Size Dependent

A procedure is described for the quantitative transfer of fibers and particulates collected on membrane filters to electron microscope (EM) grids. Various Millipore MF filters (Millipore AA, HA, GS, and VM; 0.8, 0.45, 0.22 and 0.05 μm mean pore size) have been used with success. Observed particle losses have not been size dependent and have not exceeded 10%. With fibers (glass or asbestos) as the collected media this observed loss is approximately 3%.

Spindle scaling mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-396
Author(s):  
Lara K. Krüger ◽  
Phong T. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Spindle Assembly ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Chromosome Separation ◽  
Spindle Elongation ◽  
Protein Gradients ◽  
Spindle Structure

Abstract The mitotic spindle robustly scales with cell size in a plethora of different organisms. During development and throughout evolution, the spindle adjusts to cell size in metazoans and yeast in order to ensure faithful chromosome separation. Spindle adjustment to cell size occurs by the scaling of spindle length, spindle shape and the velocity of spindle assembly and elongation. Different mechanisms, depending on spindle structure and organism, account for these scaling relationships. The limited availability of critical spindle components, protein gradients, sequestration of spindle components, or post-translational modification and differential expression levels have been implicated in the regulation of spindle length and the spindle assembly/elongation velocity in a cell size-dependent manner. In this review, we will discuss the phenomenon and mechanisms of spindle length, spindle shape and spindle elongation velocity scaling with cell size.

Stress assignment in bilingual adults reading Italian as a second language: The effect of vocabulary size

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Burani ◽  
S. Primativo ◽  
L. S. Arduino ◽  
S. O'Brien ◽  
D. Paizi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Stress Assignment

Growing a SUPER BABY: An Investigation of Factors That Influence Toddlers Vocabulary Size

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian McLellan ◽  
Casey A. Carroll ◽  
Brooke Soden Hensler ◽  
Peg Hull Smith ◽  
Wendelyn Shore
Keyword(s):  
Vocabulary Size

SIZE DEPENDENT FMR LINE-SHIFT AND LINE-WIDTH STUDIES IN POLYCRYSTALLINE FERRITES AND GARNETS

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (C1) ◽  
pp. C1-267-C1-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. SRIVASTAVA ◽  
M. J. PATNI ◽  
N. G. NANADIKAR
Keyword(s):  
Line Width ◽  
Line Shift ◽  
Size Dependent
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