scholarly journals The Differential Outcomes Procedure Enhances Adherence to Treatment: A Simulated Study with Healthy Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Molina ◽  
Victoria Plaza ◽  
Luis J. Fuentes ◽  
Angeles F. Estévez
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Adherence To Treatment ◽  
Differential Outcomes ◽  
Differential Outcomes Procedure

Improving conditional discrimination learning and memory in five-year-old children: Differential outcomes effect using different types of reinforcement

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1617-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourdes Martínez ◽  
Angeles F. Estévez ◽  
Luis J. Fuentes ◽  
J. Bruce Overmier
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Incorrect Choice ◽  
Differential Outcomes ◽  
Differential Outcomes Procedure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Differential Outcomes Effect ◽  
Gain Loss ◽  
Better Than

Previous studies have demonstrated that discriminative learning is facilitated when a particular outcome is associated with each relation to be learned. When this training procedure is applied (the differential outcomes procedure; DOP), learning is faster and better than when the typical common outcomes procedure or nondifferential outcomes (NDO) is used. Our primary purpose in the two experiments reported here was to assess the potential advantage of DOP in 5-year-old children using three different strategies of reinforcement in which (a) children received a reinforcer following a correct choice (“ + ”), (b) children lost a reinforcer following an incorrect choice (“ − ”), or (c) children received a reinforcer following a correct choice and lost one following an incorrect choice (“ + / − ”). In Experiment 1, we evaluated the effects of the presence of DOP and different types of reinforcement on learning and memory of a symbolic delayed matching-to-sample task using secondary and primary reinforcers. Experiment 2 was similar to the previous one except that only primary reinforcers were used. The results from these experiments indicated that, in general, children learned the task faster and showed higher performance and persistence of learning whenever differential outcomes were arranged independent of whether it was differential gain, loss, or combinations. A novel finding was that they performed the task better when they lost a reinforcer following an incorrect choice (type of training “ − ”) in both experiments. A further novel finding was that the advantage of the DOP over the nondifferential outcomes training increased in a retention test.

scholarly journals Differential outcomes, schizotypy, and improvement of the recognition of emotional facial expressions: a preliminary study

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-182
Author(s):  
Antonio González-Rodríguez ◽  
Marta Godoy-Giménez ◽  
Fernando Cañadas ◽  
Pablo Sayans-Jiménez ◽  
Angeles F. Estévez
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Emotional Facial Expression ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Differential Outcomes ◽  
Differential Outcomes Procedure ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
A Minor ◽  
First Time

AbstractSchizotypy is defined as a combination of traits qualitatively similar to those found in schizophrenia, though in a minor severity, that can be found in the nonclinical population. Some studies suggest that people with schizotypal traits have problems recognising emotional facial expressions. In this research, we further explore this issue and we investigate, for the first time, whether the differential outcomes procedure (DOP) may improve the recognition of emotional facial expressions. Participants in our study were students that completed the ESQUIZO-Q-A and were set in two groups, high schizotypy (HS) and low schizotypy (LS). Then, they performed a task in which they had to recognise the emotional facial expression of a set of faces. Participants of the HS group and the LS group did not differ in their performance. Importantly, all participants showed better recognition of emotional facial expressions when they were trained with differential outcomes. This novel finding might be relevant for clinical practice since the DOP is shown as a tool that may improve the recognition of emotional facial expressions.

Minimizing sleep deprivation effects in healthy adults by differential outcomes

2012 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Martella ◽  
Victoria Plaza ◽  
Angeles F. Estévez ◽  
Alejandro Castillo ◽  
Luis J. Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Differential Outcomes

scholarly journals The Differential Outcomes Effect Using Sensory Outcomes in a Many-to-One Matching-to-Sample Task

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Rebeca Mateos Morfín ◽  
Carlos Flores ◽  
J. Bruce Overmier
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Correct Stimulus ◽  
Differential Outcomes ◽  
Choice Sequence ◽  
Differential Outcomes Procedure ◽  
Stimulus Choice ◽  
Correct Sequence ◽  
Differential Outcomes Effect

Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate the use of sensory outcomes (visual vs. auditory) using a differential outcomes procedure to facilitate learning in a many-to-one matching-to-sample task. For one group of participants (differential outcomes) each correct stimulus-choice sequence was always followed by a different outcome; whereas for the rest of participants (non-differential outcomes) each correct sequence was followed by the same outcome. Participants trained with differential outcomes showed a faster acquisition and higher overall accuracy than participants trained with non-differential outcomes. The results provide a new extension the differential outcomes effect by using sensory outcomes and many-to-one matching to-sample task; applications of the differential outcomes procedure are discussed.

scholarly journals Mejora del aprendizaje discriminativo en niños: consecuencias diferenciales y administración manual de diferentes formas de refuerzo

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeles F. Estévez ◽  
Isabel Carmona ◽  
Laura Esteban ◽  
Victoria Plaza
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Discriminative Learning ◽  
Conditional Discriminations ◽  
Differential Outcomes ◽  
Differential Outcomes Procedure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
Unique Outcome ◽  
The Way

In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that discriminative learning is facilitated when each association to be learned is always followed by a unique outcome. This way of providing outcomes was called the differential outcomes procedure (DOP). The aim of the study reported here was to assess  whether the DOP could improve learning of symbolic conditional discriminations in 5- and 7-year-old children when performing a paper-and-pencil task using different types of training in which: 1) reinforcers were given after correct choices (+), 2) reinforcers were withdrawn when errors were made (-), or 3) a combination of both (+/-). In Experiments 1a and 1b secondary reinforcers were used along with primary reinforcers, while in Experiments 2a and 2b only primary reinforcers were used. Participants showed better performance when differential outcomes were arranged regardless of the type of reinforcers (secondary plus primary or only primary) and the different strategies of reinforcement (+, -, or +/-). These results add to those found by Martínez et al. (2009, 2013) and demonstrate that the beneficial effect of the DOP on discriminative learning is also independent of the way in which the stimuli and the outcomes are presented, facilitating its use in applied contexts.

Discriminative learning and associative memory under the differential outcomes procedure is modulated by cognitive load

2020 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 103103
Author(s):  
Luis J. Fuentes ◽  
Michael Molina ◽  
Victoria Plaza ◽  
Angel García-Pérez ◽  
Angeles F. Estévez
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Associative Memory ◽  
Discriminative Learning ◽  
Differential Outcomes ◽  
Differential Outcomes Procedure
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