scholarly journals Effects of working memory load on uncertain decision-making: evidence from the Iowa Gambling Task

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Fang Cui ◽  
Ya Wang ◽  
Hai-Song Shi ◽  
Lu-Lu Liu ◽  
Xing-Jie Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
Working Memory Load

Working Memory Involvement in Emotion-Based Processes Underlying Choosing Advantageously

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Pecchinenda ◽  
Michael Dretsch ◽  
Paul Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
Working Memory Load ◽  
Memory Functions ◽  
Normal Performance

The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is widely used to assess decision making under conditions of uncertainty in clinical as well as in nonclinical populations. However, there is still debate as to whether normal performance at this task relies on implicit, emotion-based processes that are independent of working memory. To clarify the role of working memory on normal performance on the IGT, participants performed the task under low or high working memory load. We used a modified version of the original task, in which the position of the four decks was randomized between trials. Results showed that only participants performing under low memory load significantly chose more advantageously halfway through the task. In addition, when comparing the number of cards chosen from the two decks with frequent losses, one advantageous and one disadvantageous, only participants performing under low memory load chose more cards from the advantageous deck. The present findings indicate that the processes underlying optimal advantageous performance on the IGT rely on working memory functions.

Cognitive load during route selection increases reliance on spatial heuristics

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1045-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tad T Brunyé ◽  
Shaina B Martis ◽  
Holly A Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Initial Segment ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Route Selection ◽  
Working Memory Load ◽  
Southern Route

Planning routes from maps involves perceiving the symbolic environment, identifying alternate routes and applying explicit strategies and implicit heuristics to select an option. Two implicit heuristics have received considerable attention, the southern route preference and initial segment strategy. This study tested a prediction from decision-making theory that increasing cognitive load during route planning will increase reliance on these heuristics. In two experiments, participants planned routes while under conditions of minimal (0-back) or high (2-back) working memory load. In Experiment 1, we examined how memory load impacts the southern route heuristic. In Experiment 2, we examined how memory load impacts the initial segment heuristic. Results replicated earlier results demonstrating a southern route preference (Experiment 1) and initial segment strategy (Experiment 2) and further demonstrated that evidence for heuristic reliance is more likely under conditions of concurrent working memory load. Furthermore, the extent to which participants maintained efficient route selection latencies in the 2-back condition predicted the magnitude of this effect. Together, results demonstrate that working memory load increases the application of heuristics during spatial decision making, particularly when participants attempt to maintain quick decisions while managing concurrent task demands.

scholarly journals Evaluar la creatividad y las funciones ejecutivas: propuesta para la escuela del futuro

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Sánchez-Macías ◽  
Jairo Rodríguez-Media ◽  
José Luis Aparicio-Herguedas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Formative Evaluation ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Toma De Decisiones

Se presenta un estudio que pretende proponer estrategias de intervención didáctica y de evaluación para desarrollar y mejorar el funcionamiento ejecutivo y la creatividad en el alumnado de secundaria. Dicho estudio parte del análisis de las variables creatividad y funciones ejecutivas (memoria de trabajo (actualización), planificación, inhibición (verbal y motora), flexibilidad y toma de decisiones) medidas a través del Test de pensamiento creativo de Torrance(creatividad), la Escala de inteligencia de Weschler (WISC-IV, memoria de trabajo), Torre de Hanoi (planificación), Stroop (inhibición verbal), Go/no Go (inhibición motora), Test de Categorías de Wisconsin (flexibilidad) y el Iowa Gambling Task (toma de decisiones). Se han buscado las posibles relaciones entre las variables a partir de un diseño descriptivo, correlacional y transversal, en el que los resultados muestran que flexibilidad y creatividad se relacionan (r=) e inhibición verbal y creatividad también se relacionan (r=). A la luz de estos resultados se proponen estrategias metodológicas basadas en la investigación y la resolución de problemas y de evaluación formativa que insten, activando las funciones ejecutivas, a la autoevalución crítica, participada, la evaluación compartida con iguales. A study is presented that aims to propose didactic intervention and evaluation strategies to develop and improve executive functioning and creativity in secondary school students. Said study starts from the analysis of the variables creativity and executive functions (working memory (updating), planning, inhibition (verbal and motor), flexibility and decision-making) measured through the Torrance Creative Thinking Test (creativity), Weschler Intelligence Scale (WISC-IV, working memory), Tower of Hanoi (planning), Stroop (verbal inhibition), Go / no Go (motor inhibition), Wisconsin Category Test (flexibility) and the Iowa Gambling Task (decision making). The possible relationships between the variables have been sought from a descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional design, in which the results show that flexibility and creativity are related (r =) and verbal inhibition and creativity are also related (r =). In light of these results, methodological strategies based on research and problem solving and formative evaluation are proposed that encourage, activating executive functions, critical, participatory self-evaluation, shared evaluation with peers.

scholarly journals Role of Cortisol and Testosterone in Risky Decision-Making: Deciphering Male Decision-Making in the Iowa Gambling Task

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varsha Singh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Cognitive Benefits

Despite the widely observed high risk-taking behaviors in males, studies using the Iowa gambling task (IGT) have suggested that males choose safe long-term rewards over risky short-term rewards. The role of sex and stress hormones in male decision-making is examined in the initial uncertainty and the latter risk phase of the IGT. The task was tested at peak hormone activity, with breath counting to facilitate cortisol regulation and its cognitive benefits. Results from IGT decision-making before and after counting with saliva samples from two all-male groups (breath vs. number counting) indicated that cortisol declined independent of counting. IGT decision-making showed phase-specific malleability: alteration in the uncertainty phase and stability in the risk phase. Working memory showed alteration, whereas inhibition task performance remained stable, potentially aligning with the phase-specific demands of working memory and inhibition. The results of hierarchical regression for the uncertainty and risk trials indicated that testosterone improved the model fit, cortisol was detrimental for decision-making in uncertainty, and decision-making in the risk trials was benefitted by testosterone. Cortisol regulation accentuated hormones’ phase-specific effects on decision-making. Aligned with the dual-hormone hypothesis, sex, and stress hormones might jointly regulate male long-term decision-making in the IGT.

scholarly journals Working memory and decision making in children with ADHD: an analysis of delay discounting with the use of the dual-task paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Angela Fabio ◽  
Marilla Bianco ◽  
Tindara Caprì ◽  
Flavia Marino ◽  
Liliana Ruta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Working Memory Load ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Dual Task Paradigm ◽  
Delayed Discounting

Abstract Background Deficits in working memory tasks have been widely documented in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of working memory load in impulsivity during decision-making processes. A delayed discounting (DD) paradigm was used, comparing children with ADHD and age-matched controls. Method Thirty-two children equally divided between typically developing and ADHD, from 8 to 10 years of age were assigned to sessions of a dual-task paradigm. In the primary task the child has to choose between two different amounts of money at different time delays, while in the secondary task the child has to repeat a random series of digits with different lengths. The experiment was conducted in a school setting. Results Compared to peers with typical development, delayed discounting was significantly stronger in children with ADHD and discounting rates increased in both groups for heavier memory loads. Furthermore, the memory load impact on frequency of immediate rewards was stronger in children with ADHD compared to typically developing children. Discussion Results are discussed in terms of the relation between working memory load and decision-making processes, their impact on impulsive behaviour in ADHD and the need for future research to understand possible neurocognitive correlates and use that information to develop better inclusive policies.

scholarly journals Working Memory and Decision making in children with ADHD: an analysis of delay discounting with the use of the dual-task paradigm

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Angela Fabio ◽  
Marilla Bianco ◽  
Tindara Caprì ◽  
Flavia Marino ◽  
Liliana Ruta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Working Memory Load ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Dual Task Paradigm ◽  
Delayed Discounting

Abstract Objective: Deficits in working memory tasks have been widely documented in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of working memory load in impulsivity during decision-making processes. A delayed discounting (DD) paradigm was used, comparing children with ADHD and age-matched controls. Method: Thirty-two children equally divided between typically developing and ADHD, from 8 to 10 years of age were assigned to sessions of a dual-task paradigm. In the primary task the child has to choice between two different amounts of money at different time delays, while in the secondary task the child has to repeat a random series of digits with different lengths. The experiment was conducted in a school setting. Results: Compared to peers with typical development, delayed discounting was significantly stronger in children with ADHD and discounting rates increased in both groups for heavier memory loads. Furthermore, the memory load impact on frequency of immediate rewards was stronger in children with ADHD compared to typically developing children. Discussion: Results are discussed in terms of the relation between working memory load and decision-making processes, their impact on impulsive behaviour in ADHD and the need for future research to understand possible neurocognitive correlates and use those information to develop better inclusive policies.

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