scholarly journals Effect of Cyclic Heat Stress on Feeding-Related Hypothalamic Neuropeptides of Three Broiler Populations and Their Ancestor Jungle Fowl

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Brugaletta ◽  
Elizabeth Greene ◽  
Travis Tabler ◽  
Sara Orlowski ◽  
Federico Sirri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Melanocortin Receptor ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Cyclic Heat ◽  
Hypothalamic Neuropeptides

Heat stress (HS) has been increasingly jeopardizing the sustainability of the poultry production. Moreover, modern high-performing chickens are far less able to withstand HS than their predecessors due to higher growth rate and metabolic rates. Performance losses caused by HS are mainly ascribed to decreases in feed consumption. Since feed intake is tightly controlled by the hypothalamic centers of hunger and satiety, we sought to determine the effect of chronic cyclic HS on the expression of feeding-related hypothalamic neuropeptides (FRHN) in unselected chickens (i.e., the ancestor junglefowl—JF) and three broiler lines from diverse stages of genetic selection (i.e., the slow growing ACRB, the moderate growing 95RN, and the fast growing MRB). From 29 to 56 days, birds (n = 150 birds for each population) were subjected to either thermoneutral (TN, 25°C) or cyclic heat stress (HS, 36°C, 0900–1,800 h) conditions. Molecular data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with interaction between the main factors, namely environmental temperature and line. The expression of major FHRN, like neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, proopiomelanocortin, and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript remained unchanged. However, melanocortin receptor 1 exhibited a line-dependent decreasing trend from JF to MRB under both TN and HS (p = 0.09), adiponectin expression showed a distinct trend toward significance with 95RB exhibiting the highest mRNA level irrespective of the environmental temperature (p = 0.08), and JF had a greater mRNA abundance of visfatin than ACRB under TN (p < 0.05). The hypothalamic integration of circadian information, acclimation to long-lasting HS exposure, stable hypothalamic pathways unaffected by evolution and genetic selection, focus on mRNA abundances, and use of the entire hypothalamus masking gene expression in specific hypothalamic nuclei are all possible explanations for the lack of variations observed in this study. In conclusion, this is the first assessment of the impacts of heat stress on feeding-related hypothalamic neuropeptides of chicken, with a valuable and informative comparison between the ancestor junglefowl and three differently performing broiler lines.

scholarly journals How can we improve the environmental sustainability of poultry production?

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilkka Leinonen ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Feed Ingredients

The review presents results of recent life cycle assessment studies aiming to quantify and improve the environmental performance of UK poultry production systems, including broiler meat, egg and turkey meat production. Although poultry production has been found to be relatively environmentally friendly compared with the production of other livestock commodities, it still contributes to environmental impacts, such as global warming, eutrophication and acidification. Amongst different sub-processes, feed production and transport contributes about 70 % to the global warming potential of poultry systems, whereas manure management contributes about 40–60 % to their eutrophication potential and acidification potential, respectively. All these impacts can be reduced by improving the feed efficiency, either by changing the birds through genetic selection or by making the feed more digestible (e.g. by using additives such as enzymes). However, although genetic selection has the potential to reduce the resources needed for broiler production (including feed consumption), the changing need of certain feed ingredients, most notably protein sources as a result of changes in bird requirements may limit the benefits of this strategy. The use of alternative feed ingredients, such as locally grown protein crops and agricultural by-products, as a replacement of South American grown soya, can potentially also lead to improvements in several environmental impact categories, as long as such feeding strategies have no negative effect on bird performance. Other management options, such as improving poultry housing and new strategies for manure management have also the potential to further improve the environmental sustainability of the poultry industries in Europe.

scholarly journals Effects of Herbal Adaptogen Feed-Additive on Growth Performance, Carcass Parameters, and Muscle Amino Acid Profile in Heat-Stressed Modern Broilers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth S. Greene ◽  
Clay Maynard ◽  
Casey M. Owens ◽  
Jean-François Meullenet ◽  
Sami Dridi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Cyclic Heat

Heat stress has strong adverse effects on poultry production and, thereby, threats its sustainability, which energized scientists to search for innovative and effective solutions. Here, we undertook this study to evaluate the effects of in-feed herbal adaptogen (stress response modifier) supplementation on growth performances, meat quality, and breast amino acid profile in chronic cyclic heat-stressed broilers. Day-old male Cobb 500 chicks (n = 720) were randomly assigned, in environmental chambers (n = 12, 24 pens), to three diet-treatments: a three-phase corn-soybean based diet fed as such (Control, C), or supplemented with the herbal adaptogen at 500 g/1000 kg control diet (NR-PHY-500) or at 1 kg/1000 kg control diet (NR-PHY-1000). From d29 to d42, birds from 9 chambers were exposed to cyclic heat stress (HS, 35°C from 9:30 am-5:30 pm), however, the rest of the chamber were maintained at thermoneutral conditions (24°C, TN), which creates 4 experimental groups: C-TN, C-HS, NR-PHY-500HS, and NR-PHY-1000HS (6 pens/group, 168 birds/group). HS altered growth performance via depression of feed intake and body weight. Adaptogen supplementation stimulated feed intake and averaged 65.95 and 83.25 g better body weight and 5 and 10 points better FCR at low and high dose, respectively, compared to heat-stressed birds. This increase in body weight was mirrored in enhanced weights of body parts (breast, tender, wings, and legs). Adaptogen supplementation modulated also breast amino acid profile, pH, color, and quality. Together, these data suggested that adaptogen supplementation could be a promising solution to alleviate heat stress, however further in-depth investigation for its mode of action and its underlying mechanisms are warranted.

scholarly journals Differences in Thermoregulatory Responses between Dorper and Second Cross Lambs to Heat Stress Challenges

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleena Joy ◽  
Frank R. Dunshea ◽  
Brain J. Leury ◽  
Kristy DiGiacomo ◽  
Iain J. Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Blood Electrolytes ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Cyclic Heat ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

We compared the thermotolerance of Dorper (D) and second cross (SC) (Poll Dorset x Merino/Border Leicester) lambs by assessing physiological and biochemical responses. After acclimatization, 4–5 month old lambs of each breed were exposed to either thermo-neutral (18 °C–21 °C, 40%–50% RH, n = 12/group) or cyclic heat stress (HS) (28 °C–40 °C; 40%–60% RH, n = 12/group) for 2 weeks in climatic chambers. The HS involved exposure to temperatures of 38 °C–40 °C between 0800 and 17.00 h daily; otherwise the temperature was maintained at 28 °C. Elevated temperature increased rectal temperature (p < 0.01), respiration rate (p < 0.01) and skin temperature (p < 0.01) in both breeds, (data for 12.00 and 16.00 h pooled), but to a lesser extent in D than in SC lambs (p < 0.01). The HS increased (p < 0.01) water intake to a greater extent in SC than in D lambs and HS reduced (p < 0.05) food intake in SC lambs but not in D lambs. There were no treatment effects on blood glucose and lactate levels in either breed. Significant effects of breed (p < 0.01) and treatment (p < 0.01) were observed in blood creatinine levels, being higher in SC lambs. Higher pH (p < 0.01) and lower pCO2 (p < 0.01) were recorded under HS in both breeds. Among blood electrolytes, Cl−, Na+ and base excess were significantly (all p < 0.01) reduced under HS, with no breed differences. In conclusion, the attenuated physiological responses to HS in Dorper lambs indicates better adaptation of this breed to high environmental temperature.

scholarly journals Review on the Effect of Heat Stress on Poultry Production and Productivities

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Getachew Bekele
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Poultry Production

Heat stress is a situation where too much heat is absorbed by a person, a plant or an animal and causes stress, illness or even death. Therefore, the objective of this review was to compile current knowledge and evidence from literature about the effects of heat stress in poultry production, and productivities. Heat stress is manifested by elevated body temperature, hot, dry skin, lack of sweating and neurological symptoms such as paralysis, headache, vertigo and unconsciousness. Poultry seems to be particularly sensitive to temperature-associated environmental challenges, especially heat stress. In the first days of their life poultry need hot climate (32-38°C), but the optimal temperature decreases rapidly with age by 2.5-3.0°C per week. Birds may use sand baths to dissipate the heat from the body, move to a shaded area or seek a micro-environment that avoids extremely high environmental temperature. Birds rose in an open-sided house at 37°C and humidity level of 50-60% showed signs of panting and wing lifting, elevation of body temperature, lower feed consumption, a higher feed conversion ratio, and lowered body weight gain. In females, heat stress can disrupt the normal status of reproductive hormones at the hypothalamus and ovary leading to reduced systemic levels and functions. Also in males, semen volume, sperm concentration, number of live sperm cells and motility decrease when subjected to heat stress. In egg production, heat stress has a significant harmful impact on body weight, and feed consumption of laying hens at peak production, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, and gravity. Both meat type and egg laying chickens respond negatively to high ambient temperatures. Heat stress reduces the relative weights of lymphoid organs like spleen, thymus and cloacae bursa.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Three Formulations of Essential Oils in Broiler Chickens under Cyclic Heat Stress

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1084
Author(s):  
Jared Ruff ◽  
Guillermo Tellez ◽  
Aaron J. Forga ◽  
Roberto Señas-Cuesta ◽  
Christine N. Vuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Body Core ◽  
Cyclic Heat ◽  
Group 2

The objective of the present research was to assess the dietary supplementation of three formulations of essential oils (EO) in chickens under heat stress (HS). Day-of-hatch Cobb 500 chicks (n = 500) were randomly distributed into four groups: 1. HS control + control diets; 2. HS + control diets supplemented with 37 ppm EO of Lippia origanoides (LO); 3. HS + control diets supplemented with 45 ppm LO + 45 ppm EO of Rosmarinus officinalis (RO) + 300 ppm red beetroot; 4. HS + 45 ppm LO + 45 ppm RO + 300 ppm natural betaine. Chickens that received the EO showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement on BW, BWG, FI, and FCR compared to control HS chickens. Average body core temperature in group 3 and group 4 was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced compared with the HS control group and group 2. Experimental groups showed a significant reduction in FITC-d at 42 days, a significant increase in SOD at both days but a significant reduction of IFN-γ and IgA compared with HS control (p < 0.05). Bone mineralization was significantly improved by EO treatments (p < 0.05). Together these data suggest that supplemental dietary EO may reduce the harmful effects of HS.

scholarly journals Radical Response: Effects of Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress on Lipid Metabolism in the Avian Liver

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Nima K. Emami ◽  
Usuk Jung ◽  
Brynn Voy ◽  
Sami Dridi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Hepatic Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Hepatic Lipid ◽  
The Impact

Lipid metabolism in avian species places unique demands on the liver in comparison to most mammals. The avian liver synthesizes the vast majority of fatty acids that provide energy and support cell membrane synthesis throughout the bird. Egg production intensifies demands to the liver as hepatic lipids are needed to create the yolk. The enzymatic reactions that underlie de novo lipogenesis are energetically demanding and require a precise balance of vitamins and cofactors to proceed efficiently. External stressors such as overnutrition or nutrient deficiency can disrupt this balance and compromise the liver’s ability to support metabolic needs. Heat stress is an increasingly prevalent environmental factor that impairs lipid metabolism in the avian liver. The effects of heat stress-induced oxidative stress on hepatic lipid metabolism are of particular concern in modern commercial chickens due to the threat to global poultry production. Chickens are highly vulnerable to heat stress because of their limited capacity to dissipate heat, high metabolic activity, high internal body temperature, and narrow zone of thermal tolerance. Modern lines of both broiler (meat-type) and layer (egg-type) chickens are especially sensitive to heat stress because of the high rates of mitochondrial metabolism. While this oxidative metabolism supports growth and egg production, it also yields oxidative stress that can damage mitochondria, cellular membranes and proteins, making the birds more vulnerable to other stressors in the environment. Studies to date indicate that oxidative and heat stress interact to disrupt hepatic lipid metabolism and compromise performance and well-being in both broilers and layers. The purpose of this review is to summarize the impact of heat stress-induced oxidative stress on lipid metabolism in the avian liver. Recent advances that shed light on molecular mechanisms and potential nutritional/managerial strategies to counteract the negative effects of heat stress-induced oxidative stress to the avian liver are also integrated.

scholarly journals IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF GARLIC ALLIUM SATIVUM AGAINST POULTRY PATHOGENS AND EFFECT OF GARLIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON DUCKLING GROWTH PERFORMANCE

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3B) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien Cuong Nguyen ◽  
Thi Anh Phuong Chu ◽  
Hai Van Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Garlic Powder

ABSTRACT-QMFS2019Poultry production provides source of protein and contributes an important income for Vietnamese farmers. Among the poultry in Vietnam, ducks account for 27.3% of head of poultry and even 55.7% in Mekong Delta region. Along with the development of rearing ducks, bacterial, viral and fungal diseases occurring in the two last decades induced bad effect for poultry producer. Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Streptococcal or Pasteurella act as major pathogenic bacteria in duck. The aims of this study were to investigate the antibacterial activity of garlic Allium sativum against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium and to evaluate the effect of garlic on growth performance of duck from 1-28 old-days. The results indicated that fresh garlic and dried garlic powder showed inhibitory effect against pathogenic tested strains from 2% and 4% w/v, respectively. The inhibition zones and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of garlic extract ranged from 11.3-28.3 mm and 0.02-0.2 g/ml, respectively. After 28 days of diet with garlic supplemented, D3 (2% of fresh garlic in water) showed significantly different in weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), average daily weight (ADW); whereas, D2 (2% of garlic powder in basal diet) only possessed a difference significant in feed consumption (FC) compared to the D1 (control without garlic supplementation). The obtained results demonstrated the potential of garlic application in poultry production.

scholarly journals The Influence of Microclimatic Ammonia Changes in Closed House on Broiler’s Performance in Dry Season

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Ica Putri Angkeke ◽  
Teysar Adi Sarjana ◽  
Edjeng Suprijatna
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Heat Stress Index ◽  
The Impact

This research aims at investigating the impact of microclimatic ammonia change on Broiler’s  performance in closed house during dry season. Seven hundred and twenty broiler’s with their initial weight of 49.29 ± 1.13 grams are kept in a 60 x 12 m2 cage.The research consists of 4 treatments and 6 experiment units. The microclimatic ammonia change is measured at a distance of 0, ¼, ½, and ¾ of closed house’s length from the inlet. The parameters observed are feed consumption, body weight gain (BWG), feed convertion ratio (FCR), performance index (PI) and Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC). The obtained data are subjected to analysis of variance and several data related to microclimatic ammonia and heat stress index (HSI) are also calculted for their correlation to find out their correlation with the broiler’s’s performance. The research results indicate that the microclimatic ammonia change significantly reduces Broiler’s performance. This is shown by the significant increase of FCR value, decrease of feed consumption, BWG, PI and IOFC (P≤0.05) starting from a distance of ¼ of cage length from the inlet. The correlation analysis result shows a negative, significant correlation between performance with ammonia, while HSI does not show any correlation with the observed parameters. The conclusion of this research is that the increase in microclimatic ammonia at increasingly further distance from the inlet decreases Broiler’s  performance in dry season.

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