scholarly journals Acceleration of Longitudinal Track and Field Performance Declines in Athletes Who Still Compete at the Age of 100 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bergita Ganse ◽  
Anne Kristin Braczynski ◽  
Christoph Hoog Antink ◽  
Matthias Knobe ◽  
Tim Pohlemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Performance Decline ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Shot Put

While physical performance decline rates accelerate after around the age of 70 years, longitudinal athletic performance trends in athletes older than 95 years are unknown. We hypothesized a further accelerated decline in human performance in athletes who still perform at the age of 100 years. To investigate this, longitudinal data of all athletes with results at or over the age of 100 years were collected from the “World Master Rankings” data base spanning 2006–2019 (138 results from 42 athletes; 5 women, 37 men; maximum 105 years) and compared to previously published longitudinal data from 80- to 96-year-old athletes from Sweden (1,134 results from 374 athletes). Regression statistics were used to compare performance decline rates between disciplines and age groups. On average, the individual decline rate of the centenarian group was 2.53 times as steep (100 m: 8.22x; long jump: 0.82x; shot put: 1.61x; discus throw: 1.04x; javelin throw: 0.98x) as that seen in non-centenarians. The steepest increase in decline was found in the 100-m sprint (t-test: p < 0.05, no sign. difference in the other disciplines). The pooled regression statistics of the centenarians are: 100 m: R = 0.57, p = 0.004; long jump: R = 0.90, p < 0.001; shot put: R = 0.65, p < 0.001; discus throw: R = 0.73, p < 0.001; javelin throw: R = 0.68, p < 0.001. This first longitudinal dataset of performance decline rates of athletes who still compete at 100 years and older in five athletics disciplines shows that there is no performance plateau after the age of 90, but rather a further acceleration of the performance decline.

Changes in Track and Field Performance with Chronological Aging

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Fung ◽  
Amy Ha
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Master Athletes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Chronological Aging ◽  
Performance Decline ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Study Performance

Use of existing records to study performance decline with age has been recommended by several writers. This investigation attempts to identify one running, jumping, and throwing event whose performance was most affected by age. Results indicated that the 400 meter run and the long jump events were most affected by advancing age among both male and female master athletes whereas in the area of throws, the event most affected was the javelin for men and the discus for women.

scholarly journals Performance Levels of Female Students in Combined Track-and-Field Events

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Ladislava Doležajová ◽  
Anton Lednický ◽  
Martin Vaváček
Keyword(s):  
Female Students ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Training Study ◽  
Average Performance ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Percentage Share ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Shot Put

Summary The authors have evaluated the combined track-and-field events performed by the female students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport of Comenius University in Bratislava (CU FPES) in the years 2013 – 2017. The combined track-and-field events are an obligatory part of the final Athletics examination in the teacher-training study program. The selected disciplines reflect the first day of the men’s decathlon with the exception of the last one, which is replaced by 800 m. The number of points in the combined event enters into the overall assessment of the subject Didactics of Athletics II together with an oral examination. The authors analysed not only the total number of points in the pentathlon but also in the individual disciplines and their percentage share in the final result. They have discovered that the shot put and high jump are among the most stable disciplines. The greatest variance of the percentage share in the overall number of points was observed in the 100 m dash, 800 m and in the long jump. The performance of a high number of students (almost two-thirds) came below the average performance in the particular year as expressed in points.

The level of sports performance of people with intellectual disabilities in athletics competitions of Special Olympics

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (81) ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Radosław Sroka ◽  
Jerzy Eider ◽  
Aleksander Wiażewicz
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Special Olympics ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shot Put

Background: The Special Olympics are dedicated to people with intellectual disability and multiple disabilities. The aim of the study was to define the level of athletics competition results for participants with intellectual disabilities. More over researchers tried to determine the impact of gender and age on the results obtained by people with mental disabilities. Material and methods: There were 1108 results (431 female, 677 male) achieved at Special Olympics events in 2016-2017. Competitors were divided into 4 age groups and competed in 8 track and field events. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the examined males and females in the 50 m sprint scores in all categories. In the 100, 200 and 400 m races, the males in groups III and IV were faster than the females in each group. In the long jump-standing competition, the results for the males were on average longer than the females in every category. The results of the long jump-running indicate that the women in the III and IV category had on average shorter lengths than men in the same groups. Only men in category III had higher scores than females in the ball throw. All categories showed higher results of men in the shot put. Among females there were differences between age groups in 100, 200 m races, long jump-standing and ball throw events. Among males age groups, the differences were observed in 100, 200 m races and long jump-running competitions. Conclusion: The results of people aged 8-11 and 12-15 indicated a similar level of athletics competition results for males and females. In the groups 16-21 and 22+ years, a higher level of athletics competition results for was observed in men.‪

scholarly journals Longitudinal master track and field performance decline rates are lower and performance is better compared to athletes competing only once

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Hoog Antink ◽  
Anne K Braczynski ◽  
Anthony Kleerekoper ◽  
Hans Degens ◽  
Bergita Ganse
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Performance Decline ◽  
Data Points ◽  
And Performance

Abstract In master athletics research, cross-sectional data are easier to obtain than longitudinal data. While cross-sectional data give the age-related performance-decline for a population, longitudinal data show individual trajectories. It is not known whether athletes who repeatedly compete have 1) a better performance and 2) a slower age-related decline in performance than that obtained from cross-sectional data from athletes competing only once. To investigate this, we analyzed 33,254 results of 14,118 male athletes from 8 disciplines in the database of ‘Swedish Veteran Athletics’. For each discipline and for the pooled data of all disciplines, quadratic models of the evolution of performance over time were analyzed by ANCOVA/ANOCOVA using MATLAB. The performance was higher in athletes with 2 or more data-points compared to those with only n = 1 (p < 0.001), with further increases in performance with an increasing number of data-points per athlete. The estimated performance decline was lower in people with 2 or more results (sprint, 10 km, jumps; p < 0.001). In conclusion, we showed that longitudinal data are associated with a higher performance and lower performance decline rate.

scholarly journals Do biological maturity and performance influence the training load of track and field athletes?

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Cruz ◽  
Danilo L. Alves ◽  
Pablo R. Domingos ◽  
Jefferson V. Freitas ◽  
Francisco Z. Werneck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Biological Maturity ◽  
Shot Put

Abstract It is necessary to clarify if BM and track and field performance can modulate the perception about RPE-session. The purpose of the present study was to verify if biological maturity and track and field-specific performance can be associated with training load (RPE-session method). Seventy-five young athletes (13-15 years old) of both genders participated in the present study. The experimental protocol lasted seven consecutive days. Performance tests (75-m running, long jump, 250-m running, shot put and 1000-m running) were made on the first day. After 48 hours, five days of track and field training it was prescribed, each day represents a training of each performance test. All training sessions had the same duration (120 min). The value of the training load was obtained multiplying the RPE value with training session duration (in minutes). For girls, the training load of 250-m training was correlated with biological maturity (r = -0.36, p = 0.02, n = 37) and specific performance (r = 0.33, p = 0.04, n = 37). All other analyzes indicate that biological maturity and track and field-specific performance do not influence the training load based on RPE-session method. Training load based on RPE-session is not influenced by biological maturity and track and field-specific performance, therefore can be used to control the training load of young track and field athletes. To girls it is necessary a care to control the training sessions intensity of 250-m running.

scholarly journals Master World Records show minor gender differences of performance decline with aging

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Gava ◽  
Barbara Ravara
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Master Athletes ◽  
Performance Decline ◽  
Gender Differential ◽  
World Records ◽  
Sports Activities

Aging behaviours are significantly different in females and males, e.g., the former have a longer life expectancy, but consistently a weaker muscle force. Our purpose is to analyse possible gender-differential declines of skeletal muscle performance. The method to find out the decline of performances with aging is based on a parametric analysis of the World Records of Master athletes in different Track and Field events. The analysis is a transformation (normalization) of sports results into dimensionless parameters ranging from the maximum value of 1 (for the absolute world record) to decreasing values with decreasing performances. Master athletes compete in age groups of 5 years till the age of 100 years, thus their World Records are lists of up to 16 data. Results of the normalization procedure are trend-lines indicating that the decline starts not later than the age of thirty years for both women and women. The decline with aging of the muscle performances indicates only minor gender differences in the aging process and all trend-lines tend to zero at about the age of 110 years. The approach, making use of a homogeneous cohort of testers, gets rid of the main confounding factors biasing other kind of studies of the muscle performance decline with aging, in particular clinical studies. Comparing normalized female and male World Records of Master athletes, a surprise emerged: aging decline is very similar, if not identical, the unique exception to the general rule of gender differences in sports activities. The substantial identity of decline trends among females and males suggests that neuro-hormonal differences among genders poorly influence the aging decline, being conceivably related to fundamental cell bioregulators, such as those of cellular energy metabolism and/or their epigenetic regulatory mechanisms.

scholarly journals Maturation, morphological, motor and technical characteristics of under 16 female track and field athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Verbena de Freitas ◽  
Francisco Zacaron Werneck ◽  
Renato Siqueira de Souza ◽  
Phelipe Henrique Cardoso de Castro ◽  
António José Figueiredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Youth Development ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
Predicted Height ◽  
Shot Put

Abstract There is growing interest in identifying morphological, motor, maturation characteristics, as well as their changes, of children and adolescents in systematized training in various sports. Knowledge of these characteristics is important for coaches and researchers because they provide parameters for assessing youth development during training. For track and field, studies on the category under 16 are scarce. Thus, the objectives of this study are to describe the profile and to design a percentile table of morphological, motor, maturation and event-specific variables of under 16 athletes. 105 young athletes were evaluated on two consecutive days. On the first day, an anamnesis of athletes and coaches was performed. Anthropometric and anaerobic measurements were analyzed in shot put, long jump, 800 m run. On the second day, flexibility, vertical impulse, upper limb strength, speed and maximal aerobic speed were evaluated. The biological maturation was evaluated by the percentage of the predicted height. A table with percentiles was prepared with the data of all athletes. Another table with the results of the whole group plus mean and standard deviation was prepared. A last table was prepared containing data divided by group of sports events. The morphological variables presented differences between the groups as to body mass, BMI and sum of skinfolds. Significant differences were observed only for the motor variable VMA. No significant differences were observed only for long jump. When divided by groups, it was evident that throwers are different from the other athletes in some morphologic variables and in specific sports events.

Effects of Restricted Verbal Instruction and Feedback on Learning Track-and-Field Demonstration Techniques

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 617-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain C. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Final Examination ◽  
Verbal Instruction ◽  
Arabic Speakers ◽  
Freshmen Students ◽  
Native Arabic Speakers ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Shot Put

Sections of a physical education course were taught by native Arabic speakers and by a nonArabic speaker. All of the 111 freshmen students learned sprint start, high jump, long jump, and shot put. The final examination scores on rules were comparable whether instruction was verbal or nonverbal when the examination was in Arabic.

scholarly journals The Effect of Mastery Cooperative Learning Strategy and Individual Inquiry on Attaining the Technical Aspects of the Stages of Shot Put and Digital Achievement using the Linear Method among Vietnam University Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dao Chanh Thuc
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Linear Method ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
The Third ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Shot Put

Physiological indicators say a lot about the preparedness and performance of athletes. This study investigates the Effect of mastery cooperative learning strategy and individual inquiry in using the linear method among female students of An Giang University, the study sample consisted of (57) female students enrolled in track and field course (1) at the Faculty of physical education at An Giang University during the first quarter 2016/2017. The sample was divided into three equal groups. The first group (n=19) taught using the mastery cooperative learning strategy, the second group (n=19) taught using the individual inquiry strategy, while the third group (n=19) was taught using the traditional method. Results showed that there were statistical differences in favor of the mastery cooperative learning strategy and individual inquiry strategy over the traditional way.

scholarly journals The age-related changes and sex difference in master swimming performance

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Tiago M. Barbosa ◽  
Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Master Athletes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Performance Decline ◽  
Open Water Swimming ◽  
Age Related Changes

Master athletes have been widely used to examine the age-induced decline of human performance. However, so far very limited reviews are available consolidating the age-related differences in master swimming performance. The aim of the present review was to summarize existing knowledge about the age-related changes in three modalities of swimming performance (i.e., pool-swimming, open-water swimming and swim split in triathlons of different distances). In addition, the paradigm of freestyle swimming records from 50 to 1500 m was used to examine age-related differences and sex difference in performance for age groups 25–29 to 100–104 years. For this example of master freestyle swimmers, the sex difference was smaller in the longer events and increased significantly after the age of ∼70 years. In summary, master athletes competing in swimming as single discipline (i.e., pool-swimming and open-water) and in triathlon (i.e., swim split as first discipline) improved their performances across calendar years. The age-related performance decline in swimming seems to be specific to the discipline, the sex and the length of the swimming event.

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