scholarly journals The Entrainment Frequency of Cardiolocomotor Synchronization in Long-Distance Race Emerges Spontaneously at the Step Frequency

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberito R. de Carvalho ◽  
Renan dos S. Coimbra ◽  
Eric M. Thomas ◽  
Martín C. Rodríguez Paz ◽  
Barbara Pellegrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Wavelet Decomposition ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Wavelet Coherence ◽  
Center Frequency ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Distance Race

In forced conditions, where the heart rate and step frequency have been matched, cardiolocomotor synchronization (CLS) has been recognized. However, knowledge about the occurrence of CLS and its triggers in sports gesture in real contexts is little known. To address this gap, the current study tested the hypothesis that CLS in running spontaneous conditions would emerge at entrainment bands of muscle activation frequencies associated with a freely chosen step frequency. Sixteen male long-distance runners undertook treadmill assessments running ten three-minute bouts at different speeds (7, 7.5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 km⋅h–1). Electrocardiography and surface electromyography were recorded simultaneously. The center frequency was the mean of the frequency spectrum obtained by wavelet decomposition, while CLS magnitude was determined by the wavelet coherence coefficient (WCC) between the electrocardiography and center frequency signals. The strength of CLS affected the entrainment frequencies between cardiac and muscle systems, and for WCC values greater than 0.8, the point from which we consider the emerging CLS, the entrainment frequency was between 2.7 and 2.8 Hz. The CLS emerged at faster speeds (13–15 km⋅h–1) most prevalently but did not affect the muscle activation bands. Spontaneous CLS occurred at faster speeds predominantly, and the entrainment frequencies matched the locomotor task, with the entrainment bands of frequencies emerging around the step frequencies (2.7–2.8 Hz). These findings are compatible with the concept that interventions that determine optima conditions of CLS may potentiate the benefits of the cardiac and muscle systems synchronized in distance runners.

scholarly journals Stress Fracture Influences Bone Resorption marker (u-NTX) in Female Long Distance Runners

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (14) ◽  
pp. 1070-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimpei Fujita ◽  
Keishoku Sakuraba ◽  
Atsushi Kubota ◽  
Kenta Wakamatsu ◽  
Natsue Koikawa
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Stress Fracture ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Bone Resorption Marker ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Bone Resorption Markers ◽  
The Mean

AbstractIn this study, we aim to clarify the influence based on bone resorption markers at onset of stress fracture. Also, we will clarify the state of the bone resorption markers of female long distance runners who have a history of stress fracture and also ones who routinely practices running long distances. Participants comprised 19 female long distance athletes. The survey period was 2011–2014, and we measured u-NTX as a bone resorption marker at least twice a year, taking the mean±SD of the periodic measured values without stress fracture as the mean value. Measurements were collected sample when stress fractures developed. 132 u-NTX measurements were taken from 19 participants. As a result, the average was 41.03±12.31 nmolBCE/mmolCRE (Q1: 33.15, Q2: 40.55, Q3: 47.95). In six of the 19 participants, u-NTX could be measured following a stress fracture. The mean value of u-NTX for those participants was 40.16±9.10 nmolBCE/mmolCRE, increasing to 64.08±16.07 nmolBCE/mmol CRE with the stress fracture (p<0.01). The findings showed that, in adult female long distance runners, u-NTX values when there was no stress fracture were within the standard value for mean premenopausal women, but increased when the athletes suffered from a stress fracture.

scholarly journals Assessment of Dietary Intake of Long-Distance Race Car Drivers—A Pilot Study

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Edem Appiah-Dwomoh ◽  
Anja Carlsohn ◽  
Frank Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Race Car ◽  
Race Car Drivers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Long Distance Race

Long-distance race car drivers are classified as athletes. The sport is physically and mentally demanding, requiring long hours of practice. Therefore, optimal dietary intake is essential for health and performance of the athlete. The aim of the study was to evaluate dietary intake and to compare the data with dietary recommendations for athletes and for the general adult population according to the German Nutrition Society (DGE). A 24-h dietary recall during a competition preparation phase was obtained from 16 male race car drivers (28.3 ± 6.1 years, body mass index (BMI) of 22.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2). The mean intake of energy, nutrients, water and alcohol was recorded. The mean energy, vitamin B2, vitamin E, folate, fiber, calcium, water and alcohol intake were 2124 ± 814 kcal/day, 1.3 ± 0.5 mg/day, 12.5 ± 9.5 mg/day, 231.0 ± 90.9 ug/day, 21.4 ± 9.4 g/day, 1104 ± 764 mg/day, 3309 ± 1522 mL/day and 0.8 ± 2.5 mL/day respectively. Our study indicated that many of the nutrients studied, including energy and carbohydrate, were below the recommended dietary intake for both athletes and the DGE.

scholarly journals Prospective Evaluation of Vitamin D Levels and Stress Injury in Collegiate Female Long-Distance Runners

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011419S0029
Author(s):  
Elizabeth L. McDonald ◽  
Kathleen Jarrell ◽  
Steven M. Raikin ◽  
Kristen Nicholson ◽  
Daniel Fuchs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Stress Fracture ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Vitamin D Insufficiency ◽  
Stress Fractures ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Stress Injury ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
The Mean

Category: Lesser Toes, Midfoot/Forefoot, Sports Introduction/Purpose: The incidence of stress injury in female runners is reported in up to 21% of competitive runners, with female runners at higher risk for stress injury than men. Bone metabolism is closely linked with vitamin D, which may play a role in the high prevalence of stress fractures in female runners. Although runners who train outdoors in the southeastern US have adequate vitamin D levels, no study to date has evaluated runners in northeastern US. The aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate the relationship between 25-OH vitamin D serum levels and the incidence of stress injury in a cohort of collegiate competitive long-distance runners. Methods: 101 female collegiate runners from 7 Northeastern US colleges competing in varsity cross country were enrolled. Surveys were collected from all the study participants at the start of the fall cross country season reviewing demographics, weekly mileage, and medical history, including previous stress fracture incidence. Additionally, baseline (“summer”) serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were obtained. Subjects insufficient in vitamin D (<30ng/mL) were supplemented with cholecalciferol (D3) 50,000 units weekly for 8 weeks and 2,000 units daily for an additional 1 month. In subjects with vitamin D insufficiency, repeat labs were performed at 3 months and repeat surveys distributed. To account for variation in season and geographical location, all subjects underwent repeat vitamin D labs at 6 months (”winter”). Fisher’s exact test was used to determine whether vitamin D levels were correlated with incidence of stress fracture. Results: 91/101 (90%) subjects with mean BMI of 20.5 and average age of 20 years completed all study requirements. The mean summer and winter vitamin D serum levels were 64.0 ng/mL (SD 16.6; range 28.9-112.9) and 45.0 ng/mL (SD 13.8; range 20.1- 90.6), respectively. One subject (1%) in the summer and 9 subjects (10%) in the winter were supplemented for vitamin D insufficiency. 7/10 (70%) insufficient subjects and 28/81 (35%) vitamin D sufficient subjects reported a stress fracture during the study period. Patients that had an insufficient vitamin D result were significantly more likely to have a stress fracture during the study period (p=0.041; Table 1). The mean change in vitamin D level from summer to winter was -19.7 (SD 14.4; range -60.5- 60.7). Conclusion: The high rate of stress fractures in this cohort of collegiate female long-distance runners is greater than previously reported. Runners who are vitamin D insufficient are at a higher risk to incur a stress fracture. The results of the study also highlight the considerable seasonal variance in vitamin D levels amongst female collegiate long-distance runners in the northeastern US. Further study is needed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of stress fractures.

Profile of creatine kinase isoenzymes in skeletal muscles of marathon runners.

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
F S Apple ◽  
M A Rogers ◽  
W M Sherman ◽  
D L Costill ◽  
F C Hagerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Isoenzyme Composition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

Abstract The proportion of creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzyme MB activity was increased in skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from five long-distance runners, both 2 h before (mean 7.7%, SD 2.4%) and 30 min after (mean 7.2%, SD 1.2%) a marathon race, as compared with that in biopsies from five nonrunners (controls less than or equal to 1.0%). Further, mitochondrial CK and CK-BB isoenzymes were present in homogenates of the runners' skeletal muscle samples but not in those of the nonrunners. However, there were no substantial differences in the mean total CK activities per gram (wet wt.) of muscle tissue among premarathon samples, postmarathon samples, and nonrunners' samples (3148, 3365, and 3049 U/g, respectively). We conclude that the metabolically active gastrocnemius muscle of long-distance runners is qualitatively similar to the heart muscle in its CK isoenzyme composition.

Haematological Status of Middle- and Long-Distance Runners

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brotherhood ◽  
B. Brozović ◽  
L. G. C. Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
The Mean

1. Haematological investigation and blood volume measurements were carried out on forty male middle-and long-distance runners and twelve non-athletes. 2. The distribution of haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, erythrocyte count, total iron-binding capacity, serum and erythrocyte folate and serum vitamin B12 concentrations were essentially the same in athletes and non-athletes. The mean serum iron concentration was higher in non-athletes than in athletes. There was no difference in the above measurements between athletes taking iron and/or folate and athletes not taking these supplements. 3. Blood volume and total body haemoglobin were on average 20% higher in the athletes than in the non-athletes. 4. There was no correlation between haemoglobin concentration and blood volume in athletes. The evidence of this study suggests that haemoglobin concentration and blood volume are independently controlled. 5. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate concentration in the erythrocytes was higher in the athletes than in the non-athletes; the mean values were 15.9 and 14.2 μmol/g of haemoglobin respectively.

scholarly journals Responsiveness of The Countermovement Jump and Handgrip Strength to an Incremental Running Test in Endurance Athletes: Influence of Sex

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
Pedro Delgado-Floody ◽  
Cristian Martínez-Salazar ◽  
Pedro Á. Latorre-Román
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Strength Performance

AbstractThe present study analyzed the acute effects of an incremental running test on countermovement jump (CMJ) and handgrip strength performance in endurance athletes, considering the effect of post-exercise recovery time and sex. Thirty-three recreationally trained long-distance runners, 20 men and 13 women, participated voluntarily in this study. The participants performed the Léger test, moreover, the CMJ and handgrip strength tests were carried out before and after the running test and during different stages of recovery (at the 1st min of recovery (posttest1), 5th min of recovery (posttest2), and 10th min of recovery (posttest3)). Two-way analysis of variance revealed a significant improvement in the CMJ (pre-posttest1,p= 0.001) and handgrip strength (pre-posttest2,p= 0.017) during recovery time. The Pearson’s Chi-2 test showed no significant relationship (p≥ 0.05) between sex and post-activation potentiation (PAP). A linear regression analysis pointed to heart rate recovery as a predictive factor of CMJ improvement (PAP). In conclusion, despite significant fatigue reached during the Léger test, the long-distance runners did not experience an impaired CMJ and handgrip strength performance, either men or women, achieving an improvement (PAP) in posttest conditions. The results obtained showed no significant relationship between sex and PAP. Moreover, significant effect of recovery after running at high intensity on CMJ performance and handgrip strength was found. Finally, the data suggest that PAP condition can be predicted by heart rate recovery in endurance runners.

scholarly journals Superior Adaptations in Adolescent Runners Using Heart Rate Variability (HRV)-Guided Training at Altitude

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Petr Bahenský ◽  
Gregory J. Grosicki
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Training Plan ◽  
Group A

We evaluated the efficacy of heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training in adolescent athletes during a 2-week, high altitude (≈1900 m) training camp. Sixteen middle- and long-distance runners (4 female/12 male, 16.9 ± 1.0 years, 65.44 ± 4.03 mL·kg−1·min−1) were divided into 2 matched groups, both of which received the same training plan, but one of which acquired postwaking HRV values that were used to tailor the training prescription. During the camp, seven athletes in the HRV-guided group combined for a total of 32 training adjustments, whereas there were only 3 runners combined for 14 total training adjustments in the control group. A significant group by time interaction (p < 0.001) for VO2max was driven by VO2max improvements in the HRV group (+2.8 mL·kg−1·min−1, +4.27%; pBonf = 0.002) that were not observed in the control condition (+0.8 mL·kg−1·min−1, +1.26%; pBonf = 0.643). After returning from the camp, all athletes in the HRV group set a personal best, and six out of eight achieved their best positions in the National Championship, whereas only 75% of athletes in the control group set a personal best and five out of eight achieved their best positions in the National Championship. These data provide evidence in support of HRV-guided training as a way to optimize training prescriptions in adolescent athletes.

Acute changes in muscle activation and leg extension performance after different running exercises in elite long distance runners

2005 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Vuorimaa ◽  
Rami Virlander ◽  
Pasi Kurkilahti ◽  
Tommi Vasankari ◽  
Keijo Häkkinen
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Acute Changes
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