scholarly journals Neural Organization of the Optic Lobe Changes Steadily from Late Embryonic Stage to Adulthood in Cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-Chieh Liu ◽  
Tsung-Han Liu ◽  
Chia-Hao Su ◽  
Chuan-Chin Chiao
Keyword(s):  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Embryonic Stage ◽  
Neural Organization ◽  
Sepia Pharaonis ◽  
Late Embryonic Stage

A redescription of the nematode Oncholaimus vesicarius (Wieser, 1959) and observations on the pigment spots of this species and of Oncholaimus skawensis Ditlevsen, 1921

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1193-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Nelson ◽  
J. M. Webster ◽  
A. H. Burr
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Embryonic Stage ◽  
Red Pigment ◽  
Male Tail ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Late Embryonic Stage

Oncholaimus vesicarius (Wieser, 1959) n. comb., is described and is differentiated from O. oxyuris (Wieser, 1953) n. comb., by the marked constriction of the body at the anus and by the medial position of the midventral, caudal setose papillae and gubernaculum in the male. It is differentiated from O. steinböcki by the shape and length of the male tail and from O. skawensis by the shorter, stouter tail in both sexes, the very prominent midventral caudal papillae, and the relative proportions of the tail and spicules in the male. Local populations of O. vesicarius and O. skawensis are consistently separated by the color of the anterior pigment spots. The anterior red pigment spots of O. skawensis appear in the late embryonic stage of the unhatched egg and before the appearance of the diffuse brown oesophageal pigment in the oesophageal muscle.

scholarly journals The Sexual Effect of Chicken Embryos on the Yolk Metabolites and Liver Lipid Metabolism

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Peng Ding ◽  
Yueyue Tong ◽  
Shu Wu ◽  
Xin Yin ◽  
Huichao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Chicken Embryo ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Embryonic Stage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Late Embryonic Stage ◽  
Female Chicken

The metabolic processes of animals are usually affected by sex. Egg yolk is the major nutrient utilized for the growth and development of a chicken embryo. In this study, we explored the differences of yolk metabolites in male and female chicken embryos by LC–MS/MS. Furthermore, we investigated the mRNA expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in chicken embryo liver with different sexes in different embryonic stages. The results showed that the nutrient metabolites in the yolk of female chickens were mainly related to lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the early embryonic stage, and vitamin metabolism in the late embryonic stage. The male yolk metabolites were mainly associated with lipid metabolism and nucleic acid metabolism in the early developmental stage, and amino acids metabolism in the late embryonic stage. There was no significant difference in the expression of LPL or FAS in livers of male and female chicken embryos at different embryonic stages. Our results may lead to a better understanding of the sexual effect on yolk nutrient metabolism during chicken embryonic development.

scholarly journals Changes in Catecholamines and Dopaminergic Metabolites in Pigeon Brain During Development from the Late Embryonic Stage Toward Hatch

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izumi Yamasaki ◽  
Tomo Takagi ◽  
Daichi Oikawa ◽  
Tomoyuki Koutoku ◽  
Yusuke Koga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Stage ◽  
Late Embryonic Stage

Description of the first juvenile of Aegla franca Schmitt, 1942  (Crustacea, Decapoda, Aeglidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1509 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
DÉBORA A. FRANCISCO ◽  
SÉRGIO L.S. BUENO ◽  
TERUE C. KIHARA
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Embryonic Stage ◽  
General Morphology ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Late Embryonic Stage ◽  
Scanning Electron

The post-embryonic development in Aegla franca is epimorphic, in which the hatching form is a juvenile that very much resembles the adults in general morphology. Newly-hatched juveniles were obtained under laboratory conditions from ovigerous females bearing eggs at late embryonic stage, and collected from the wild. Upon hatching, some juvenile specimens were cleared, stained, dissected and prepared for light microscopy on semi-permanent slides and each appendage was described in detail and illustrated accordingly. Some specimens were also prepared for scanning electron microscopy to obtain detailed information concerning setal morphology and ultrastructure of some cephalothoracic appendages. Comparison of the present results to previous descriptions of the first juvenile of other aeglid species show some interesting features observed only in Aegla franca. These features include the presence of pores on the first and second pairs of antennae; the rudimentary condition of the mandible and the long setae with a subterminal pore and scaly outgrowth distally on the basal bilobed endite of the maxilla.

scholarly journals Mismatch between the eye and the optic lobe in the giant squid

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 170289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-Chieh Liu ◽  
Tsung-Han Liu ◽  
Chun-Chieh Yu ◽  
Chia-Hao Su ◽  
Chuan-Chin Chiao
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Sperm Whales ◽  
Visuomotor Integration ◽  
Cephalopod Species ◽  
Giant Squid ◽  
Sepia Pharaonis ◽  
The Brain

Giant squids ( Architeuthis ) are a legendary species among the cephalopods. They live in the deep sea and are well known for their enormous body and giant eyes. It has been suggested that their giant eyes are not adapted for the detection of either mates or prey at distance, but rather are best suited for monitoring very large predators, such as sperm whales, at distances exceeding 120 m and at a depth below 600 m (Nilsson et al. 2012 Curr. Biol. 22 , 683–688. ( doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.031 )). However, it is not clear how the brain of giant squids processes visual information. In this study, the optic lobe of a giant squid ( Architeuthis dux , male, mantle length 89 cm), which was caught by local fishermen off the northeastern coast of Taiwan, was scanned using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in order to examine its internal structure. It was evident that the volume ratio of the optic lobe to the eye in the giant squid is much smaller than that in the oval squid ( Sepioteuthis lessoniana ) and the cuttlefish ( Sepia pharaonis ). Furthermore, the cell density in the cortex of the optic lobe is significantly higher in the giant squid than in oval squids and cuttlefish, with the relative thickness of the cortex being much larger in Architeuthis optic lobe than in cuttlefish. This indicates that the relative size of the medulla of the optic lobe in the giant squid is disproportionally smaller compared with these two cephalopod species. This morphological study of the giant squid brain, though limited only to the optic lobe, provides the first evidence to support that the optic lobe cortex, the visual information processing area in cephalopods, is well developed in the giant squid. In comparison, the optic lobe medulla, the visuomotor integration centre in cephalopods, is much less developed in the giant squid than other species. This finding suggests that, despite the giant eye and a full-fledged cortex within the optic lobe, the brain of giant squids has not evolved proportionally in terms of performing complex tasks compared with shallow-water cephalopod species.

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