scholarly journals Non-local electron energy probability function in a plasma expanding along a magnetic nozzle

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod W. Boswell ◽  
Kazunori Takahashi ◽  
Christine Charles ◽  
Igor D. Kaganovich
Keyword(s):  
Electron Energy ◽  
Probability Function ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Magnetic Nozzle ◽  
Non Local

Chromatic aberration and low-voltage SEM

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 546-547
Author(s):  
Zhifeng Shao ◽  
A.V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Energy ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Primary Electron ◽  
Probe Size ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Optical Treatment ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

For scanning electron microscopes, it is plausible that by lowering the primary electron energy, one can decrease the volume of interaction and improve resolution. As shown by Crewe /1/, at V0 =5kV a 10Å resolution (including non-local effects) is possible. To achieve this, we would need a probe size about 5Å. However, at low voltages, the chromatic aberration becomes the major concern even for field emission sources. In this case, δV/V = 0.1 V/5kV = 2x10-5. As a rough estimate, it has been shown that /2/ the chromatic aberration δC should be less than ⅓ of δ0 the probe size determined by diffraction and spherical aberration in order to neglect its effect. But this did not take into account the distribution of electron energy. We will show that by using a wave optical treatment, the tolerance on the chromatic aberration is much larger than we expected.

A model for non-local electron heat transport

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 075025 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Wang ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
H.B Jiang ◽  
Z.T Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transport ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Heat ◽  
Non Local
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