scholarly journals The Interplay Between Diet and the Epigenome in the Pathogenesis of Type-1 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amira Kohil ◽  
Maha Al-Asmakh ◽  
Mashael Al-Shafai ◽  
Annalisa Terranegra
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Shed Light

The autoimmune disease, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), results in the destruction of pancreatic β-cells, and the International Diabetes Federation reports that its incidence is increasing worldwide. T1DM is a complex disease due to the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Certain dietary patterns and nutrients are known to cause epigenetic modifications in physiological conditions and diseases. However, the interplay between diet and epigenetics is not yet well-understood in the context of T1DM. Several studies have described epigenetic mechanisms involved in the autoimmune reactions that destroy the β-cells, but few explored diet components as potential triggers for epigenetic modifications. Clarifying the link between diet and epigenome can provide new insights into the pathogenesis of T1DM, potentially leading to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this mini review, we shed light on the influence of the diet-epigenome axis on the pathophysiology of T1DM.

Immunotherapy: Building a bridge to a cure for type 1 diabetes

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 373 (6554) ◽  
pp. 510-516
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Bluestone ◽  
Jane H. Buckner ◽  
Kevan C. Herold
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Current State ◽  
Islet Inflammation ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Key Events

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which T cells attack and destroy the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets. Genetic and environmental factors increase T1D risk by compromising immune homeostasis. Although the discovery and use of insulin have transformed T1D treatment, insulin therapy does not change the underlying disease or fully prevent complications. Over the past two decades, research has identified multiple immune cell types and soluble factors that destroy insulin-producing β cells. These insights into disease pathogenesis have enabled the development of therapies to prevent and modify T1D. In this review, we highlight the key events that initiate and sustain pancreatic islet inflammation in T1D, the current state of the immunological therapies, and their advantages for the treatment of T1D.

scholarly journals Reading between the Genetic Lines: How Epigenetics is Unlocking Novel Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammira Akil ◽  
Laila Ali ◽  
Esraa Yassin ◽  
Khalid A. Fakhro ◽  
Sujitha Jeya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cells ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Autoimmune Condition ◽  
Glucose Fluctuations ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune cells destroy their insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells leading to dysregulated glycaemia. Individuals with T1D control their blood glucose through exogenous insulin replacement therapy, often using multiple daily injections or pumps. However, failure to accurately mimic intrinsic glucose regulation results in glucose fluctuations and long-term complications impacting key organs such as the heart, kidneys, and/or the eyes. It is well-established that genetic and environmental factors contribute to the initiation and progression of type 1 diabetes, but recent studies show that epigenetic modifications are also important. Here, we discuss key epigenetic modifications associated with type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and discuss how recent research is finding ways to harness epigenetic mechanisms to prevent, reverse, or manage type 1 diabetes.

scholarly journals Apolipoprotein CIII Is an Important Piece in the Type-1 Diabetes Jigsaw Puzzle

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 932
Author(s):  
Ismael Valladolid-Acebes ◽  
Per-Olof Berggren ◽  
Lisa Juntti-Berggren
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Apolipoprotein Ciii ◽  
Form Type

It is well known that type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, but also the autoimmune form, type-1 diabetes (T1D), is affecting more people. The latest estimation from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is that 1.1 million children and adolescents below 20 years of age have T1D. At present, we have no primary, secondary or tertiary prevention or treatment available, although many efforts testing different strategies have been made. This review is based on the findings that apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) is increased in T1D and that in vitro studies revealed that healthy β-cells exposed to apoCIII became apoptotic, together with the observation that humans with higher levels of the apolipoprotein, due to mutations in the gene, are more susceptible to developing T1D. We have summarized what is known about apoCIII in relation to inflammation and autoimmunity in in vitro and in vivo studies of T1D. The aim is to highlight the need for exploring this field as we still are only seeing the top of the iceberg.

scholarly journals Reading between the (Genetic) Lines: How Epigenetics is Unlocking Novel Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2403
Author(s):  
Ammira-Sarah AL-Shabeeb Akil ◽  
Laila F. Jerman ◽  
Esraa Yassin ◽  
Sujitha S. Padmajeya ◽  
Alya Al-Kurbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cells ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Autoimmune Condition ◽  
Glucose Fluctuations ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Insulin Replacement

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune cells destroy their insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells leading to dysregulated glycaemia. Individuals with T1D control their blood glucose through exogenous insulin replacement therapy, often using multiple daily injections or pumps. However, failure to accurately mimic intrinsic glucose regulation results in glucose fluctuations and long-term complications impacting key organs such as the heart, kidneys, and/or the eyes. It is well established that genetic and environmental factors contribute to the initiation and progression of T1D, but recent studies show that epigenetic modifications are also important. Here, we discuss key epigenetic modifications associated with T1D pathogenesis and discuss how recent research is finding ways to harness epigenetic mechanisms to prevent, reverse, or manage T1D.

Formation of pancreatic β-cells from precursor cells contributes to the reversal of established type 1 diabetes

2021 ◽  
pp. 104360
Author(s):  
Tobechukwu K. Ukah ◽  
Alexis N. Cattin-Roy ◽  
George E. Davis ◽  
Habib Zaghouani
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cells

scholarly journals Association of angiotensin II type 1-receptor gene polymorphisms with the risk of developing hypertension in Mexican individuals

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Martínez-Rodríguez ◽  
Carlos Posadas-Romero ◽  
Guillermo Cardoso ◽  
José Manuel Pérez-Rodríguez ◽  
Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Receptor Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Introduction: Hypertension is a complex disease in which a significant interaction between genetic and environmental factors takes place. The renin–angiotensin system plays an important role regulating blood pressure to maintain homeostasis and vascular tone. In the present work, the role of angiotensin II type 1-receptor (AGTR1) gene polymorphisms as susceptibility markers for hypertension was evaluated. Materials and methods: Five polymorphisms in the AGTR1 gene were genotyped by 5′ exonuclease TaqMan genotyping assays in 239 hypertensive and 371 non-hypertensive individuals. Results: A similar distribution of rs275651, rs275652, rs275653, and rs5183 polymorphisms was observed in both studied groups. Different distribution of rs5182 genotypes was observed between the studied groups ( p = 0.016). According to the co-dominant model, individuals with rs5182 CC genotype have a 1.83-fold increased risk of developing hypertension ( p = 0.009). Polymorphisms were distributed in two blocks: block 1 included the rs275651, rs275652, and rs275653 polymorphisms, whereas block 2 included the rs5183 and rs5182 polymorphisms. Individuals with hypertension showed increased frequency of ‘ CA’ haplotype of block 2 when compared to non-hypertensive individuals ( p = 0.015, odds ratio = 1.33). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rs5182 gene polymorphism could be involved in the risk of developing hypertension in Mexican individuals.

The use of apple cider vinegar as a secondary treatment line with conventional diabetic treatment as a new medical hypothesis linking type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-46
Author(s):  
Ahed J Alkhatib
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Apple Cider ◽  
Treatment Line ◽  
Diabetic Treatment

The diabetes as a disease has been reported for 3500 years. Although diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have continuously developed, no definitive therapeutic approaches have so far been reached. Diabetes is not a single disease; it interferes with various systems in the body including nervous system and cardiovascular system. The therapeutic lines for type 1 diabetes start with insulin and will need another treatment such as metformin. On the other hand, type 2 diabetes treatment strategies start with metformin and there will be a need for another treatment, insulin according to the disease progression. At certain point, both types of diabetes are treated applying the same strategies. In this study, we followed another strategy by applying the use of apple cider vinegar in patient with type 1 diabetes, and patient with type 2 diabetes following getting each meal. The results showed that glucose levels were within reference range after five days. Taken together, the use of apple cider vinegar as a secondary treatment line with conventional diabetic treatment is promising and needs to be further investigated

Use of a systems biology approach to understand pancreatic β-cell death in Type 1 diabetes

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Decio L. Eizirik ◽  
Fabrice Moore ◽  
Daisy Flamez ◽  
Fernanda Ortis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell

Accumulating evidence indicates that β-cells die by apoptosis in T1DM (Type 1 diabetes mellitus). Apoptosis is an active gene-directed process, and recent observations suggest that β-cell apoptosis depends on the parallel and/or sequential up- and down-regulation of hundreds of genes controlled by key transcription factors such as NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) and STAT-1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1). Understanding the regulation of these gene networks, and how they modulate β-cell death and the ‘dialogue’ between β-cells and the immune system, will require a systems biology approach to the problem. This will hopefully allow the search for a cure for T1DM to move from a ‘trial-and-error’ approach to one that is really mechanistically driven.

scholarly journals Increased Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Romanian Children

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 973
Author(s):  
Adrian Vlad ◽  
Viorel Serban ◽  
Romulus Timar ◽  
Alexandra Sima ◽  
Veronica Botea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Background Information ◽  
First Year ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Autoimmune Destruction ◽  
Geographical Regions

Background and Objective: It is known that several viruses are involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new worldwide spread virus that may act as a trigger for the autoimmune destruction of the β-cells, as well, and thus lead to an increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes. Material and Methods: The Romanian National Organization for the Protection of Children and Adolescents with Diabetes (ONROCAD) has collected information regarding new cases of type 1 diabetes in children aged 0 to 14 years from all over the country since 1996 and has computed the incidence of type 1 diabetes in this age group. Results: We observed a marked increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, with 16.9%, from 11.4/100,000 in 2019 to 13.3/100,000 in 2020, much higher compared to previous years (mean yearly increase was 5.1% in the period 1996–2015 and 0.8% in the interval 2015–2019). The proportion of newly diagnosed cases was significantly higher in the second half of 2020 compared to the second half of the previous years (57.8 vs. 51%, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: All these aspects suggest the role that SARS-CoV-2 could have in triggering pancreatic autoimmunity. To confirm this, however, collecting information from larger populations from different geographical regions, monitoring the incidence curves over a period of several years, and gathering background information on COVID-19 and/or data on COVID-19 specific antibodies are needed.

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